Acute post-stroke blood pressure relative to premorbid levels in intracerebral haemorrhage versus major ischaemic stroke: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND It is often assumed that blood pressure increases acutely after major stroke, resulting in so-called post-stroke hypertension. In view of evidence that the risks and benefits of blood pressure-lowering treatment in acute stroke might differ between patients with major ischaemic stroke and those with primary intracerebral haemorrhage, we compared acute-phase and premorbid blood pressure levels in these two disorders. METHODS In a population-based study in Oxfordshire, UK, we recruited all patients presenting with stroke between April 1, 2002, and March 31, 2012. We compared all acute-phase post-event blood pressure readings with premorbid readings from 10-year primary care records in all patients with acute major ischaemic stroke (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale >3) versus those with acute intracerebral haemorrhage. FINDINGS Of 653 consecutive eligible patients, premorbid and acute-phase blood pressure readings were available for 636 (97%) individuals. Premorbid blood pressure (total readings 13,244) had been measured on a median of 17 separate occasions per patient (IQR 8-31). In patients with ischaemic stroke, the first acute-phase systolic blood pressure was much lower than after intracerebral haemorrhage (158·5 mm Hg [SD 30·1] vs 189·8 mm Hg [38·5], p<0·0001; for patients not on antihypertensive treatment 159·2 mm Hg [27·8] vs 193·4 mm Hg [37·4], p<0·0001), was little higher than premorbid levels (increase of 10·6 mm Hg vs 10-year mean premorbid level), and decreased only slightly during the first 24 h (mean decrease from <90 min to 24 h 13·6 mm Hg). By contrast with findings in ischaemic stroke, the mean first systolic blood pressure after intracerebral haemorrhage was substantially higher than premorbid levels (mean increase of 40·7 mm Hg, p<0·0001) and fell substantially in the first 24 h (mean decrease of 41·1 mm Hg; p=0·0007 for difference from decrease in ischaemic stroke). Mean systolic blood pressure also increased steeply in the days and weeks before intracerebral haemorrhage (regression p<0·0001) but not before ischaemic stroke. Consequently, the first acute-phase blood pressure reading after primary intracerebral haemorrhage was more likely than after ischaemic stroke to be the highest ever recorded (OR 3·4, 95% CI 2·3-5·2, p<0·0001). In patients with intracerebral haemorrhage seen within 90 min, the highest systolic blood pressure within 3 h of onset was 50 mm Hg higher, on average, than the maximum premorbid level whereas that after ischaemic stroke was 5·2 mm Hg lower (p<0·0001). INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest that systolic blood pressure is substantially raised compared with usual premorbid levels after intracerebral haemorrhage, whereas acute-phase systolic blood pressure after major ischaemic stroke is much closer to the accustomed long-term premorbid level, providing a potential explanation for why the risks and benefits of lowering blood pressure acutely after stroke might be expected to differ. FUNDING Wellcome Trust, Wolfson Foundation, UK Medical Research Council, Stroke Association, British Heart Foundation, National Institute for Health Research.

Leptomeningeal collateralization in acute ischemic stroke: Impact on prominent cortical veins in susceptibility-weighted imaging.

BACKGROUND The extent of hypoperfusion is an important prognostic factor in acute ischemic stroke. Previous studies have postulated that the extent of prominent cortical veins (PCV) on susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) reflects the extent of hypoperfusion. Our aim was to investigate, whether there is an association between PCV and the grade of leptomeningeal arterial collateralization in acute ischemic stroke. In addition, we analyzed the correlation between SWI and perfusion-MRI findings. METHODS 33 patients with acute ischemic stroke due to a thromboembolic M1-segment occlusion underwent MRI followed by digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and were subdivided into two groups with very good to good and moderate to no leptomeningeal collaterals according to the DSA. The extent of PCV on SWI, diffusion restriction (DR) on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and prolonged mean transit time (MTT) on perfusion-imaging were graded according to the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS). The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores at admission and the time between symptom onset and MRI were documented. RESULTS 20 patients showed very good to good and 13 patients poor to no collateralization. PCV-ASPECTS was significantly higher for cases with good leptomeningeal collaterals versus those with poor leptomeningeal collaterals (mean 4.1 versus 2.69; p=0.039). MTT-ASPECTS was significantly lower than PCV-ASPECTS in all 33 patients (mean 1.0 versus 3.5; p<0.00). CONCLUSIONS In our small study the grade of leptomeningeal collateralization correlates with the extent of PCV in SWI in acute ischemic stroke, due to the deoxyhemoglobin to oxyhemoglobin ratio. Consequently, extensive PCV correlate with poor leptomeningeal collateralization while less pronounced PCV correlate with good leptomeningeal collateralization. Further SWI is a very helpful tool in detecting tissue at risk but cannot replace PWI since MTT detects significantly more ill-perfused areas than SWI, especially in good collateralized subjects.

