Postcolonial Culture on Dependent Islands

This article first considers the significance of historical experience in academic studies, including postcolonial studies, concluding with Jane M. Jacobs that “the structures of power that gave rise to empire live on in a more disorganised fashion.” They live on in an organized way, too, in that many islands remain in a colonial relationship, being simultaneously colonial and postcolonial, although having tended “to slip the net of postcolonial theorising.” The article attempts to help fill this gap, especially through consideration of Brian Rourke’s ideas on cultural imposition applied to dependent islands and through investigation of why some islands have not progressed to independence. Case study detail is presented, especially for Bermuda and the Falkland Islands.

NEUROPEPTIDE-F - A NOVEL PARASITIC FLATWORM REGULATORY PEPTIDE FROM MONIEZIA-EXPANSA (CESTODA, CYCLOPHYLLIDEA)

Using a C-terminally directed pancreatic polypeptide (PP) antiserum and immunocytochemical methods, PP-immunoreactivity (IR) was localized throughout the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous systems (PNS) of the cestode, Moniezia expansa. In the CNS, immunostaining was evident in the paired cerebral ganglia (primitive brain), connecting commissure, and the paired longitudinal nerve cords that are cross-linked by numerous regular transverse connectives. The PNS was seen to consist of a fine anastomosing nerve-net of immunoreactive fibres, many of which were closely associated with reproductive structures. Radioimmunoassay of this peptide IR in acid-alcohol extracts of the worm measured 192.8 ng/g of PP-IR. HPLC analyses of the M. expansa PP-IR identified a single molecular form which was purified to homogeneity. Plasma desorption mass spectrometry (PDMS) of purified parasite peptide resolved a single peptide with a molecular mass of 4599 +/- 10 Da. Automated gas-phase Edman degradation identified a 39-amino acid peptide with a C-terminal phenylalaninamide. Examination of its primary structure shows that it displays significant sequence homology with the vertebrate neuropeptide Y superfamily, suggesting that this platyhelminth-derived peptide is the phylogenetic precursor. Neuropeptide F (M. expansa) is the first regulatory peptide to be fully sequenced from the phylum Platyhelminthes and may represent a member of an important new class of invertebrate neuropeptide.

Top incomes under finance-driven capitalism, 1990-2010: power resources and regulatory orders

This article examines the impact of financialisation on the income shares of the top 1% from 1990-2010, through a panel analysis of 14 OECD countries. Drawing together literatures stressing the dependence of income inequality on the structural bargaining power of capital relative to labour, and of the dependence of accumulation on underlying institutionalised modes of state regulation, it shows that financialisation has significantly enhanced top income shares net of underlying controls. Whilst the income shares of the top 1% appear responsive to variables typical of wider studies of personal income inequality, we emphasise distinctive mechanisms of top income growth linked to the rising dominance of financial instruments and actors, facilitated by a historically specific regulatory order. These conditions were key to the emergence of a state of ‘asymmetric bargaining’ which disproportionately enhanced the fortunes of the wealthy. Results thus emphasise the importance of class-biased power resources and underlying regulatory structures, as determinants both of income concentration and of the distribution of economic rewards beyond growth capacity alone.

A ictiofauna da ria de Aveiro: estrutura, dinâmica e populações

O objectivo global deste trabalho consistiu em estudar aspectos da estrutura e dinâmica da ictiofauna da Ria de Aveiro, sistema lagunar estuarino com 43 km2 de extensão, em baixa-mar, que sofre influências dulçaquícolas e marinhas e fica situado entre 40º 30’-40º52’N and 8º35’-8º47W no litoral da costa Portuguesa. A ictiofauna foi capturada mensalmente, de Dezembro de 1996 a Novembro de 1997, em nove estações de amostragem dispersas pela laguna, com uma rede de pesca tradicional “chincha”. Foram também registados os seguintes parâmetros abióticos hidrológicos: temperatura, salinidade, oxigénio dissolvido e transparência. A temperatura variou entre 6,5 e 27,6ºC, a salinidade entre 0 e 41‰, o oxigénio dissolvido entre 1,2 e 11,4 mg.l-1 e a transparência entre 7,3 e 100,0%. A variação da salinidade e a transparência da água entre as estações de amostragem, assim como a variação da temperatura, salinidade e oxigénio dissolvido, ao longo dos meses, foram significativas. Foram capturados 14.598 exemplares pertencentes a 43 espécies de 21 famílias de Teleósteos. O número de espécies e densidade da ictiofauna foram mais elevados no Verão e nas estações mais perto da entrada da laguna, em especial na Barra e na Torreira, enquanto que a biomassa sofreu oscilações consideráveis ao longo dos meses e mostrou-se mais elevada nas estações mais afastadas da embocadura. As espécies marinhas sazonais foram as mais numerosas e registaram a maior biomassa e as categorias “marinha juvenil” e “estuarina residente” registaram o maior número de espécies. Mugilidae, Atherinidae e Clupeidae foram as famílias mais abundantes. Seis espécies representaram cerca de 74% da densidade total e cerca de 63% da biomassa total e ocorreram em todas as estações e em todos os meses. Pode-se concluir que a Ria de Aveiro, com elevada variação espacial e sazonal nos parâmetros abióticos, apresenta uma comunidade de peixes rica e representativa, comparada com lagunas costeiras estuarinas Europeias.

