Preparação e caracterização de nanocompósitos de Fe@SiO2, Fe@Fe3O4 e Fe3O4@PNIPAM

Pós-graduação em Química - IQ

Magnetization dynamics in spin valves

Key technology applications like magnetoresistive sensors or the Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM) require reproducible magnetic switching mechanisms. i.e. predefined remanent states. At the same time advanced magnetic recording schemes push the magnetic switching time into the gyromagnetic regime. According to the Landau-Lifschitz-Gilbert formalism, relevant questions herein are associated with magnetic excitations (eigenmodes) and damping processes in confined magnetic thin film structures.rnObjects of study in this thesis are antiparallel pinned synthetic spin valves as they are extensively used as read heads in today’s magnetic storage devices. In such devices a ferromagnetic layer of high coercivity is stabilized via an exchange bias field by an antiferromagnet. A second hard magnetic layer, separated by a non-magnetic spacer of defined thickness, aligns antiparallel to the first. The orientation of the magnetization vector in the third ferromagnetic NiFe layer of low coercivity - the freelayer - is then sensed by the Giant MagnetoResistance (GMR) effect. This thesis reports results of element specific Time Resolved Photo-Emission Electron Microscopy (TR-PEEM) to image the magnetization dynamics of the free layer alone via X-ray Circular Dichroism (XMCD) at the Ni-L3 X-ray absorption edge.rnThe ferromagnetic systems, i.e. micron-sized spin valve stacks of typically deltaR/R = 15% and Permalloy single layers, were deposited onto the pulse leading centre stripe of coplanar wave guides, built in thin film wafer technology. The ferromagnetic platelets have been applied with varying geometry (rectangles, ellipses and squares), lateral dimension (in the range of several micrometers) and orientation to the magnetic field pulse to study the magnetization behaviour in dependence of these magnitudes. The observation of magnetic switching processes in the gigahertz range became only possible due to the joined effort of producing ultra-short X-ray pulses at the synchrotron source BESSY II (operated in the so-called low-alpha mode) and optimizing the wave guide design of the samples for high frequency electromagnetic excitation (FWHM typically several 100 ps). Space and time resolution of the experiment could be reduced to d = 100 nm and deltat = 15 ps, respectively.rnIn conclusion, it could be shown that the magnetization dynamics of the free layer of a synthetic GMR spin valve stack deviates significantly from a simple phase coherent rotation. In fact, the dynamic response of the free layer is a superposition of an averaged critically damped precessional motion and localized higher order spin wave modes. In a square platelet a standing spin wave with a period of 600 ps (1.7 GHz) was observed. At a first glance, the damping coefficient was found to be independent of the shape of the spin-valve element, thus favouring the model of homogeneous rotation and damping. Only by building the difference in the magnetic rotation between the central region and the outer rim of the platelet, the spin wave becomes visible. As they provide an additional efficient channel for energy dissipation, spin waves contribute to a higher effective damping coefficient (alpha = 0.01). Damping and magnetic switching behaviour in spin valves thus depend on the geometry of the element. Micromagnetic simulations reproduce the observed higher-order spin wave mode.rnBesides the short-run behaviour of the magnetization of spin valves Permalloy single layers with thicknesses ranging from 3 to 40 nm have been studied. The phase velocity of a spin wave in a 3 nm thick ellipse could be determined to 8.100 m/s. In a rectangular structure exhibiting a Landau-Lifschitz like domain pattern, the speed of the field pulse induced displacement of a 90°-Néel wall has been determined to 15.000 m/s.rn

Structure and properties of quaternary and tetragonal Heusler compounds for spintronics and spin transfer torque applications