Outcome of patients with occlusions of the internal carotid artery or the main stem of the middle cerebral artery with NIHSS score of less than 5: comparison between thrombolysed and non-thrombolysed patients

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The use of thrombolysis in patients with minor neurological deficits and large vessel occlusion is controversial. METHODS We compared the outcome of patients with low National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores and large vessel occlusions between thrombolysed and non-thrombolysed patients. RESULTS 88 (1.7%) of 5312 consecutive patients with acute (within 24 h) ischaemic stroke had occlusions of the internal carotid or the main stem of the middle cerebral artery and baseline NIHSS scores ≤5.47 (53.4%) were treated without thrombolysis, and 41 (46.6%) received intravenous thrombolysis, endovascular therapy or both. Successful recanalisation on MR or CT angiography at 24 h was more often observed in thrombolysed than in non-thrombolysed patients (78.9% versus 10.5%; p<0.001). Neurological deterioration (increase of NIHSS score ≥1 compared to baseline) was observed in 22.7% of non-thrombolysed versus 10.3% of thrombolysed after 24 h (p=0.002), in 33.3% versus 12.5% at hospital discharge (p=0.015) and in 41.4% versus 15% at 3 months (p<0.001). Symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage occurred in two (asymptomatic in five) thrombolysed and in none (asymptomatic in three) non-thrombolysed. Thrombolysis was an independent predictor of favourable outcome (p=0.030) but not survival (p=0.606) at 3 months. CONCLUSIONS Non-thrombolysed patients with mild deficits and large vessel occlusion deteriorated significantly more often within 3 months than thrombolysed patients. Symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhages occurred in less than 5% of patients in both groups. These data suggest that thrombolysis is safe and effective in these patients. Therefore, randomised trials in patients with large vessel occlusions and mild or rapidly improving symptoms are needed.

Is surgery in acute aortic dissection type A still contraindicated in the presence of preoperative neurological symptoms?

OBJECTIVES Severe neurological deficit (ND) due to acute aortic dissection type A (AADA) was considered a contraindication for surgery because of poor prognosis. Recently, more aggressive indication for surgery despite neurological symptoms has shown acceptable postoperative clinical results. The aim of this study was to evaluate early and mid-term outcomes of patients with AADA presenting with acute ND. METHODS Data from 53 patients with new-onset ND who received surgical repair for AADA between 2005 and 2012 at our institution were retrospectively reviewed. ND was defined as focal motor or sensory deficit, hemiplegia, paraplegia, convulsions or coma. Neurological symptoms were evaluated preoperatively using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and at discharge as well as 3-6 months postoperatively using the mRS and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Involvement of carotid arteries was assessed in the pre- and postoperative computed tomography. Logistic regression analysis was performed to detect predictive factors for recovery of ND. RESULTS Of the 53 patients, 29 (54.7%) showed complete recovery from focal ND at follow-up. Neurological symptoms persisted in 24 (45.3%) patients, of which 8 (33%) died without neurological assessment at follow-up. Between the two groups (patients with recovery and those with persisting ND), there was no significant difference regarding the duration of hypothermic circulatory arrest (28 ± 14 vs 36 ± 20 min) or severely reduced consciousness (GCS <8). Multivariate analysis showed significant differences for the preoperative mRS between the two groups (P < 0.007). A high preoperative mRS was associated with persistence of neurological symptoms (P < 0.02). Cardiovascular risk factors, age or involvement of supra-aortic branches were not predictive for persistence of ND. CONCLUSION More than half of our patients recovered completely from ND due to AADA after surgery. Severity of clinical symptoms had a predictive value. Patients suffering from AADA and presenting with ND before surgery should not be excluded from emergency surgery.

Feasibility platform for stroke studies: an online tool to improve eligibility criteria for clinical trials

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Eligibility criteria are a key factor for the feasibility and validity of clinical trials. We aimed to develop an online tool to assess the potential effect of inclusion and exclusion criteria on the proportion of patients eligible for an acute stroke trial. METHODS We identified relevant inclusion and exclusion criteria of acute stroke trials. Based on these criteria and using a cohort of 1537 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke from 3 stroke centers, we developed a web portal feasibility platform for stroke studies (FePASS) to estimate proportions of eligible patients for acute stroke trials. We applied the FePASS resource to calculate the proportion of patients eligible for 4 recent stroke studies. RESULTS Sixty-one eligibility criteria were derived from 30 trials on acute ischemic stroke. FePASS, publicly available at http://fepass.uni-muenster.de, displays the proportion of patients in percent to assess the effect of varying values of relevant eligibility criteria, for example, age, symptom onset time, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, and prestroke modified Rankin Scale, on this proportion. The proportion of eligible patients for 4 recent stroke studies ranged from 2.1% to 11.3%. Slight variations of the inclusion criteria could substantially increase the proportion of eligible patients. CONCLUSIONS FePASS is an open access online resource to assess the effect of inclusion and exclusion criteria on the proportion of eligible patients for a stroke trial. FePASS can help to design stroke studies, optimize eligibility criteria, and to estimate the potential recruitment rate.