Essays on bounded rationality: Individual decision and strategic interaction

Economics is a social science which, therefore, focuses on people and on the decisions they make, be it in an individual context, or in group situations. It studies human choices, in face of needs to be fulfilled, and a limited amount of resources to fulfill them. For a long time, there was a convergence between the normative and positive views of human behavior, in that the ideal and predicted decisions of agents in economic models were entangled in one single concept. That is, it was assumed that the best that could be done in each situation was exactly the choice that would prevail. Or, at least, that the facts that economics needed to explain could be understood in the light of models in which individual agents act as if they are able to make ideal decisions. However, in the last decades, the complexity of the environment in which economic decisions are made and the limits on the ability of agents to deal with it have been recognized, and incorporated into models of decision making in what came to be known as the bounded rationality paradigm. This was triggered by the incapacity of the unboundedly rationality paradigm to explain observed phenomena and behavior. This thesis contributes to the literature in three different ways. Chapter 1 is a survey on bounded rationality, which gathers and organizes the contributions to the field since Simon (1955) first recognized the necessity to account for the limits on human rationality. The focus of the survey is on theoretical work rather than the experimental literature which presents evidence of actual behavior that differs from what classic rationality predicts. The general framework is as follows. Given a set of exogenous variables, the economic agent needs to choose an element from the choice set that is avail- able to him, in order to optimize the expected value of an objective function (assuming his preferences are representable by such a function). If this problem is too complex for the agent to deal with, one or more of its elements is simplified. Each bounded rationality theory is categorized according to the most relevant element it simplifes. Chapter 2 proposes a novel theory of bounded rationality. Much in the same fashion as Conlisk (1980) and Gabaix (2014), we assume that thinking is costly in the sense that agents have to pay a cost for performing mental operations. In our model, if they choose not to think, such cost is avoided, but they are left with a single alternative, labeled the default choice. We exemplify the idea with a very simple model of consumer choice and identify the concept of isofin curves, i.e., sets of default choices which generate the same utility net of thinking cost. Then, we apply the idea to a linear symmetric Cournot duopoly, in which the default choice can be interpreted as the most natural quantity to be produced in the market. We find that, as the thinking cost increases, the number of firms thinking in equilibrium decreases. More interestingly, for intermediate levels of thinking cost, an equilibrium in which one of the firms chooses the default quantity and the other best responds to it exists, generating asymmetric choices in a symmetric model. Our model is able to explain well-known regularities identified in the Cournot experimental literature, such as the adoption of different strategies by players (Huck et al. , 1999), the inter temporal rigidity of choices (Bosch-Dom enech & Vriend, 2003) and the dispersion of quantities in the context of di cult decision making (Bosch-Dom enech & Vriend, 2003). Chapter 3 applies a model of bounded rationality in a game-theoretic set- ting to the well-known turnout paradox in large elections, pivotal probabilities vanish very quickly and no one should vote, in sharp contrast with the ob- served high levels of turnout. Inspired by the concept of rhizomatic thinking, introduced by Bravo-Furtado & Côrte-Real (2009a), we assume that each per- son is self-delusional in the sense that, when making a decision, she believes that a fraction of the people who support the same party decides alike, even if no communication is established between them. This kind of belief simplifies the decision of the agent, as it reduces the number of players he believes to be playing against { it is thus a bounded rationality approach. Studying a two-party first-past-the-post election with a continuum of self-delusional agents, we show that the turnout rate is positive in all the possible equilibria, and that it can be as high as 100%. The game displays multiple equilibria, at least one of which entails a victory of the bigger party. The smaller one may also win, provided its relative size is not too small; more self-delusional voters in the minority party decreases this threshold size. Our model is able to explain some empirical facts, such as the possibility that a close election leads to low turnout (Geys, 2006), a lower margin of victory when turnout is higher (Geys, 2006) and high turnout rates favoring the minority (Bernhagen & Marsh, 1997).

