Assessing biophysical variable parameters of bean crop with hyperspectral measurements

Recently high spectral resolution sensors have been developed, which allow new and more advanced applications in agriculture. Motivated by the increasing importance of hyperspectral remote sensing data, the need for research is important to define optimal wavebands to estimate biophysical parameters of crop. The use of narrow band vegetation indices (VI) derived from hyperspectral measurements acquired by a field spectrometer was evaluated to estimate bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grain yield, plant height and leaf area index (LAI). Field canopy reflectance measurements were acquired at six bean growth stages over 48 plots with four water levels (179.5; 256.5; 357.5 and 406.2 mm) and tree nitrogen rates (0; 80 and 160 kg ha-1) and four replicates. The following VI was analyzed: OSNBR (optimum simple narrow-band reflectivity); NB_NDVI (narrow-band normalized difference vegetation index) and NDVI (normalized difference index). The vegetation indices investigated (OSNBR, NB_NDVI and NDVI) were efficient to estimate LAI, plant height and grain yield. During all crop development, the best correlations between biophysical variables and spectral variables were observed on V4 (the third trifoliolate leaves were unfolded in 50 % of plants) and R6 (plants developed first flowers in 50 % of plants) stages, according to the variable analyzed.

Evaluación del rendimiento y calidad de cultivares de ajo colorado fertirrigados con nitrógeno

El objetivo de este trabajo fue diferenciar cultivares monoclonales de ajos colorados argentinos por sus características productivas, de calidad y respuesta a la fertilización nitrogenada en la región de Cuyo. Durante la campaña 2003 se realizó un ensayo en La Consulta, San Carlos, Mendoza, Argentina (950 msnm; 33° 42' S y 69° 04' W). El diseño experimental fue en franjas con parcelas divididas dispuestas en un diseño de bloques completos al azar de tres repeticiones en el cual las dosis de nitrógeno (75, 150, 225 y 300 kg de N·ha-1) incorporadas como SolUAN (30 % N) se asignaron a las parcelas principales y las subparcelas correspondieron a cinco clones de ajo: Fuego INTA, Sureño INTA, Gostoso INTA, Inco 30 y Rubí INTA. Se adicionó además un tratamiento control sin nitrógeno. En el análisis estadístico de los rendimientos (r2 = 0,81; cv%: 8,48 y p < 0,0001) se detectaron efectos significativos de las variables cultivares y dosis de fertilización nitrogenada pero no de la interacción de ambas. Se determinó que en suelos con contenidos medios de nitrógeno total (800 mg·kg-1), la dosis que maximiza los rendimientos es de 150 kg N·ha-1 en todas las cultivares salvo Gostoso cuyo valor crítico resultó mayor que el resto. El incremento de rendimiento atribuible a la fertirrigación con 150 kg N·ha-1 respecto del testigo fue: 45 % en Rubí (17,7 t· ha-1), 31 % en Fuego (15,3 t·ha-1), 19 % en Inco (15,4 t·ha-1) y 23 % en Sureño (13 t·ha-1). Gostoso aumentó un 21 % (13,8 t·ha-1) su rendimiento respecto del testigo con la dosis de 300 kg N·ha-1. El análisis de clasificación jerárquica permitió agrupar los genotipos según su potencial productivo, de mayor a menor, en tres clases: I: cv. Rubí ; II: cv. Inco 30 y cv. Fuego; III: cv. Sureño y Gostoso. La fertilización nitrogenada incrementó la manifestación de malformaciones en todas las cultivares respecto del testigo sin fertilización, excepto Sureño que presentó mayores anormalidades en el tratamiento testigo sin fertilizar.