Solitaire™ with the Intention for Thrombectomy as Primary Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke (SWIFT PRIME) trial: protocol for a randomized, controlled, multicenter study comparing the Solitaire revascularization device with IV tPA with IV tPA alone in acute ischemic stroke.

RATIONALE Early reperfusion in patients experiencing acute ischemic stroke is critical, especially for patients with large vessel occlusion who have poor prognosis without revascularization. Solitaire™ stent retriever devices have been shown to immediately restore vascular perfusion safely, rapidly, and effectively in acute ischemic stroke patients with large vessel occlusions. AIM The aim of the study was to demonstrate that, among patients with large vessel, anterior circulation occlusion who have received intravenous tissue plasminogen activator, treatment with Solitaire revascularization devices reduces degree of disability 3 months post stroke. DESIGN The study is a global multicenter, two-arm, prospective, randomized, open, blinded end-point trial comparing functional outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients who are treated with either intravenous tissue plasminogen activator alone or intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in combination with the Solitaire device. Up to 833 patients will be enrolled. PROCEDURES Patients who have received intravenous tissue plasminogen activator are randomized to either continue with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator alone or additionally proceed to neurothrombectomy using the Solitaire device within six-hours of symptom onset. STUDY OUTCOMES The primary end-point is 90-day global disability, assessed with the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Secondary outcomes include mortality at 90 days, functional independence (mRS ≤ 2) at 90 days, change in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale at 27 h, reperfusion at 27 h, and thrombolysis in cerebral infarction 2b/3 flow at the end of the procedure. ANALYSIS Statistical analysis will be conducted using simultaneous success criteria on the overall distribution of modified Rankin Scale (Rankin shift) and proportions of subjects achieving functional independence (mRS 0-2).

Is surgery in aCute aortiC disseCtion type A still ContraindiCated in the presenCe of preoperative neurologiCal symptoms?

Gebiet: Kardiologie Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Severe neurologiCal defiCit (ND) due to aCute aortiC disseCtion type A (AADA) was Considered a ContraindiCation for surgery beCause of poor prognosis. ReCently, more aggressive indiCation for surgery despite neurologiCal symptoms has shown aCCeptable – postoperative CliniCal results. The aim of this study was to evaluate early and mid-term outComes of patients with AADA presenting with aCute ND. – – METHODS: Data from 53 patients with new-onset ND who reCeived surgiCal repair for AADA between 2005 and 2012 at our institution were retrospeCtively reviewed. ND was defined as foCal motor or sensory defiCit, hemiplegia, paraplegia, Convulsions or Coma. NeurologiCal symptoms were evaluated preoperatively using the Glasgow Coma SCale (GCS) and modified Rankin SCale (mRS), and at disCharge as well as 3–6 months postoperatively using the mRS and National Institutes of Health Stroke SCale. Involvement of Carotid arteries was assessed in the pre- and postoperative Computed tomography. LogistiC regression analysis was performed to deteCt prediCtive faCtors for reCovery of ND. – – RESULTS: Of the 53 patients, 29 (54.7%) showed Complete reCovery from foCal ND at follow-up. NeurologiCal symptoms persisted in 24 (45.3%) patients, of whiCh 8 (33%) died without neurologiCal assessment at follow-up. Between the two groups (patients with reCovery and – those with persisting ND), there was no signifiCant differenCe regarding the duration of hypothermiC CirCulatory arrest (28 ± 14 vs 36 ± 20 min) or severely reduCed ConsCiousness (GCS <8). Multivariate analysis showed signifiCant differenCes for the preoperative mRS between the two groups (P < 0.007). A high preoperative mRS was assoCiated with persistenCe of neurologiCal symptoms (P < 0.02). CardiovasCular risk faCtors, age or involvement of supra-aortiC branChes were not prediCtive for persistenCe of ND. – – CONCLUSION: More than half of our patients reCovered Completely from ND due to AADA after surgery. Severity of CliniCal symptoms had a prediCtive value. Patients suffering from AADA and presenting with ND before surgery should not be exCluded from emergenCy surgery.

Sleep-disordered breathing among acute ischemic stroke patients in Brazil.