Pesca exploratoria y experimental con red de cerco artesanal en la Región Tumbes.2005

Se evaluó la utilización de la malla de 50 mm (2”) en redes de cerco artesanal de la Región Tumbes en una pesquería multiespecífica. Se trabajó con una red control de tamaño de malla de 38 mm (1,5”) y la red experimental de 50 mm (2,0”), con un porcentaje de embande de 0,65 y 0,77, respectivamente. Se determinó diferencia entre las curvas de profundidad de calado del cuerpo central de las redes (tc= 46,670, t*= 1,98, p= 0) la red experimental tuvo mayor profundidad de velado; entre las curvas de velocidad de caída del cuerpo central de las redes, hubo diferencia significativa (tc= 7,790, t*= 1,98, p = 0,000), debido al mayor lastre y filtrado de las mallas de la red experimental. El coeficiente abertura horizontal (μ1) de las mallas en la franja superior durante el máximo velado de la red y el gareteo fue en las mallas del cabecero o copo, parte central y ultimo cuerpo de la red, en promedio 0,71; 0,74 y 0,73 respectivamente; (valores cercanos al coeficiente de armado ideal para el escape de ciertos peces fusiformes). El promedio de μ1 obtenidos en la región de las mallas centrales en el cabecero, centro y ultimo cuerpo de la red fue 0,85; 0,85 y 0,84 respectivamente; lo que indicó una mayor abertura horizontal de las mallas por encima del valor del coeficiente de armado que no permitiría el escape de los peces. Se concluyó que por la condición de las mallas de la red de cerco experimental (tamaño de malla 50 mm) no es óptima para gran parte de la estructura de la red, esto no permitiría la selectividad por tamaños.

Déterminants individuels et contextuels de la mortalité des enfants de moins de cinq ans en Afrique au sud du Sahara : analyse comparative des enquêtes démographiques et de santé

La santé des enfants demeure une question prioritaire en Afrique sub-saharienne. Les disparités en matière de mortalité entre pays et au sein des pays persistent et se sont fortement accrues durant la dernière décennie. En dépit de solides arguments théoriques voulant que les variables contextuelles soient des déterminants importants de la santé des enfants, ces facteurs, et particulièrement les influences du contexte local, ont été étudiées beaucoup moins souvent que les caractéristiques individuelles. L'objectif principal de la présente thèse est d’identifier les déterminants individuels et contextuels associés à la mortalité des enfants de moins de 5 ans en Afrique sub-saharienne. L’analyse systématique est basée sur les données les plus récentes des enquêtes démographiques et de santé (DHS/EDS). Deux questions spécifiques sont examinées dans cette thèse. La première évalue la mesure dans la quelle le contexte local affecte la mortalité infanto-juvénile, net des caractéristiques individuelles. La seconde question est consacrée à l’examen de l’effet du faible poids à la naissance sur le risque de décès avant 5 ans. Par rapport à la première question, les analyses multi-niveaux confirment pour plusieurs pays étudiés l’importance simultanée de l’environnement familial et du contexte local de résidence dans l’explication des différences de mortalité infanto-juvénile. Toutefois, par comparaison au contexte familial, l’ampleur de l’effet de l’environnement local paraît assez modeste. Il apparaît donc que le contexte familial reste un puissant déterminant de la mortalité des enfants de moins de 5 ans en Afrique sub-saharienne. Les résultats indiquent en outre que certains attributs du contexte local de résidence influencent le risque de décès des enfants avant 5 ans, au-delà des facteurs individuels dans plusieurs pays. Cette thèse confirme l’effet contextuel de l’éducation sur la mortalité des enfants. Cet effet s’ajoute, dans certains pays, à l'effet positif du niveau individuel d’éducation de la mère sur la survie de l'enfant. Les résultats montrent aussi que le degré d’homogénéité ethnique de la localité influence fortement la probabilité de mourir avant 5 ans dans certains pays. Globalement, les résultats de cette thèse suggèrent que le défi de réduire la mortalité des enfants va au-delà des stratégies visant uniquement les facteurs individuels, et nécessite une meilleure compréhension de l’influence des facteurs contextuels. Par rapport à la deuxième question, les résultats montrent également que les facteurs individuels restent aussi très importants dans l’explication des différences de mortalité des enfants dans plusieurs pays étudiés. Nos résultats indiquent que les différences de mortalité selon le poids à la naissance sont significatives dans tous les pays inclus dans l’analyse. Les enfants nés avec un faible poids (moins de 2500 grammes) courent presque 2 à 4 fois plus de risques de mourir au cours des cinq premières années de vie que les enfants de poids normal, même après correction pour l’hétérogénéité non observée. Ce résultat suggère qu’en plus des mesures visant à réduire la pauvreté et les inégalités de revenus, la réduction de l’incidence du faible poids à la naissance pourrait apporter une contribution majeure aux Objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement; spécialement comme une stratégie efficace pour réduire le niveau de mortalité parmi les enfants de moins de cinq ans.