Diese Dissertation ist in zwei Teile aufgeteilt: Teil 1 befasst sich mit der Vorhersage von Halb-Metallizität in quarternären Heuslerverbindungen und deren Potential für Spintronik-Anwendungen. Teil 2 befasst sich mit den strukturellen Eigenschaften der Mn2-basierenden Heuslerverbindungen und dem Tuning von ihrer magnetischen Eigenschaften bzgl. Koerzitivfeldstärke und Remanenz. Diese Verbindungen sind geeignet für Spin-Transfer Torque-Anwendungen.rnrnIn Teil 1 wurden die folgenden drei Probenserien quarternärer Heuslerverbindungen untersucht: XX´MnGa (X = Cu, Ni und X´ = Fe, Co), CoFeMnZ (Z = Al, Ga, Si, Ge) und Co2−xRhxMnZ (Z = Ga, Sn, Sb). Abgesehen von CuCoMnGa wurden alle diese Verbindungen mittels ab-initio Bandstrukturrechnungen als halbmetallische Ferromagnete prognostiziert. In der XX´MnGa-Verbindungsklasse besitzt NiFeMnGa zwar eine zu niedrige Curie-Temperatur für technologische Anwendungen, jedoch NiCoMnGa mit seiner hohen Spinpolarisation, einem hohen magnetischen Moment und einer hohen Curie-Temperatur stellt ein neues Material für Spintronik-Anwendungen dar. Alle CoFeMnZ-Verbindungen kristallisieren in der kubischen Heuslerstruktur und ihre magnetischen Momente folgen der Slater-Pauling-Regel, was Halbmetalizität und eine hohe Spinpolarisation impliziert. Die ebenfalls hohen Curie-Temperaturen ermöglichen einen Einsatz weit über Raumtemperatur hinaus. In der strukturellen Charakterisierung wurde festgestellt, dass sämtliche Co2−xRhxMnZ abgesehen von CoRhMnSn verschiedene Typen von Unordnung aufweisen; daher war die ermittelte Abweichung von der Slater-Pauling-Regel sowie von der 100%-igen Spinpolarisation dieser Verbindungen zu erwarten. Die Halbmetallizität der geordneten CoRhMnSn-Verbindung sollte nach den durchgeführten magnetischen Messungen vorhanden sein.rnrnIm zweiten Teil wurden Mn3−xCoxGa und Mn2−xRh1+xSn synthetisiert und charakterisiert. Es wurde gezeigt, dass Mn3−xCoxGa im Bereich x = 0.1 − 0.4 in einer tetragonal verzerrten inversen Heuslerstruktur kristallisiert und im Bereich x = 0.6−1 in einer kubisch inversen Heuslerstruktur. Während die tetragonalen Materialien hartmagnetisch sind und Charakeristika aufweisen, die typischerweise für Spin-Transfer Torque-Anwengungen attraktiv sind, repräsentieren die weichmagnetischen kubischen Vertreter die 100% spinpolarisierten Materialien, die der Slater-Pauling-Regel folgen. Mn2RhSn kristallisiert in der inversen tetragonal verzerrten Heuslerstruktur, weist einernhartmagnetische Hystereseschleife auf und folgt nicht der Slater-Pauling-Regel. Bei hohen Rh-Gehalt wird die kubische inverse Heuslerstruktur gebildet. Alle kubischen Proben sind weichmagnetisch und folgen der Slater-Pauling-Regel.

Paleoenvironmental reconstructions from cave sediments of the Moravian Karst, Czech Republic / by Pavel Sroubek.

This thesis presents a paleoclimatic/paleoenvironmental study conducted on clastic cave sediments of the Moravian Karst, Czech Republic. The study is based on environmental magnetic techniques, yet a wide range of other scientific methods was used to obtain a clearer picture of the Quaternary climate. My thesis also presents an overview of the significance of cave deposits for paleoclimatic reconstructions, explains basic environmental magnetic techniques and offers background information on the study area – a famous karst region in Central Europe with a rich history. In Kulna Cave magnetic susceptibility variations and in particular variations in pedogenic susceptibility yield a detailed record of the palaeoenvironmental conditions during the Last Glacial Stage. The Kulna long-term climatic trends agree with the deep-sea SPECMAP record, while the short-term oscillations correlate with rapid changes in the North Atlantic sea surface temperatures. Kulna Cave sediments reflect the intensity of pedogenesis controlled by short-term warmer events and precipitation over the mid-continent and provide a link between continental European climate and sea surface temperatures in the North Atlantic during the Last Glacial Stage. Given the number of independent climate proxies determined from the entrance facies of the cave and their high resolution, Kulna is an extremely important site for studying Late Pleistocene climate. In the interior of Spiralka Cave, a five meter high section of fine grained sediments deposited during floods yields information on the climatic and environmental conditions of the last millenium. In the upper 1.5 meters of this profile, mineral magnetic and other non-magnetic data indicate that susceptibility variations are controlled by the concentration of magnetite and its magnetic grain size. Comparison of our susceptibility record to the instrumental record of winter temperature anomalies shows a remarkable correlation. This correlation is explained by coupling of the flooding events, cultivation of land and pedogenetic processes in the cave catchment area. A combination of mineral magnetic and geochemical proxies yields a detail picture of the rapidly evolving climate of the near past and tracks both natural and human induced environmental changes taking place in the broader region.