OBJECTIVES Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is very common in acute stroke patients and has been related to poor outcome. However, there is a lack of data about the association between SDB and stroke in developing countries. The study aims to characterize the frequency and severity of SDB in Brazilian patients during the acute phase of ischemic stroke; to identify clinical and laboratorial data related to SDB in those patients; and to assess the relationship between sleep apnea and functional outcome after six months of stroke. METHODS Clinical data and laboratorial tests were collected at hospital admission. The polysomnography was performed on the first night after stroke symptoms onset. Functional outcome was assessed by the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). RESULTS We prospectively evaluated 69 patients with their first-ever acute ischemic stroke. The mean apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was 37.7 ± 30.2. Fifty-three patients (76.8%) exhibited an AHI ≥ 10 with predominantly obstructive respiratory events (90.6%), and thirty-three (47.8%) had severe sleep apnea. Age (OR: 1.09; 95% CI: 1.03-1.15; p= 0.004) and hematocrit (OR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.03-1.34; p= 0.01) were independent predictors of sleep apnea. Age (OR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.03-1.24; p= 0.01), body mass index (OR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.54-2.18; p= 0.01), and hematocrit (OR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.01-1.40; p= 0.04) were independent predictors of severe sleep apnea. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS; OR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.1-1.5; p= 0.001) and severe sleep apnea (OR: 9.7; 95% CI: 1.3-73.8; p= 0.03) were independently associated to mRS >2 at six months, after adjusting for confounders. CONCLUSION Patients with acute ischemic stroke in Brazil have a high frequency of SDB. Severe sleep apnea is associated with a poor long-term functional outcome following stroke in that population.

The Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive

Background and Purpose - Stroke has global importance and it causes an increasing amount of human suffering and economic burden, but its management is far from optimal. The unsuccessful outcome of several research programs highlights the need for reliable data on which to plan future clinical trials. The Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive aims to aid the planning of clinical trials by collating and providing access to a rich resource of patient data to perform exploratory analyses. Methods - Data were contributed by the principal investigators of numerous trials from the past 16 years. These data have been centrally collated and are available for anonymized analysis and hypothesis testing. Results - ”Currently, the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive contains 21 trials. There are data on 15 000 patients with both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Ages range between 18 and 103 years, with a mean age of 6912 years. Outcome measures include the Barthel Index, Scandinavian Stroke Scale, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, Orgogozo Scale, and modified Rankin Scale. Medical history and onset-to-treatment time are readily available, and computed tomography lesion data are available for selected trials. Conclusions - This resource has the potential to influence clinical trial design and implementation through data analyses that inform planning. (Stroke. 2007;38:1905-1910.)

Predicting long-term outcome after acute ischemic stroke: a simple index works in patients from controlled clinical trials

Background and Purpose—An early and reliable prognosis for recovery in stroke patients is important for initiation of individual treatment and for informing patients and relatives. We recently developed and validated models for predicting survival and functional independence within 3 months after acute stroke, based on age and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score assessed within 6 hours after stroke. Herein we demonstrate the applicability of our models in an independent sample of patients from controlled clinical trials. Methods—The prognostic models were used to predict survival and functional recovery in 5419 patients from the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive (VISTA). Furthermore, we tried to improve the accuracy by adapting intercepts and estimating new model parameters. Results—The original models were able to correctly classify 70.4% (survival) and 72.9% (functional recovery) of patients. Because the prediction was slightly pessimistic for patients in the controlled trials, adapting the intercept improved the accuracy to 74.8% (survival) and 74.0% (functional recovery). Novel estimation of parameters, however, yielded no relevant further improvement. Conclusions—For acute ischemic stroke patients included in controlled trials, our easy-to-apply prognostic models based on age and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score correctly predicted survival and functional recovery after 3 months. Furthermore, a simple adaptation helps to adjust for a different prognosis and is recommended if a large data set is available. (Stroke. 2008;39:000-000.)

Refining the perfusion-diffusion mismatch hypothesis

Background and Purpose-The Echoplanar Imaging Thrombolysis Evaluation Trial ( EPITHET) tests the hypothesis that perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI)-diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) mismatch predicts the response to thrombolysis. There is no accepted standardized definition of PWI-DWI mismatch. We compared common mismatch definitions in the initial 40 EPITHET patients. Methods-Raw perfusion images were used to generate maps of time to peak (TTP), mean transit time (MTT), time to peak of the impulse response (Tmax) and first moment transit time (FMT). DWI, apparent diffusion coefficient ( ADC), and PWI volumes were measured with planimetric and thresholding techniques. Correlations between mismatch volume (PWIvol-DWIvol) and DWI expansion (T2(Day) (90-vol)-DWIAcute-vol) were also assessed. Results-Mean age was 68 +/- 11, time to MRI 4.5 +/- 0.7 hours, and median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score 11 (range 4 to 23). Tmax and MTT hypoperfusion volumes were significantly lower than those calculated with TTP and FMT maps (P < 0.001). Mismatch >= 20% was observed in 89% (Tmax) to 92% (TTP/FMT/MTT) of patients. Application of a +4s ( relative to the contralateral hemisphere) PWI threshold reduced the frequency of positive mismatch volumes (TTP 73%/FMT 68%/Tmax 54%/MTT 43%). Mismatch was not significantly different when assessed with ADC maps. Mismatch volume, calculated with all parameters and thresholds, was not significantly correlated with DWI expansion. In contrast, reperfusion was correlated inversely with infarct growth (R= -0.51; P = 0.009). Conclusions-Deconvolution and application of PWI thresholds provide more conservative estimates of tissue at risk and decrease the frequency of mismatch accordingly. The precise definition may not be critical; however, because reperfusion alters tissue fate irrespective of mismatch.

