Effect of surface plasmon resonance in TiO2/Au thin films on the fluorescence of self-assembled CdTe QDs structure

The exceptional properties of localised surface plasmons (LSPs), such as local field enhancement and confinement effects, resonant behavior, make them ideal candidates to control the emission of luminescent nanoparticles. In the present work, we investigated the LSP effect on the steady-state and time-resolved emission properties of quantum dots (QDs) by organizing the dots into self-assembled dendrite structures deposited on plasmonic nanostructures. Self-assembled structures consisting of water-soluble CdTe mono-size QDs, were developed on the surface of co-sputtered TiO2 thin films doped with Au nanoparticles (NPs) annealed at different temperatures. Their steady-state fluorescence properties were probed by scanning the spatially resolved emission spectra and the energy transfer processes were investigated by the fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) microscopy. Our results indicate that a resonant coupling between excitons confined in QDs and LSPs in Au NPs located beneath the self-assembled structure indeed takes place and results in (i) a shift of the ground state luminescence towards higher energies and onset of emission from excited states in QDs, and (ii) a decrease of the ground state exciton lifetime (fluorescence quenching).

Investigation on the homogeneity and stability of aqueous nano cellulose suspensions prepared using pluronic F-127

This paper presents the results of experimental investigation on the aqueous dispersion behaviour of micro crystalline cellulose (MCC) prepared using Pluronic F-127. For this purpose, different concentrations (0.5-3.0 wt.%) of MCC were dispersed in water with the help of ultrasonication technique using various concentrations of Pluronic F-127. The homogeneity of the suspensions and agglomerations were characterized by optical and transmission electron microscopy and the concentration of well dispersed MCC was measured using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Also, the suspensions were subjected to high speed ultracentrifugation at 3000 rpm and observed visually for sedimentation and subsequently, concentration was calculated using UV-Vis, in order to assess the long term stability of the suspensions. Based on these experiments, optimum concentration of Pluronic to disperse different MCC concentrations has been suggested.

Biological behaviour of thin films consisting of Au nanoparticles dispersed in a TiO2 dielectric matrix

In this work it was studied the possible use of thin films, composed of Au nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in a TiO2 matrix, in biological applications, by evaluating their interaction with a well-known protein, Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), as well as with microbial cells (Candida albicans). The films were produced by one-step reactive DC magnetron sputtering followed by heat-treatment. The samples revealed a composition of 8.3 at.% of Au and a stoichiometric TiO2 matrix. The annealing promoted grain size increase of the Au NPs from 3 nm (at 300 °C) to 7 nm (at 500 °C) and a progressive crystallization of the TiO2 matrix to anatase. A broad localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) absorption band (λ = 580–720 nm) was clearly observed in the sample annealed at 500 °C, being less intense at 300 °C. The biological tests indicated that the BSA adhesion is dependent on surface nanostructure morphology, which in turn depends on the annealing temperature that changed the roughness and wettability of the films. The Au:TiO2 thin films also induced a significant change of the microbial cell membrane integrity, and ultimately the cell viability, which in turn affected the adhesion on its surface. The microstructural changes (structure, grain size and surface morphology) of the Au:TiO2 films promoted by heat-treatment shaped the amount of BSA adhered and affected cell viability.

Thin films composed of Ag nanoclusters dispersed in TiO2: Influence of composition and thermal annealing on the microstructure and physical responses