Ruteador inteligente y dinámico basado en clasificación del tráfico en tres niveles

This project describes a Web Geographic Information System (WebGIS) built on an Open Source geographic structure lice MapServer (Minnesota University) and PostgreSQL/PostGIS (object relational database management system). The WebGIS is a web site to route ways in streets net of a part of Sao Paulo city (Brazil). The system traces the route based in a best way algorithm looking for better streets traffic conditions

Cambios en la estructura del paisaje del Alt Empordà en el período 1957-2001

El paisaje, concebido como una unidad espacial y temporalmente pluriescalar caracterizada por unos patrones de distribución - una estructura-, unas funciones y una red de flujos de materia, energía e información (Forman y Godron, 1986), constituye un modelo apropiado para estudiar el territorio (Marull, 2002). En la presente investigación se hace un análisis de los cambios ocurridos en la estructura del mosaico paisajístico de la comarca de l´Alt Empordà entre 1957 y 2001, para ellos se divide la comarca en unidades paisajísticas basadas en criterios fisiográficos determinados a escala 1:25000. El análisis de la estructura paisajística de las diferentes unidades paisajísticas se ha realizado a través de indicadores de composición y de estructura según clases paisajísticas (cubiertas o usos del suelo), mediante el cálculo y análisis de indicadores de estructura desarrollados por la ecología del paisaje, los cuales, han permitido caracterizar y analizar las transformaciones en el tamaño, la forma y el arreglo espacial de los parches tipo que configuran el mosaico paisajístico. Para el proceso de cálculo y análisis espacial se han empleado los sistemas de información geográfica (SIGs), el programa Patch Analyst 1.2. La información cartográfica se elaboró a partir de ortofotomapas digitales y fotos aéreas generados por el ICC, así como de fuentes secundarias. Además, el trabajo incluye una aplicación teórico-metodológica a la identificación de redes ecológicas a través del uso de indicadores, así como el uso de inventarios fitosociológicos en la evaluación de hábitats borde.

Detecting intraday periodicities with application to high frequency exchange rates

Many recent papers have documented periodicities in returns, return volatility, bid–ask spreads and trading volume, in both equity and foreign exchange markets. We propose and employ a new test for detecting subtle periodicities in time series data based on a signal coherence function. The technique is applied to a set of seven half-hourly exchange rate series. Overall, we find the signal coherence to be maximal at the 8-h and 12-h frequencies. Retaining only the most coherent frequencies for each series, we implement a trading rule that is based on these observed periodicities. Our results demonstrate in all cases except one that, in gross terms, the rules can generate returns that are considerably greater than those of a buy-and-hold strategy, although they cannot retain their profitability net of transactions costs. We conjecture that this methodology could constitute an important tool for financial market researchers which will enable them to detect, quantify and rank the various periodic components in financial data better.