Enfarte cerebral e incapacidade em idosos

RESUMO Introdução O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) é a segunda causa de morte a nível mundial e a terceira nos países industrializados. A idade é o factor de risco não modificável mais importante para AVC, verificando-se um aumento da incidência de AVC até ao limite mais extremo da idade avançada. Presentemente, mais de metade de todos os AVCs ocorrem em doentes com mais de 75 anos, e, dado que a esperança de vida está a aumentar, sendo os muito idosos o segmento de crescimento mais rápido da população, é de esperar que este segmento da população venha a contribuir com uma proporção cada vez maior do número total de AVCs. O AVC no doente idoso apresenta características particulares, sendo diferente do AVC no doente mais jovem relativamente a factores de risco, a subtipos clínicos e etiológicos de AVC, e a prognóstico. O factor de risco ardiovascular mais importante para AVC em doentes idosos é a fibrilhação auricular. O enfarte cerebral em doentes idosos é clinicamente mais grave do que nos restantes doentes, associando-se esta maior gravidade a uma maior incidência de enfartes cardioembólicos. As taxas de letalidade são mais elevadas nos doentes mais idosos, e o estado funcional dos sobreviventes é, igualmente, pior, a curto e a longo prazo. Contudo, uma proporção importante de doentes idosos com AVC sobrevive em bom estado funcional. Até agora, muito poucos estudos procuraram identificar factores preditivos independentes de resultado em doentes idosos com AVC em geral, de qualquer subtipo patológico, e menos ainda em doentes idosos apenas com AVC isquémico. Objectivos: O objectivo principal deste estudo consistiu em descrever a contribuição do AVC para a passagem de um estado independente para um estado de dependência ou morte numa coorte de doentes idosos que sofreram o seu primeiro AVC isquémico ao longo da vida, e em identificar os factores que a determinam. Paralelamente, como objectivo secundário, foi analisada a demografia, factores de risco, aracterísticas clínicas e de resultado da coorte de doentes idosos, estratificada em dois grupos de idade. Métodos: No período entre 1 de Julho de 2003 e 31 de Dezembro de 2005, foram recrutados todos os doentes com idade igual ou superior a 70 anos, internados consecutivamente no Serviço de Medicina I do Hospital Egas Moniz, pelo seu primeiro AVC isquémico ao longo da vida. Foi adoptada a definição de AVC da Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). Os doentes foram avaliados na fase aguda, à data da alta hospitalar e em consultas de seguimento aos 1, 3 e 6 meses. Foi elaborado um protocolo padronizado para a avaliação na fase aguda, e outro para as consultas de seguimento. O protocolo destinado à fase aguda incluía informação sobre: (1) dados sociodemográficos; (2) factores de risco vascular e outras comorbilidades; (3) avaliação cognitiva pré-AVC; (4) avaliação de incapacidade pré-AVC; (5) dados de avaliação médica geral na fase aguda; (6) índice de comorbilidade médica geral de Charlson; (7) dados de avaliação neurológica do doente, quer de uma forma especificada, quer sintetizados numa escala de gravidade dos défices neurológicos, a “National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale” (NIHSS) e na classificação clínica do “Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project” (OCSP); (8) resultados laboratoriais de rotina primeiros valores após o início do AVC); (9) resultados dos principais exames complementares de diagnóstico: TC crâneo-encefálica sem contraste, lectrocardiograma, ecocardiograma trans-torácico, doppler das artérias cervicais extracraneanas; e outros exames, em doentes seleccionados; (10) a classificação etiológica dos AVCs segundo os critérios do “Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment” (TOAST); (11) principais complicações neurológicas e médicas, ocorridas durante o internamento; (12) principais intervenções terapêuticas; (13) estado vital (morte à data da alta ou até aos 28 dias; data e causa de morte); (14) gravidade dos défices neurológicos e estado funcional à data da alta; (15) destino após a alta.O protocolo elaborado para as avaliações de seguimento incluía informação sobre:(1) estado vital (morte; data de morte; causa de morte); (2) local de residência; (3)terapêutica efectuada; (4) ocorrência de eventos cerebrovasculares recorrentes ou cardiovasculares; (5) presença de sintomas e/ou sinais de insufuciência cardíaca; (6) avaliação da gravidade dos defices neurológicos residuais; (7) avaliação funcional; (8) nova avaliação cognitiva (realizada apenas na consulta dos 6 meses).A análise estatística consistiu, em primeiro lugar, numa análise descritiva da coorte global de doentes seguida de uma análise comparativa dos doentes estratificados em dois grupos de idade (< 80 versus @ 80 anos), relativamente ao conjunto de todas as variáveis independentes e de resultado; em segundo lugar, no subgrupo de doentes sem incapacidade pré-AVC, após um processo de selecção de variáveis, foram desenvolvidos, pelo método de regressão