Noble metal powders containing gold and silver have been used for many centuries, providing different colours in the windows of the medieval cathedrals and in ancient Roman glasses. Nowadays, the interest in nanocomposite materials containing noble nanoparticles embedded in dielectric matrices is related with their potential use for a wide range of advanced technological applications. They have been proposed for environmental and biological sensing, tailoring colour of functional coatings, or for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Most of these applications rely on the so-called localised surface plasmon resonance absorption, which is governed by the type of the noble metal nanoparticles, their distribution, size and shape and as well as of the dielectric characteristics of the host matrix. The aim of this work is to study the influence of the composition and thermal annealing on the morphological and structural changes of thin films composed of Ag metal clusters embedded in a dielectric TiO2 matrix. Since changes in size, shape and distribution of the clusters are fundamental parameters for tailoring the properties of plasmonic materials, a set of films with different Ag concentrations was prepared. The optical properties and the thermal behaviour of the films were correlated with the structural and morphological changes promoted by annealing. The films were deposited by DC magnetron sputtering and in order to promote the clustering of the Ag nanoparticles the as-deposited samples were subjected to an in-air annealing protocol. It was demonstrated that the clustering of metallic Ag affects the optical response spectrum and the thermal behaviour of the films.

Microstructural evolution of Au/TiO2 nanocomposite films: The influence of Au concentration and thermal annealing

Nanocomposite thin films consisting of a dielectric matrix, such as titanium oxide (TiO2), with embedded gold (Au) nanoparticles were prepared and will be analysed and discussed in detail in the present work. The evolution of morphological and structural features was studied for a wide range of Au concentrations and for annealing treatments in air, for temperatures ranging from 200 to 800 °C. Major findings revealed that for low Au atomic concentrations (at.%), there are only traces of clustering, and just for relatively high annealing temperatures, T ≥ 500 °C. Furthermore, the number of Au nanoparticles is extremely low, even for the highest annealing temperature, T = 800 °C. It is noteworthy that the TiO2 matrix also crystallizes in the anatase phase for annealing temperatures above 300 °C. For intermediate Au contents (5 at.% ≤ CAu ≤ 15 at.%), the formation of gold nanoclusters was much more evident, beginning at lower annealing temperatures (T ≥ 200 °C) with sizes ranging from 2 to 25 nm as the temperature increased. A change in the matrix crystallization from anatase to rutile was also observed in this intermediate range of compositions. For the highest Au concentrations (> 20 at.%), the films tended to form relatively larger clusters, with sizes above 20 nm (for T ≥ 400 °C). It is demonstrated that the structural and morphological characteristics of the films are strongly affected by the annealing temperature, as well as by the particular amounts, size and distribution of the Au nanoparticles dispersed in the TiO2 matrix.

Micro/nano-structured superhydrophobic surfaces in the biomedical field: part I: basic concepts and biomimetic approaches.

Inspired by natural structures, great attention has been devoted to the study and development of surfaces with extreme wettable properties. The meticulous study of natural systems revealed that the micro/nano-topography of the surface is critical to obtaining unique wettability features, including superhydrophobicity. However, the surface chemistry also has an important role in such surface characteristics. As the interaction of biomaterials with the biological milieu occurs at the surface of the materials, it is expected that synthetic substrates with extreme and controllable wettability ranging from superhydrophilic to superhydrophobic regimes could bring about the possibility of new investigations of cellâ material interactions on nonconventional surfaces and the development of alternative devices with biomedical utility. This first part of the review will describe in detail how proteins and cells interact with micro/nano-structured surfaces exhibiting extreme wettabilities.

Antibacterial Ag/a-C nanocomposite coatings: The influence of nano-galvanic a-C and Ag couples on Ag ionization rates

Biofilm formation has been pointed as a major concern in different industrial applications, namely on biomedical implants and surgical instruments, which has prompted the development of new strategies for production of efficient antimicrobial surfaces. In this work, nano âgalvanic couples were created to enhance the antibacterial properties of silver, by embedding it into amorphous carbon (a-C) matrix. The developed Ag/a-C nanocomposite coatings, deposited by magnetron sputtering, revealed an outstanding antibacterial activity against S.epidermidis, promoting a total reduction in biofilm formation with no bacteria counts in all dilution. The open circuit potential (OCP) tests in 0.9% NaCl confirmed that a-C shows a positive \OCP\ value, in contrast to Ag coating, thus enhancing the ionization of biocidal Ag+ due to the nano-galvanic couple activation. This result was confirmed by the inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), which revealed a higher Ag ionization rate in the nanocomposite coating in comparison with the Ag coating. The surface of Ag/a-C and Ag coatings immersed in 0.9% NaCl were monitored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) over a period of 24 hours, being found that the Ag ionization determined by ICP-OES was accompanied by an Ag nanoparticles coalescence and agglomeration in Ag/a-C coating.