Electron transport in molecular systems

The remarkable advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology over the last two decades allow one to manipulate individuals atoms, molecules and nanostructures, make it possible to build devices with only a few nanometers, and enhance the nano-bio fusion in tackling biological and medical problems. It complies with the ever-increasing need for device miniaturization, from magnetic storage devices, electronic building blocks for computers, to chemical and biological sensors. Despite the continuing efforts based on conventional methods, they are likely to reach the fundamental limit of miniaturization in the next decade, when feature lengths shrink below 100 nm. On the one hand, quantum mechanical efforts of the underlying material structure dominate device characteristics. On the other hand, one faces the technical difficulty in fabricating uniform devices. This has posed a great challenge for both the scientific and the technical communities. The proposal of using a single or a few organic molecules in electronic devices has not only opened an alternative way of miniaturization in electronics, but also brought up brand-new concepts and physical working mechanisms in electronic devices. This thesis work stands as one of the efforts in understanding and building of electronic functional units at the molecular and atomic levels. We have explored the possibility of having molecules working in a wide spectrum of electronic devices, ranging from molecular wires, spin valves/switches, diodes, transistors, and sensors. More specifically, we have observed significant magnetoresistive effect in a spin-valve structure where the non-magnetic spacer sandwiched between two magnetic conducting materials is replaced by a self-assembled monolayer of organic molecules or a single molecule (like a carbon fullerene). The diode behavior in donor(D)-bridge(B)-acceptor(A) type of single molecules is then discussed and a unimolecular transistor is designed. Lastly, we have proposed and primarily tested the idea of using functionalized electrodes for rapid nanopore DNA sequencing. In these studies, the fundamental roles of molecules and molecule-electrode interfaces on quantum electron transport have been investigated based on first-principles calculations of the electronic structure. Both the intrinsic properties of molecules themselves and the detailed interfacial features are found to play critical roles in electron transport at the molecular scale. The flexibility and tailorability of the properties of molecules have opened great opportunity in a purpose-driven design of electronic devices from the bottom up. The results that we gained from this work have helped in understanding the underlying physics, developing the fundamental mechanism and providing guidance for future experimental efforts.

Age determination on rock samples from Svalbard

A linear, N-S-trending belt of elliptical, positive magnetic anomalies occurs in central Nordaustlandet, northeast Svalbard. They extend from the Caledonian and older complexes in the vicinity of Duvefjorden, southwards beneath the western margin of Austfonna and the offshore areas covered by Carboniferous and younger strata, to the vicinity of Edge¯ya. One of the strongest anomalies occurs in inner Duvefjorden where it coincides with a highly magnetic quartz monzonite-granite pluton at Djupkilsodden. U-Pb and Pb-Pb zircon dating of this post-tectonic pluton defines an age of c. 415 Ma, this being based on the Pb-Pb analyses of three specimens (Pb-Pb ages of 414±10 Ma, 411±10 Ma and 408±10 Ma) and a U-Pb discordia with an upper intercept at 417+18/-7 Ma. Neighbouring felsic plutons in central Nordaustlandet, including the Rijpfjorden and Winsnesbreen granites, lack magnetic signatures in their exposed parts, but have a similar Caledonian age. The central Nordaustlandet magnetic anomalies appear to be part of a circa 300 km long linear belt of late Silurian or early Devonian post-tectonic plutonism that characterizes the Caledonian basement of eastern Svalbard. Felsic intrusions of similar age further west in Spitsbergen are likewise both highly magnetic (Hornemantoppen batholith) and largely non-magnetic (Newtontoppen batholiths / Chydeniusbreen granitoid suite). They all appear to have been intruded at the end of the main period of Caledonian terrane assembly of the northwestern Barents Shelf.