logística múltipla backward stepwise, modelos preditivos para o resultado “morte ou dependência” versus “estar vivo e independente” aos 6 meses. Para a selecção das variáveis, procedeu-se em primeiro lugar a análise bivariada, tendo sido removidas as variáveis que não apresentavam associação significativa com o resultado. Em segundo lugar, as restantes variáveis foram classificadas em cinco grupos, sendo o primeiro constituído pelas variáveis demográficas (género e idade), o segundo, por uma variável do exame clínico geral, o terceiro, pelas variáveis da avaliação neurológica inicial, o quarto, por uma variável imagiológica, e o quinto por uma variável de comorbilidade médica geral. Resultados: População geral de doentes Durante o período de 30 meses em que se procedeu ao recrutamento prospectivo de doentes, foram internados consecutivamente 145 doentes que preenchiam os critérios de inclusão, dos quais 142 aceitaram participar no estudo. A idade média dos doentes era de 79,5±6,0 anos e 69,7% eram do sexo feminino. O factor de risco vascular mais frequente no conjunto da população foi a hipertensão arterial, atingindo 73,2% dos doentes. A diabetes mellitus e o consumo de tabaco, passado ou corrente, foram presentes em igual proporção de doentes (27,5%, cada). A fibrilhação auricular, antes ou durante o internamento hospitalar, foi detectada em 39,3% dos doentes. A proporção de doentes com incapacidade prévia ao AVC (score de Rankin modificado pré-AVC > 2) foi de 19%, traduzindo, pelo menos em parte, a presença de numerosas comorbilidades (insuficiência cardíaca em 39,4% dos doentes; doença osteo-articular em 38,7%; incontinência de esfincteres em 31,0%; défice cognitivo em 18,4%; défice visual em 18,3%; e défice auditivo em 15,6%). O índice de comorbilidade de Charlson foi superior a 1 em 54,9% dos doentes. Na avaliação neurológica inicial, através da escala de NIHSS,aproximadamente metade dos doentes (50,7%) tinha um score igual ou superior a 7, sendo este o valor mediano deste score para o conjunto dos doentes. Aos 28 dias e seis meses, as taxas de letalidade foram de 5,6% e 22,5%, respectivamente. Dos sobreviventes, aos seis meses, 44,5% apresentava incapacidade moderada ou grave (score de Rankin modificado > 2). No conjunto de toda a população, a proporção de doentes com score de Rankin modificado > 2 aumentou de 19% antes do AVC para 57% aos seis meses, sendo de 34,5% a proporção de doentes com incapacidade moderada ou grave. Nos 115 doentes sem incapacidade antes do AVC, a taxa de letalidade, aos seis meses, foi de 19,1%, e dos sobreviventes, 34,5% ficaram com incapacidade moderada a grave (score de Rankin modificado > 2). Comparação dos doentes estratificados em dois grupos de idade Dos 142 doentes que aceitaram participar no estudo, 75 (52,8%) tinham idade igual ou superior a 80 anos. Neste grupo de doentes, em comparação com o grupo mais jovem, havia mais doentes do sexo feminino (77,3% versus 61,2%; p=0,037), mais viúvos (54,7% versus 37,3%; p=0,038), menos doentes a viver em suas casas com esposa/companheiro (34,7% versus 56,7%; p = 0,008), mais doentes a viver com familiares ou cuidador (34,7% versus 17,9%; p = 0,024), e mais doentes a viver em instituição (8,0% versus 0,0%; p=0,029). Relativamente aos factores de risco vascular, o grupo mais idoso apresentou uma frequência mais elevada de fibrilhação auricular pré ou intra-hospitalar (48,6% versus 28,8%; p = 0,016) e de insuficiência cardíaca (49,3% versus 28,4%; p = 0,011), e uma frequência mais baixa de antecedentes de tabagismo (20,0% versus 35,8%; p=0,035), consumo de álcool (6,7% versus 22,4%; p=0,007) e doença arterial periférica (2,7% versus 13,4%; p=0,017). A incapacidade prévia ao AVC, definida pelo Índice de Barthel (score <100), ou pela escala de Rankin modificada (score >2), foi mais frequente no grupo mais idoso (56,0% versus 31,3%, com p = 0,003 e 29,3% versus 7,5%, com p = 0,001, respectivamente). A proporção de doentes com pressão arterial (PA) sistólica inicial elevada é menor no grupo de doentes mais idoso (57,3% versus 76,1%; p=0,018). Na avaliação neurológica inicial, este grupo apresentou uma maior proporção de doentes com afundamento do estado de consciência (62,7% versus 31,3%; p<0,001), afasia (42,7% versus 17,9%; p = 0,001), alteração da motilidade ocular (36,0% versus 20,9%; p = 0,047), e com um score de NIHSS inicial @ 7 (65,3% versus 34,3%; p<0,001). A distribuição dos subtipos clínicos do OCSP foi diferente entre os dois grupos de doentes (p=0,001). Os enfartes total e parcial da circulação anterior (TACI e PACI, respectivamente) foram mais frequentes no grupo de doentes com idade mais avançada (18,7% versus 6,0%, para o TACI; 48,0% versus 28,4%, para o PACI). Os enfartes lacunares e da circulação posterior (LACI e POCI, respectivamente) foram mais frequentes no grupo de doentes mais novo (52,2% versus 29,3%, para o LACI; 13,4% versus 4,0%, para o POCI). Na classificação etiológica, apenas o AVC por oclusão de pequenos vasos foi mais frequente no grupo de doentes menos idoso (22,4% versus 2,7%; p < 0,001). No final do período