Síntesis y Caracterización de Materiales Nanoestructurados para el Almacenamiento de Hidrógeno. Hidrogen storage: Synthesis and characterization of nanostructured materials.

El hidrógeno tiene, actualmente, una atención considerable por su posible uso como combustible limpio y otros usos industriales y se ha demostrado que es posible hacer funcionar motores de combustión interna, por lo tanto es una alternativa viable respecto de fuentes de energía no renovables como el petróleo y tal vez sea en el futuro la tecnología más prometedora para reducir la contaminación, conservando el suministro de combustibles fósiles. Uno de los principales problemas para la utilización del hidrógeno como combustible es el del almacenamiento para que pueda ser seguro y transportable con todos los riesgos que esto supone. En este sentido el estudio de la adsorción de polímeros conductores (tal como polianilina, PANI o polipirrol PPy) y su posterior polimerización sobre hospedajes como aluminosilicatos meso y microporosos y carbones mesoporosos, es de suma importancia por sus propiedades para el almacenamiento de H2. El objetivo general de este proyecto es Investigar el almacenamiento de hidrógeno en nuevos composites nano/microestructurados. La síntesis de materiales micro/mesoporosos (MFI, MEL, BEA, L, MS41, SBA-15, SBA-1, SBA-3, SBA-16, CMK-3) para usos como hospedaje se realizan por sol-gel o síntesis hidrotérmica y se modificarán con TiO2, CeO2, ZrO2 y eventualmente con Ir, Ni, Zr. Muestras de estos hospedajes serán expuestos a vapores del monómero puro (anilina o pirrol). Luego se polimerizarán por polimerización oxidativa. Los nanocomposites sintetizados se caracterizarán por XRD, FTIR, DSC, TGA, SEM, TEM, EXFAS, XANES, UV-Vis. La adsorción de hidrógeno sobre los composites se llevará a cabo en un Reactor Parr, desde presiones atmosféricas y a altas presiones y varias temperaturas de adsorción . Los estudios de desorción de hidrogeno se llevarán a cabo en un equipo Chemisorb Micrometrics y se realizarán estudios termogravimétricos y de capacidad de retención de Hidrogeno por el nanocomposite. La importancia del estudio de este proceso tiene importantes implicancias económicas y sociales que serán preponderantes en el futuro debido a las cada vez más exigentes regulaciones ambientales. Además se contribuirá al avance del conocimiento científico, ya que es posible diseñar nuevos materiales, los que además permitirán generar reservorios de H2 con alta eficiencia. Por lo consiguiente: - Se desarrollarán nuevos materiales nanoestructurados, micro y mesoporosos y nanoclusters de especies activas en los hospedajes como así también la inclusión de polímeros (PANI, PPy) dentro de los canales de estos materiales. - Se caracterizarán estos materiales por métodos espectroscópicos (fisicoquímica de superficie). - Se estudiará la adsorción /absorcion de H2 en los nuevos materiales desarrollados. -Se aplicarán métodos de diseño de experimento (RDS), para optimizar el proceso de almacenamiento de H2, nivel de interacción de variables sinérgicas o colinérgicas.

Desarrollo de sistemas nano/micro-particulados con aplicación en la fotodegradación selectiva de contaminantes orgánicos en solución. Development of nano / micro-particles systems with application to selective photodegradation of organic pollutants in solution.

IDENTIFICACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA DE ESTUDIO. Las sustancias orgánicas solubles en agua no biodegradables tales como ciertos herbicidas, colorantes industriales y metabolitos de fármacos de uso masivo son una de las principales fuentes de contaminación en aguas subterráneas de zonas agrícolas y en efluentes industriales y domésticos. Las reacciones fotocatalizadas por irradiación UV-visible y sensitizadores orgánicos e inorgánicos son uno de los métodos más económicos y convenientes para la descomposición de contaminantes en subproductos inocuos y/o biodegradables. En muchas aplicaciones es deseable un alto grado de especificidad, efectividad y velocidad de degradación de un dado agente contaminante que se encuentra presente en una mezcla compleja de sustancias orgánicas en solución. En particular son altamente deseables sistemas nano/micro -particulados que formen suspensiones acuosas estables debido a que estas permiten una fácil aplicación y una eficaz acción descontaminante en grandes volúmenes de fluidos. HIPÓTESIS Y PLANTEO DE LOS OBJETIVOS. El objetivo general de este proyecto es desarrollar sistemas nano/micro particulados formados por polímeros de impresión molecular (PIMs) y foto-sensibilizadores (FS). Un PIMs es un polímero especialmente sintetizado para que sea capaz de reconocer específicamente un analito (molécula plantilla) determinado. La actividad de unión específica de los PIMs en conjunto con la capacidad fotocatalizadora de los sensibilizadores pueden ser usadas para lograr la fotodescomposición específica de moléculas “plantilla” (en este caso un dado contaminante) en soluciones conteniendo mezclas complejas de sustancias orgánicas. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS A UTILIZAR. Se utilizaran técnicas de polimerización en mini-emulsión para sintetizar los sistemas nano/micro PIM-FS para buscar la degradación de ciertos compuestos de interés. Para caracterizar eficiencias, mecanismos y especificidad de foto-degradación en dichos sistemas se utilizan diversas técnicas espectroscópicas (estacionarias y resueltas en el tiempo) y de cromatografía (HPLC y GC). Así mismo, para medir directamente distribuciones de afinidades de unión y eficiencia de foto-degradación se utilizaran técnicas de fluorescencia de molécula/partícula individual. Estas determinaciones permitirán obtener resultados importantes al momento de analizar los factores que afectan la eficiencia de foto-degradación (nano/micro escala), tales como cantidad y ubicación de foto- sensibilizadores en las matrices poliméricas y eficiencia de unión de la plantilla y los productos de degradación al PIM. RESULTADOS ESPERADOS. Los estudios propuestos apuntan a un mejor entendimiento de procesos foto-iniciados en entornos nano/micro-particulados para aplicar dichos conocimientos al diseño de sistemas optimizados para la foto-destrucción selectiva de contaminantes acuosos de relevancia social; tales como herbicidas, residuos industriales, metabolitos de fármacos de uso masivo, etc. IMPORTANCIA DEL PROYECTO. Los sistemas nano/micro-particulados PIM-FS que se propone desarrollar en este proyecto se presentan como candidatos ideales para tratamientos específicos de efluentes industriales y domésticos en los cuales se desea lograr la degradación selectiva de compuestos orgánicos. Los conocimientos adquiridos serán indispensables para construir una plataforma versátil de sistemas foto-catalíticos específicos para la degradación de diversos contaminantes orgánicos de interés social. En lo referente a la formación de recursos humanos, el proyecto propuesto contribuirá en forma directa a la formación de 3 estudiantes de postgrado y 2 estudiantes de grado. En las capacidades institucionales se contribuirá al acondicionamiento del Laboratorio para Microscopía Óptica Avanzada (LMOA) en el Dpto. de Química de la UNRC y al montaje de un sistema de microscopio de fluorescencia que permitirá la aplicación de técnicas avanzadas de espectroscopia de fluorescencia de molecula individual. Water-soluble organic molecules such as certain non-biodegradable herbicides, industrial dyes and metabolites of widespread use drugs are a major source of pollution in groundwater from agricultural areas and in industrial and domestic effluents. Photo-catalytic reactions by UV-visible irradiation and organic sensitizers are one of the most economical and convenient methods for the decomposition of pollutants into harmless byproducts. In many applications it is highly desirable a high degree of specificity, effectiveness and speed of degradation of specific pollutants present in a complex mixture. In particular nano/micro-particles systems that form stable aqueous suspensions are highly desirable because they allow for easy application and effective decontamination of large volumes of fluids. Herein we propose the development of nano/micro particles composed by molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) and photo-sensitizers (PS). The specific binding of MIP and the photo-catalytic ability of the sensitizers are used to achieve the photo-decomposition of specific "template" molecules in complex mixtures. Mini-emulsion polymerization techniques will be used to synthesize nano/micro MIP-FS systems. Spectroscopy (steady-state and time resolved) and chromatography (GC and HPLC) will be used to characterize efficiency, mechanisms and specificity of photo-degradation in these systems. In addition single molecule/particle fluorescence spectroscopy techniques will be used to directly measure distributions of binding affinities and photo-degradation efficiency in individual particles. The proposed studies point to a more detailed understanding of the factors affecting the photo-degradation efficiency in nano/micro-particles and to apply that knowledge in the design of optimized systems for photo-selective destruction of socially relevant aqueous pollutants.