Helium-3 in different carriers from pelagic clays of DSDP Hole 91-596B and Core LR-44-GPC-3

To better understand the composition, characteristics of helium diffusion, and size distribution of interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) responsible for the long-term retention of extraterrestrial 3He, we carried out leaching, stepped heating, and sieving experiments on pelagic clays that varied in age from 0.5 Ma to ~90 Myr. The leaching experiments suggest that the host phase(s) of 3He in geologically old sediments are neither organic matter nor refractory phases, such as diamond, graphite, Al2O3, and SiC, but are consistent with extraterrestrial silicates, Fe-Ni sulfides, and possibly magnetite. Stepped heating experiments demonstrate that the 3He release profiles from the magnetic and non-magnetic components of the pelagic clays are remarkably similar. Because helium diffusion is likely to be controlled by mineral chemistry and structure, the stepped heating results suggest a single carrier that may be magnetite, or more probably a phase associated with magnetite. Furthermore, the stepped outgassing experiments indicate that about 20% of the 3He will be lost through diffusion at seafloor temperatures after 50 Myrs, while sedimentary rocks exposed on the Earth's surface for the same amount of time would lose up to 60%. The absolute magnitude of the 3He loss is, however, likely to depend upon the 3He concentration profile within the IDPs, which is not well known. Contrary to previous suggestions that micrometeorites in the size range of 50-100 µm in diameter are responsible for the extraterrestrial 3He in geologically old sediments [Stuart, F.M., Harrop, P.J., Knott, S., Turner, G., 1999. Laser extraction of helium isotopes from Antarctic micrometeorites: source of He and implications for the flux of extraterrestrial 3He flux to earth. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63, 2653-2665, doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00161-1], our sieving experiment demonstrates that at most 20% of the 3He is carried by particles greater than 50 µm in diameter. The size-distribution of the 3He-bearing particles implies that extraterrestrial 3He in sediments record the IDP flux rather than the micrometeorite flux.

Circuital model for the spherical geodesic waveguide perfect drain

The perfect drain for the Maxwell fish eye (MFE) is a non-magnetic dissipative region placed in the focal point to absorb all the incident radiation without reflection or scattering.

Incorporación de escorias de aluminio en la fabricación de productos de Arcilla cocida