Ajo nieve INTA : densidad de plantación y fertirrigación nitrogenada

Se estudió el efecto de tres densidades de plantación (20 (D20), 30 (D30) y 40 (D40) plantas m-2) y cinco dosis de fertilización nitrogenada (0 (N0), 75 (N75), 150 (N150), 225 (N225) y 300 (N300) kg de N ha-1), sobre el rendimiento y la calidad de ajo (Allium sativum L.) de la cultivar Nieve INTA (tipo blanco), bajo riego por goteo. Se realizó un ensayo en el INTA La Consulta, Mendoza, Argentina, en un suelo Torrifluvente típico franco arenoso profundo (Soil Taxonomy). Se utilizaron cintas de riego por goteo T-Tape 508-30, colocadas en el medio de la cama de plantación con un caudal de 2.7 L m-1 h-1. El máximo rendimiento (13 t ha-1) de ajo seco y limpio se logró con una densidad de plantación de 40 plantas m-2 y con dosis de 225 kg N ha-1. Las relaciones halladas entre los rendimientos de bulbos y las dosis de nitrógeno de 0, 75, 150, 225 y 300 kg N ha-1 fueron de tipo cuadrático (P < 0.001), con r2= 0.89; 0.91 y 0.84 para D 20, D30 y D40, respectivamente. Se encontró diferencias significativas (P < 0.05), con respecto a rendimiento, entre líneas externas e internas de la cama de plantación en la densidad de 40 000 plantas ha-1. La línea externa rindió más que la interna. Los porcentajes en peso de bulbos comerciales (C5+C6+C7) sobre el total de bulbos cosechados para las densidades D20, D30 y D40 fueron de 80.1 %; 66.7 % y 56.1 %, respectivamente.

Carbon assimilation, herbage accumulation, nutritive value, and grazing efficiency of Mulato II brachiariagrass under continuous stocking

Grazed pastures are the backbone of the Brazilian livestock industry and grasses of the genus Brachiaria (syn. Urochloa) are some of most used tropical forages in the country. Although the dependence on the forage resource is high, grazing management is often empirical and based on broad and non-specific guidelines. Mulato II brachiariagrass (Convert HD 364, Dow AgroSciences, São Paulo, Brazil) (B. brizantha × B. ruziziensis × B. decumbens), a new Brachiaria hybrid, was released as an option for a broad range of environmental conditions. There is no scientific information on specific management practices for Mulato II under continuous stocking in Brazil. The objectives of this research were to describe and explain variations in carbon assimilation, herbage accumulation (HA), plant-part accumulation, nutritive value, and grazing efficiency (GE) of Mulato II brachiariagrass as affected by canopy height and growth rate, the latter imposed by N fertilization rate, under continuous stocking. An experiment was carried out in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, during two summer grazing seasons. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement, corresponding to three steady-state canopy heights (10, 25 and 40 cm) maintained by mimicked continuous stocking and two growth rates (imposed as 50 and 250 kg N ha-1 yr-1), with three replications. There were no height × N rate interactions for most of the responses studied. The HA of Mulato II increased linearly (8640 to 13400 kg DM ha-1 yr-1), the in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM) decreased linearly (652 to 586 g kg-1), and the GE decreased (65 to 44%) as canopy height increased. Thus, although GE and IVDOM were greatest at 10 cm height, HA was 36% less for the 10- than for the 40-cm height. The leaf carbon assimilation was greater for the shortest canopy (10 cm), but canopy assimilation was less than in taller canopies, likely a result of less leaf area index (LAI). The reductions in HA, plant-part accumulation, and LAI, were not associated with other signs of stand deterioration. Leaf was the main plant-part accumulated, at a rate that increased from 70 to 100 kg DM ha-1 d-1 as canopy height increased from 10 to 40 cm. Mulato II was less productive (7940 vs. 13380 kg ha-1 yr-1) and had lesser IVDOM (581 vs. 652 g kg-1) at the lower N rate. The increase in N rate affected plant growth, increasing carbon assimilation, LAI, rates of plant-part accumulation (leaf, stem, and dead), and HA. The results indicate that the increase in the rate of dead material accumulation due to more N applied is a result of overall increase in the accumulation rates of all plant-parts. Taller canopies (25 or 40 cm) are advantageous for herbage accumulation of Mulato II, but nutritive value and GE was greater for 25 cm, suggesting that maintaining ∼25-cm canopy height is optimal for continuously stocked Mulato II.