de seguimento, o grupo de doentes mais idoso tinha uma maior proporção de casos fatais (33,3% versus 10,4%; p=0,001), e, nos sobreviventes, uma maior proporção de doentes incapacitados, quer com a incapacidade definida pelo índice de Barthel (score < 100) ou pela escala escala de Rankin modificada (score > 2) (78,0% versus 51,7% com p=0,004 e 56,0% versus 35,0% com p=0,027, respectivamente). Modelos preditivos Na análise multivariável foi incluído apenas o grupo de doentes que não tinha incapacidade prévia ao AVC, constituído pelos 115 doentes que tinham um score de Rankin pré-AVC igual ou inferior a 2. No desenvolvimento dos modelos, as variáveis idade e género, a PA sistólica inicial codificada (@140 mmHg), a variável de imagem “cortical extenso” e o índice de comorbilidade de Charlson, são comuns a todos eles. As variáveis neurológicas, diferentes de modelo para modelo, são: o score de NIHSS, no modelo1; o score de coma de Glasgow (15 versus <15), no modelo 2; o subtipo clínico TACI, no modelo 3; e as variáveis neurológicas clínicas, afasia, extinção, parésia de mais do que um membro, campos visuais e motilidade ocular, no modelo 4. O modelo 1, em que o score de NIHSS constituiu a forma de avaliação do défice neurológico inicial, foi o que teve melhor exactidão preditiva, classificando correctamente 85,2% dos doentes e explicando 60% da variância no resultado (R2 de Nagelkerke). A capacidade discriminativa deste modelo, medida através da area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC), foi a mais elevada (0,893), embora não sendo estatisticamente diferente da AUC dos outros modelos. Os preditores independentes de mau resultado neste modelo foram o género feminino, a PA sistólica inicial @ 140 mmHg e o score de NIHSS inicial. Em todos os restantes modelos, as variáveis da avaliação neurológica inicial foram igualmente preditores independentes de resultado, em conjunto com o género feminino e o índice de comorbilidade de Charlson. A idade e a PA sistólica inicial foram também preditores independentes de resultado nos modelos 3 e 4, e a variável “cortical extenso” no modelo 2. Conclusões No presente estudo, considerando a totalidade dos doentes, aos 6 meses após o AVC, as proporções dos doentes que morrem ou ficam incapacitados, em particular a dos doentes incapacitados, são mais altas do que as encontradas em estudos incluíndo doentes de todas as idades com o seu primeiro AVC isquémico, reflectindo o pior prognóstico dos doentes mais idosos com AVC isquémico, em que uma proporção importante apresenta incapacidade já antes do AVC. No entanto, considerando apenas os doentes sem incapacidade prévia ao AVC, as proporções encontradas para morte ou incapacidade aos 6 meses foram próximas das de estudos de base populacional incluíndo doentes de todas as idades com o seu primeiro AVC isquémico. O presente estudo demonstrou que em doentes idosos que sofrem o seu primeiro AVC isquémico ao longo da vida, e que não tinham incapacidade prévia ao AVC, a gravidade do défice neurológico inicial é, do mesmo modo que nos doentes com AVC isquémico de todas as idades, o principal preditor independente de resultado. O score de NIHSS demonstrou ser um importante preditor independente de resultado em doentes idosos com AVC isquémico, eliminando a contribuição independente para o resultado de vários outros preditores potenciais, o que não aconteceu quando a gravidade do AVC foi medida através de outras variáveis de validade e fiabilidade mais incerta. O presente estudo demonstra como o resultado de uma análise multivariável é fortemente afectado pelas variáveis independentes utilizadas. Os vários modelos apenas diferiam na forma como foi avaliada a gravidade neurológica do AVC, originando, mesmo assim, resultados bastante diferentes. Este facto reforça a necessidade de utilizar para o desenvolvimento dos modelos variáveis clinicamente relevantes, com elevada fiabilidade e validade comprovadas. Uma das características dos doentes muito idosos é a presença de múltiplas comorbilidades simultaneamente. O presente estudo sugere que o efeito da comorbilidade sobre o resultado pode ocorrer por intermédio da maior gravidade neurológica do AVC,embora estes resultados necessitem de ser confirmados em estudos com maior número de doentes. Este achado, a confirmar-se, é da maior importância, levando a que a prevenção e tratamento da patologia cardiovascular e cerebrovascular deva ser encarada como um todo. O presente estudo mostra que os doentes muito idosos com AVC isquémico apresentam características epidemiológicas e clínicas específicas, mesmo quando a comparação é feita entre dois diferentes estratos de doentes idosos. Em particular, a maior frequência,neste grupo de doentes, de fibrilhação auricular, associada à maior frequência dos enfartes TACI e PACI da classificação clínica do OCSP, que são os subtipos clínicos mais frequentemente de etiologia cardioembólica, têm importantes implicações relativamente a prevenção e tratamento, reforçando a importância da anticoagulação terapêutica tanto para prevenção primária como secundária.