Las sociedades desarrolladas generan una gran cantidad de residuos, que necesitan una adecuada gestión. Esta problemática requiere, de este modo, una atención creciente por parte de la sociedad, debido a la necesidad de proteger el medio ambiente. En este sentido, los esfuerzos se centran en reducir al máximo la generación de residuos y buscar vías de aprovechamiento de aquellos que son inevitables, soluciones mucho más aconsejables desde el punto de vista técnico, ecológico y económico que su vertido o destrucción. Las industrias deben adoptar las medidas precisas para fomentar la reducción de estos residuos, desarrollar tecnologías limpias que permitan el ahorro de los recursos naturales que poseemos, y sobre todo buscar métodos de reutilización, reciclado, inertización y valorización de los residuos generados en su producción. La industria de la construcción es un campo muy receptivo para el desarrollo de nuevos materiales en los que incorporar estos residuos. La incorporación de diferentes residuos industriales en matrices cerámicas se plantea como una vía barata de fijar las diferentes especies metálicas presentes en transformación de rocas ornamentales, lodos de galvanización o metalúrgicos, etc. En todos los casos, la adición de estos residuos requiere su caracterización previa y la optimización de las condiciones de conformado y cocción en el caso de su incorporación a la arcilla cocida. Entre los residuos incorporados en materiales de construcción se encuentran las escorias de aluminio. La industria metalúrgica produce durante sus procesos de fusión diferentes tipos de escorias. Su reciclado es una de las líneas de interés para estas industrias. En el caso de las escorias de aluminio, su tratamiento inicial consiste en una recuperación del aluminio mediante métodos mecánicos seguido de un tratamiento químico, o plasma. Este método conduce a que la escoria final apenas contenga aluminio y sea rica en sales solubles lo que limita su almacenamiento en escombreras. La escoria es una mezcla de aluminio metal y productos no metálicos como óxidos, nitruros y carburos de aluminio, sales y otros óxidos metálicos. En este estudio se ha analizado la posibilidad de la adición de escorias de aluminio procedentes de la metalurgia secundaria en materiales de construcción, de forma que tras un procesado de las mismas permita la obtención de materiales compuestos de matriz cerámica. En la presente Tesis Doctoral se ha analizado la viabilidad técnica de la incorporación de las escorias de aluminio procedentes de la metalurgia secundaria en una matriz de arcilla cocida. Para ello se han aplicado diferentes tratamientos a la escoria y se han aplicado diferentes variables en su procesado como la energía de molienda o la temperatura de sinterizacion, además del contenido de escoria. Su compactación con agua entre el 5-10 %, secado y sinterización permite obtener piezas rectangulares de diverso tamaño. Desde el punto de vista del contenido de la escoria, se incorporó entre un 10 y 40% de escoria TT, es decir sometida una calcinación previa a 750ºC en aire. Los mejores resultados alcanzados corresponden a un contenido del 20% ESC TT, sinterizada a 980ºC, por cuanto altos contenidos en escoria condicen a piezas con corazón negro. Los productos obtenidos con la adición de 20% de escoria de aluminio a la arcilla, presentan una baja expansión tras sinterización, mejores propiedades físicas y mecánicas, y mayor conductividad térmica que los productos obtenidos con arcilla sin adiciones. Aumenta su densidad, disminuye su absorción y aumenta sus resistencias de flexión y compresión, al presentar una porosidad cerrada y una interacción escoria-matriz. En todos los casos se produce una exudación superficial de aluminio metálico, cuyo volumen está relacionado con la cantidad de escoria adicionada. Mediante la incorporación de este contenido de escoria, tras un tratamiento de disolución de sales y posterior calcinación (ESC TTQ), se mejoran las propiedades del material compuesto, no sólo sobre la de la escoria calcinada (ESC TT), sino también, sobre la escoria sin tratamiento (ESC). Si además, la adición del 20% de escoria añadida, está tratada, no sólo térmicamente sino también químicamente (ESC TTQ), éstas mejoran aún más las propiedades del material compuesto, siendo el producto más compacto, con menos poros, por lo que los valores de densidad son más elevados, menores son las absorciones y mayores resistencias de flexión y compresión, que los productos obtenidos con la adición de escoria sólo tratada térmicamente. Alcanzando valores de resistencias características a compresión del orden de 109 MPa. Los valores de conductividad térmica obtenidos también son mayores. Los ensayos tecnológicos con piezas de 160 x 30 x 5 mm y el material compuesto optimizado de arcilla+ 20%ESCTTQ, consistieron en la determinación de su expansión por humedad, eflorescencia y heladicidad, mostrando en general un mejor comportamiento que