Australia: new screening method for cold tolerance during the reproducitve stage in rice

Low temperature, particularly during the reproductive stage of the development of rice, limits productivity in the Riverina region of New South Wales (NSW). This study primarily examined genotypic differences in cold damage that are associated with low temperature during reproductive development. Results from experiments in temperature-controlled rooms and the cold water facility were combined with four years of field experiments, which used natural exposure to low temperature to examine the response of over 50 cultivars from diverse origins. Plants were exposed to day/night air temperatures of 27°/13°C in temperature-controlled rooms and to a constant temperature of 19°C in the cold water facility. Low temperature treatments were imposed from panicle initiation (PI) to 50% heading. In field experiments several techniques were used to increase the likelihood of inducing cold damage such as sequential sowing dates (five to eight sowing dates each year), shallow water depths (5cm) and high nitrogen rates (e.g. 300kgN ha-1). Several cultivars were identified that were more cold tolerant than Australia’s commercial cultivars.

Avaliação da fertilização azotada na produtividade e qualidade da variedade Hermes para indústria

O azoto é determinante na produtividade e na qualidade da batata para indústria. Com este trabalho pretendeu-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de azoto na variedade de batata “Hermes”, em plena condições de cultivo do Vale do Tejo. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação de 0 (N0), 80 (N80), 160 (N160), 240 (N240) e 320 (N320) kg de azoto/ha, na forma de ENTECÒ 26. O ensaio foi instalado em parcelas totalmente aleatórias, com 4 repetições. Foi registado semanal a taxa de cobertura de solo pelo método da grelha até à sua cobertura total. Bissemanalmente, foram recolhidas plantas nos tratamentos N0 (0kgN/ha) e N160 (160kgN/ha) para avaliação do seu desenvolvimento e crescimento. No final do ciclo cultural avaliou-se a produção total, comercial, em peso e número de tubérculos. Avaliou-se ainda o peso específico, os teores em matéria seca dos tubérculos e a percentagem do azoto total na matéria seca das folhas e tubérculos. A adubação azotada influenciou a dimensão do aparelho fotossintético, através do estímulo de ramificações. Verificou-se uma maior produtividade de tubérculos nos tratamentos com maior aplicação de azoto, embora os acréscimos tenham sido menores a partir dos 160kg/ha. O azoto influenciou a percentagem de tubérculos de maior calibre.

Qualidade física e matéria orgânica do solo em sistema de integração lavoura - pecuária submetido a doses de nitrogênio

The animal trampling favors the soil compaction process in sheep raising and crop production integrated systems. This compression has negative effects, hindering the development of roots, the availability of nutrients, water and aeration, causing production losses, making it essential for the assessment of soil physical attributes for monitoring soil quality. Soil organic matter can be used to assess the quality of the soil, due to its relationship with the chemical, physical and biological soil properties. Conservation management system with tillage, along with systems integration between crops and livestock are being used to maintain and even increase the levels of soil organic matter. For that, a field experiment was carried out over a Oxisol clayey Alic in Guarapuava, PR, from de 2006 one. experiment sheep raising and crop production integrated systems The climate classified as Cfb .. The study was to evaluate the soil physical properties and quantify the stock of soil organic carbon and its compartmentalization in system integration crop - livestock with sheep under four nitrogen rates (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg ha-1) in the winter pasture, formed by the consortium oat (Avena strigosa) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and the effect of grazing (with and without). The soil samples blades density evaluations, total porosity, macro and micro, aggregation and carbon stocks were held in two phases: Phase livestock (after removal of the animals of the area) and phase crop (after maize cultivation). The collection of soil samples were carried out in layers of 0-0.5, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.20 and m. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and the hypotheses tested by the F test (p <0.05). For the quantitative effect data regression and the qualitative effect used the test medium. In non-significant regressions used the average and standard deviation treatments. The animal trampling caused an increase in bulk density in the 0.10-0.20 m layer. The dose of 225 kg N ha-1 in winter pasture increased total soil porosity at 8% compared to dose 0 kg N ha-1 in the crop stage. The grazing had no effect on soil macroporosity. GMD of aggregates in the phase after grazing the surface layer was damaged by grazing. Nitrogen rates used in the winter pasture and grazing not influence the total organic carbon stocks. The TOC is not influenced by nitrogen fertilization on grassland. The grazing increases the stock of POC in the 0.10-0.20 m layer livestock phase and cause the stock of POC in the 0-0.5 m layer in the crop stage. The MAC is not influenced by N rates applied in the pasture or by grazing.