RACE (Rapid Arterial oCclusion Evaluation): Diseño y validación prehospitalaria de una escala neurológica para la predicción de una oclusión arterial proximal en los pacientes con un ictus isquémico agudo de la circulación cerebral anterior

La Rapid Arterial oCclusion Evaluation és una escala neurològica prehospitalària que prediu la presència d’una oclusió arterial proximal (OAP) en els pacients amb un ictus isquèmic agut de la circulació cerebral anterior (IIACCA). Fou dissenyada valorant retrospectivament a 654 pacients amb un IIACCA, seleccionant la combinació dels ítems de la National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale que mostraven una major associació amb la presència d’una OAP: parèsia facial, parèsia braquial, parèsia crural, desviació oculocefàlica y agnòsia/afàsia. Fou validada valorant prospectivament a 93 activacions del Codi Ictus, mostrant una sensibilitat del 88% y una especificitat del 65% per una puntuació ≥ 4.

Glial and axonal body fluid biomarkers are related to infarct volume, severity, and outcome.

Body fluid biomarkers of central nervous system damage may help improve the prognostic and diagnostic accuracy in ischemic stroke. We studied 53 patients. Stroke severity and outcome was rated using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and modified Rankin scale. Ferritin, S100B, and NfH were measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum. Infarct volume was calculated from T2W images. CSF S100B (median 1.00 ng/mL) and CSF ferritin (10.0 ng/mL) levels were elevated in patients with stroke compared with control subjects (0.62 ng/mL, P < .0001; 2.34 ng/mL, P < .0001). Serum S100B (0.09 ng/mL) was higher in patients with stroke compared with control subjects (0.01 ng/mL). CSF S100B levels were higher in patients with a cardioembolic stroke (2.88 ng/mL) than in those with small-vessel disease (0.89 ng/mL, P < .05). CSF S100B levels correlated with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score on admission (R = 0.56, P < .01) and the stroke volume (R = 0.44, P = .01). CSF S100B and NfH-SMI35 levels correlated with outcome on the modified Rankin scale. CSF S100B levels were related to stroke severity and infarct volume and highest in cardioembolic stroke.

Blood pressure levels and haematoma growth in patients with Intracerebral Haemorrhage (ICH) A retrospective observational study

Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is a spontaneous extravasation of blood into brain parenchyma. Although ICH represents approximately only 15% of all strokes, it is one of the major causes of stroke-related death and disability. One of the causes of poor outcome is the haematoma growth. The association between elevated blood pressure (BP) and haematoma enlargement in acute ICH has not been clarified. Our objective is to try to identify this relationship that may suggest an immediate target for intervention to possibly improve outcomes in patients with spontaneous ICH and might settle the controversy surrounding the optimal management of blood pressure.We propose a retrospective revision using a sample present in our database of approximately 250 patients with primary ICH and less than 12h from symptoms onset. Systolic blood pressure levels (SBP) are assessed at baseline, at 6h, at 12h, at 24h and at 72h, being these last four the average levels of the different recordings during those time intervals. Haematoma growth will be defined as an increase in the volume of intraparenchymal haemorrhage of >33% as measured by image analysis on the 24-hour CT or 72-hour CT compared with the baseline CT scan. A qualified neuroradiologist not informed of the aim of the study, will review the CT images. The secondary objective will be to correlate the BP levels in the acute phase of ICH with clinical outcome. We will evaluate early neurologic deterioration at 72h by using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS); outcome at 90 days by using the modified Rankin scale and mortality at 72h and 90 days. The statistical analysis will be adjusted by possibly confounding variables