la arcilla sin adiciones. Así, se han obtenido nuevos materiales compuestos de matriz cerámica para la construcción, mejorando sus propiedades físicas, mecánicas y térmicas, utilizando escorias de aluminio procedentes de la metalurgia secundaria, como opción de valorización de estos residuos, evitando así, que se viertan a vertederos y contaminen el medio ambiente. ABSTRACT Developed societies generate a lot of waste, which need proper management. Thus, this problem requires increased attention from the society, due to the need to protect the environment. In this regard, efforts are focused on to minimize the generation of waste and find ways of taking advantage of those who are inevitable, much more advisable solutions from the technical, ecological and economic viewpoint to disposal or destruction. Industries should adopt precise measures to promote waste reduction, develop clean technologies that allow the saving of natural resources that we possess, and above all seek methods of reuse, recycling, recovery and valorisation of the waste generated in their production. The industry of the construction is a very receptive field for the development of new materials in which to incorporate these residues. The incorporation of different industrial residues in ceramic counterfoils appears as a cheap route to fix the different metallic present species in transformation of ornamental rocks, muds of galvanization or metallurgical, etc. In all the cases, the addition of these residues needs his previous characterization and the optimization of the conditions of conformed and of baking in case of his incorporation to the baked clay. Residues incorporated into construction materials include aluminium slag. The metallurgical industry produces during their fusion processes different types of slags. Recycling is one of the lines of interest to these industries. In the case of aluminium slag, their initial treatment consists of a recovery of the aluminium using mechanical methods followed by chemical treatment, or plasma. This method leads to that final slag just contains aluminium and is rich in soluble salts which limits storage in dumps. The slag is a mixture of aluminium metal and non-metallic such as oxides, nitrides and carbides of aluminium salts products and other metal oxides. The present Doctoral thesis has analysed the technical viability of the incorporation of aluminium slag from secondary Metallurgy in an array of baked clay. So they have been applied different treatments to the slag and have been applied different variables in its processing as the temperature of sintering, in addition to the content of slag or energy grinding. Its compaction with water between 5-10%, drying and sintering allows rectangular pieces of different size. From the point of view of the content of the slag, it is incorporated between 10 and 40% slag TT, that is to say, submitted a calcination prior to 750 ° C in air. The best results achieved correspond to 20% ESC TT, sintered at 980 ° C, as high levels of slag in accordance to pieces with black heart. The products obtained with the addition of 20% of slag from aluminium to clay, present a low expansion after sintering, better physical properties and mechanical, and higher thermal conductivity than the products obtained with clay, without addictions. Its density increases, decreases its absorption and increases its resistance to bending and compression, introducing a closed porosity and slag-matrix interaction. In all cases there is a superficial exudation of metallic aluminium, whose volume is related to the amount of slag added. By incorporating this content of slag, following a treatment of salt solution and subsequent calcination (ESC TTQ), are improved the properties of composite material not only on the calcined slag (ESC TT), but also in the slag without treatment (ESC). If the addition of 20% of slag added, is also treated, not only thermally but also chemically (ESC TTQ), they further improve the properties of the composite material, the product is more compact, less porous, so the values are higher density, minors are absorptions and greater resistance in bending and compression, to the products obtained with the addition of slag only treated thermally. Reaching values of compressive resistance characteristic of the order of 109 MPa. The thermal conductivity values obtained are also higher. Testing technology with pieces of 160 x 30 x 5 mm and optimized composite material of clay 20% ESCTTQ, consisted in the determination of its expansion by moisture, efflorescence and frost resistance, in general, showing a better performance than the clay without additions. Thus, we have obtained new ceramic matrix composite materials for construction, improving its physical, mechanical and thermal properties, using aluminium slag secondary metallurgy, as an option Valuation of these wastes, thus preventing them from being poured to landfills and pollute environment.