Avaliação da fertilização azotada na produtividade e qualidade da variedade Hermes para indústria

O azoto é determinante na produtividade e na qualidade da batata para indústria. Com este trabalho pretendeu-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de azoto na variedade de batata “Hermes”, em plena condições de cultivo do Vale do Tejo. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação de 0 (N0), 80 (N80), 160 (N160), 240 (N240) e 320 (N320) kg de azoto/ha, na forma de ENTECÒ 26. O ensaio foi instalado em parcelas totalmente aleatórias, com 4 repetições. Foi registado semanal a taxa de cobertura de solo pelo método da grelha até à sua cobertura total. Bissemanalmente, foram recolhidas plantas nos tratamentos N0 (0kgN/ha) e N160 (160kgN/ha) para avaliação do seu desenvolvimento e crescimento. No final do ciclo cultural avaliou-se a produção total, comercial, em peso e número de tubérculos. Avaliou-se ainda o peso específico, os teores em matéria seca dos tubérculos e a percentagem do azoto total na matéria seca das folhas e tubérculos. A adubação azotada influenciou a dimensão do aparelho fotossintético, através do estímulo de ramificações. Verificou-se uma maior produtividade de tubérculos nos tratamentos com maior aplicação de azoto, embora os acréscimos tenham sido menores a partir dos 160kg/ha. O azoto influenciou a percentagem de tubérculos de maior calibre.

Comparison of nitrogen fertilization methods and rates for subsurface drip irrigated corn in the semi-arid Great Plains

In semi-arid areas such as western Nebraska, interest in subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) for corn is increasing due to restricted irrigation allocations. However, crop response quantification to nitrogen (N) applications with SDI and the environmental benefits of multiple in-season (IS) SDI N applications instead of a single early-season (ES) surface application are lacking. The study was conducted in 2004, 2005, and 2006 at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln West Central Research and Extension Center in North Platte, Nebraska, comparing two N application methods (IS and ES) and three N rates (128, 186, and 278 kg N ha(-1)) using a randomized complete block design with four replications. No grain yield or biomass response was observed in 2004. In 2005 and 2006, corn grain yield and biomass production increased with increasing N rates, and the IS treatment increased grain yield, total N uptake, and gross return after N application costs (GRN) compared to the ES treatment. Chlorophyll meter readings taken at the R3 corn growth stage in 2006 showed that less N was supplied to the plant with ES compared to the IS treatment. At the end of the study, soil NO3-N masses in the 0.9 to 1.8 m depth were greater under the IS treatment compared to the ES treatment. Results suggested that greater losses of NO3-N below the root zone under the ES treatment may have had a negative effect on corn production. Under SDI systems, fertigating a recommended N rate at various corn growth stages can increase yields, GRN, and reduce NO3-N leaching in soils compared to concentrated early-season applications.