Intergenerational wealth mobility in rural Bangladesh

Unique residential history data with retrospective information on parental assets are used to study household wealth mobility in 141 villages in rural Bangladesh. Regression estimates of father–son correlations and analyses of intergenerational transition matrices show substantial persistence in wealth even when we correct for measurement errors in parental wealth. We do not find wealth mobility to be higher between periods of a person's life than between generations. We find that the process of household division plays an important role: sons who splinter off from the father's household experience greater (albeit downward) mobility in wealth. Despite significant occupational mobility across generations, its contribution to wealth mobility, net of human capital attainment of individuals, appears insignificant. Low wealth mobility in our data is primarily explained by intergenerational persistence in educational attainment.

Conversion in late antiquity: Christianity, Islam, and beyond

The papers in this volume were presented at a Mellon-Sawyer Seminar held at the University of Oxford in 2009-2010, which sought to investigate side by side the two important movements of conversion that frame late antiquity: to Christianity at its start, and to Islam at the other end. Challenging the opposition between the two stereotypes of Islamic conversion as an intrinsically violent process, and Christian conversion as a fundamentally spiritual one, the papers seek to isolate the behaviours and circumstances that made conversion both such a common and such a contested phenomenon. The spread of Buddhism in Asia in broadly the same period serves as an external comparator that was not caught in the net of the Abrahamic religions. The volume is organised around several themes, reflecting the concerns of the initial project with the articulation between norm and practice, the role of authorities and institutions, and the social and individual fluidity on the ground. Debates, discussions, and the expression of norms and principles about conversion conversion are not rare in societies experiencing religious change, and the first section of the book examines some of the main issues brought up by surviving sources. This is followed by three sections examining different aspects of how those principles were - or were not - put into practice: how conversion was handled by the state, how it was continuously redefined by individual ambivalence and cultural fluidity, and how it was enshrined through different forms of institutionalization. Finally, a topographical coda examines the effects of religious change on the iconic holy city of Jerusalem.

Dispositional resistance to change : measurement equivalence and the link to personal values across 17 nations

The concept of dispositional resistance to change has been introduced in a series of exploratory and confirmatory analyses through which the validity of the Resistance to Change (RTC) Scale has been established (S. Oreg, 2003). However, the vast majority of participants with whom the scale was validated were from the United States. The purpose of the present work was to examine the meaningfulness of the construct and the validity of the scale across nations. Measurement equivalence analyses of data from 17 countries, representing 13 languages and 4 continents, confirmed the cross-national validity of the scale. Equivalent patterns of relationships between personal values and RTC across samples extend the nomological net of the construct and provide further evidence that dispositional resistance to change holds equivalent meanings across nations.

Comparing different economic linkages among commodity futures

Gasoline (GA) and kerosene (KO) are extracted from crude oil (CO), such that the three fuel commodities share a chemical link. On the other hand, GA also shares an industrial link with natural rubber (NR) and palladium (PA) as complementary commodities that are heavily consumed by the automobile industry. We contrast the information content embedded in the two economic linkages. Focusing on TOCOM futures contracts written on the five commodities and centering on GA, we confirm that incremental information provided by either CO, KO or NR, PA over a buy-and-hold strategy and a naive forecast, are both statistically and economically significant. While the chemical link forecast is more profitable, a double-link forecast generated from a VECM with two cointegrating vectors (KO-GA and GANR prices) outperforms both single-link forecasts based on risk-adjusted profit net of transaction costs. Further comparisons against the profitability of commodity-based momentum strategies documented in Erb and Harvey (2006) and Miffre and Rallis (2007) show that the double-link forecast holds its own against the most profitable of the 75 momentum strategies considered. This strongly suggests that not only are there incremental profits to be gained from harnessing and combining economic links among commodity futures, the resultant incremental profits are economically significant against other proven commodity-based trading strategies in the existing literature.

‘The Snowtown we know and love’ : small newspapers and heinous crimes

This paper examines the role of small newspapers in Australia when bizarre and shocking crimes are committed locally. These crimes often attract intense media attention that casts a net of shame across entire townships through their representation as places of fascination and fear in the public imagination. We take a practice approach in the tradition of Pierre Bourdieu to explore the complex editorial considerations, news judgements and community responsibilities small newspapers must negotiate when covering these stories for local audiences. This study focuses on three towns in regional Australia that have been represented in metropolitan and international news media as ‘dead zones' after shocking crimes: Bowral in NSW, Snowtown in South Australia and Moe in Victoria.