Spin-filtered edge states in graphene

Spin–orbit coupling changes graphene, in principle, into a two-dimensional topological insulator, also known as quantum spin Hall insulator. One of the expected consequences is the existence of spin-filtered edge states that carry dissipationless spin currents and undergo no backscattering in the presence of non-magnetic disorder, leading to quantization of conductance. Whereas, due to the small size of spin–orbit coupling in graphene, the experimental observation of these remarkable predictions is unlikely, the theoretical understanding of these spin-filtered states is shedding light on the electronic properties of edge states in other two-dimensional quantum spin Hall insulators. Here we review the effect of a variety of perturbations, like curvature, disorder, edge reconstruction, edge crystallographic orientation, and Coulomb interactions on the electronic properties of these spin filtered states.

Anisotropic magnetoresistance in single electron transport

We study the effect of magnetic anisotropy in a single electron transistor with ferromagnetic electrodes and a non-magnetic island. We identify the variation δμ of the chemical potential of the electrodes as a function of the magnetization orientation as a key quantity that permits to tune the electrical properties of the device. Different effects occur depending on the relative size of δμ and the charging energy. We provide preliminary quantitative estimates of δμ using a very simple toy model for the electrodes.

Derivation of the spin Hamiltonians for Fe in MgO

A method to calculate the effective spin Hamiltonian for a transition metal impurity in a non-magnetic insulating host is presented and applied to the paradigmatic case of Fe in MgO. In the first step we calculate the electronic structure employing standard density functional theory (DFT), based on generalized gradient approximation (GGA), using plane waves as a basis set. The corresponding basis of atomic-like maximally localized Wannier functions is derived and used to represent the DFT Hamiltonian, resulting in a tight-binding model for the atomic orbitals of the magnetic impurity. The third step is to solve, by exact numerical diagonalization, the N electron problem in the open shell of the magnetic atom, including both effects of spin–orbit and Coulomb repulsion. Finally, the low energy sector of this multi-electron Hamiltonian is mapped into effective spin models that, in addition to the spin matrices S, can also include the orbital angular momentum L when appropriate. We successfully apply the method to Fe in MgO, considering both the undistorted and Jahn–Teller (JT) distorted cases. Implications for the influence of Fe impurities on the performance of magnetic tunnel junctions based on MgO are discussed.

Competition between disorder and exchange splitting in superconducting ZrZn2

We propose a simple picture for the occurrence of superconductivity and the pressure dependence of the superconducting critical temperature, T-SC, in ZrZn2. According to our hypothesis the pairing potential is independent of pressure, but the exchange splitting, E-xc leads to a pressure dependence in the (spin dependent) density of states at the Fermi level, D-sigma (epsilon(F)). Assuming p-wave pairing T-SC is dependent on D-sigma (epsilonF) which ensures that, in the absence of non-magnetic impurities, T-SC decreases as pressure is applied until it reaches a minimum in the paramagnetic state. Disorder reduces this minimum to zero, this gives the illusion that the superconductivity disappears at the same pressure as ferromagnetism does.

Mathematical Model and Simulation of a Pneumatic Apparatus for In-Drilling Alignment of an Inertial Navigation Unit during Horizontal Well Drilling

Conventional methods in horizontal drilling processes incorporate magnetic surveying techniques for determining the position and orientation of the bottom-hole assembly (BHA). Such means result in an increased weight of the drilling assembly, higher cost due to the use of non-magnetic collars necessary for the shielding of the magnetometers, and significant errors in the position of the drilling bit. A fiber-optic gyroscope (FOG) based inertial navigation system (INS) has been proposed as an alternative to magnetometer -based downhole surveying. The utilizing of a tactical-grade FOG based surveying system in the harsh downhole environment has been shown to be theoretically feasible, yielding a significant BHA position error reduction (less than 100m over a 2-h experiment). To limit the growing errors of the INS, an in-drilling alignment (IDA) method for the INS has been proposed. This article aims at describing a simple, pneumatics-based design of the IDA apparatus and its implementation downhole. A mathematical model of the setup is developed and tested with Bloodshed Dev-C++. The simulations demonstrate a simple, low cost and feasible IDA apparatus.

Caracterização e separação física de placas de circuito impresso de computadores obsoletos

The unbridled consumption of electronic equipment associated with fast immersion of new technologies on the market leads to the accelerated growth of electronic waste. Such waste mostly contains printed circuit boards in its structure. Printed circuit boards have many metals, including heavy metals, being highly toxic. Electronic waste is discarded improperly and indiscriminately, usually without any previous treatment and with other municipal waste, contaminating the environment and causing serious problems to human health. Beyond these metals, there are also precious metals and high value-added basis, that can be recovered and recycled, reducing the exploration of natural resources. Thus, due to the high growth potential and reuse of these waste treatment processes, characterization and separation were applied to the printed circuit boards. The printed circuit boards were subjected to physical treatments such as dismantling, crushing, sizing separation, magnetic separation and chemical treatments such as pyrolysis and leaching. Through characterization process (pyrolysis and leaching) the proportions of the components of the granulometric range were determined: 46,08% of metals; 23,32% of polymers and 30,60% of ceramics. It was also observed by particle size separation that metal components tend to concentrate in coarse fractions, while polymeric and ceramic components in fine fractions. From the magnetic separation process was obtained 12,08% of magnetic material and 82,33% of non-magnetic material.