Annual nitrogen dynamics and urea fertilizer recoveries from a dairy pasture using 15N; effect of nitrification inhibitor DMPP and reduced application rates

Direct nitrogen (N) losses from pastures contribute to the poor nitrogen use efficiency of the dairy industry, though the exact fate of applied N and the processes involved are largely unknown. Nitrification inhibitors such as DMPP can potentially increase fertilizer N use efficiency (NUE), though few studies globally have examined the effectiveness of DMPP coated urea in pastures. This study quantified the NUE of DMPP combined with reduced application rates, and the effect on N dynamics and plant–soil interactions over an annual ryegrass/kikuyu rotation in Queensland, Australia. Labeled 15N urea and DMPP was applied over 7 winter applications at standard farmer (45 kg N ha−1) and half (23 kg N ha−1) rates. Fertilizer recoveries and NUE were calculated over 13 harvests, and the contribution of fertilizer and soil N estimated. Up to 85% of the annual N harvested was from soil organic matter. DMPP at the lower rate increased annual yields by 31% compared to the equivalent urea treatment with no difference to the high N rates. Almost 40% of the N added at the conventional fertilizer application rate as urea was lost to the environment; 80 kg N ha−1 higher than the low DMPP. Combining the nitrification inhibitor DMPP with reduced fertilizer application rates shows substantial potential to reduce N losses to the environment while sustaining productivity in subtropical dairy pastures.

Sedimentation rates, nitrogen and phosphorus retentions in the largest urban Lake Donghu, China

Sediment core samples were collected in the largest urban Lake Donghu (Stations I and II) in China, and the activities of Pb-210, Ra-226 and Cs-137 were measured by gamma-ray spectrometry. The sedimentation rates, calculated by 210Pb constant rate of supply (CRS) model, ranged from 0.11 to 0.65 (average 0.39) cm(.)y(-1) at Station I, and from 0.21 to 0.78 (average 0.46) cm(.)y(-1) at Station II. Sedimentation rate calculated by Cs-137 as a time marker was 0.55 cm(.)y(-1) at Station II. Based on the average sedimentation rate, we obtained 769 and 147 t(.)y(-1) for nitrogen and phosphorus retentions in Lake Donghu sediments, respectively.

Differences in growth and nitrogen productivity between a stay-green genotype and a wild-type of Lolium perenne under limiting relative addition rates of nitrate supply

James Macduff, Neil Raistrick and Mervyn Humphreys (2002). Differences in growth and nitrogen productivity between a stay-green genotype and a wild-type of Lolium perenne under limiting relative addition rates of nitrate supply. Physiologia Plantarum, 116 (1), 52-61. Sponsorship: BBSRC RAE2008

Rates Of Nitrogen-Excretion By Species Of Mytilus (Bivalvia - Mollusca)

The results of experiments recorded by Bayne & Scullard (1977) confirmed earlier studies (Bayne, 1973) in describing a decline in the rate of oxygen uptake (Vo2) by Mytilus edulis during starvation, eventually reaching a steady-state value, called the standard rate of oxygen consumption. Earlier experiments had also shown that if such starved mussels were fed, oxygen uptake increased rapidly to a high level called the active rate of oxygen consumption (Thompson & Bayne, 1972; Bayne, Thompson & Widdows, 1973). Some of this increase in metabolic rate is undoubtedly due to an increased filtration rate that is stimulated by the presence of food (the ‘mechanical cost of feeding’ discussed by Bayne et al. 1976), and part is due to the ‘physiological costs of feeding’, which includes energy utilized in digestion and assimilation of the food, and energy that is lost during deamination and other catabolic processes that accompany digestion (Warren & Davis, 1967). Increases in metabolic rate associated with feeding have been called the specific dynamic action (SDA) of the ration (see Harper, 1971, for a discussion) or the apparent SDA (Beamish, 1974)5 and they have been related to aspects of protein metabolism (Krebs, 1964). This paper describes the results of some experiments designed to examine the relationships between SDA and ammonia excretion in Mytilus edulis L.