Oberflächenmodifizierung von Verpackungsfolien durch Nano-strukturierung und deren lebensmittelspezifische Charakterisierung

Die fortschreitende Substitution verschiedener Verpackungsmaterialien durch Polymerfolien führt zu immer neuen Anforderungsprofilen an diese Materialgruppe. Durch zusätzliche Oberflächen-modifikationen der Verpackungsfolien mittels Beschichtungen, Plasmabehandlungen oder Prägung können neben den bereits hervorragenden mechanischen und optischen Eigenschaften weitere Effekte wie Lotuseffekt, Antifouling- und Antifogeigenschaften sowie andere erzielt werden. Besonders der Lotuseffekt, welcher in der Pflanzenwelt für die Aufnahme von Schmutzpartikeln verantwortlich ist und als Schutzmechanismus wirkt, nimmt in der Polymerforschung immer mehr an Bedeutung zu. Durch diesen Effekt soll es möglich werden teure Lebensmittel wie zum Beispiel Aromen ganzheitlich aus Polymerverpackungen zu entnehmen, sodass kein Tropfen in der Verpackung haften bleibt.Im Rahmen der Masterarbeit soll die Oberflächenmodifizierung von Verpackungsfolien durch Nanostrukturierung und deren lebensmittelspezifische Charakterisierung untersucht werden. Ausgehend von einer bereits vorhandenen Heißprägeeinrichtung sollen verschiedene Polyethylenfolien strukturiert und untersucht werden. Die Oberflächenstrukturierung erfolgt dabei mittels nanoporösen Prägestempeln. Die Parameter der Heißprägung wie Größe der Prägestruktur, der Prägedruck, die Prägezeit und -temperatur sollen dabei systematisch untersucht und optimiert werden. Die Bestimmung der Oberflächenmorphologie sowie der Transparenz und Glanz der nanostrukturierten Verpackungsfolien soll mittels Licht- und Rasterelektronenmikroskopie sowie optischer Spektroskopie erfolgen. Ziel ist, eine Verpackung zu erhalten, die trotz der Oberflächenmodifizierung nicht an ihrer Lichtdurchlässigkeit und Ihrem Glanz verliert, um den Verbraucher das Lebensmittel bestmöglich zu präsentiren.

Nano-electro-mechanical in dynamical cellular processes

Report for the scientific sojourn carried out at the Department of Structure and Constituents of Matter during 2007.The main focus of the work was on phenomena related to nano-electromechanical processes that take place on a cellular level. Additionally, it has also been performed independent work related to charge and energy transfer in bio molecules, energy transfer in coupled spin systems as well as electrodynamics of nonlinear metamaterials.

Forecasting nano law: defining nano

Law and science have partnered together in the recent past to solve major public health issues, ranging from asbestos to averting the threat of a nuclear holocaust. This paper travels to a legal and health policy frontier where no one has gone before, examining the role of precautionary principles under international law as a matter of codified international jurisprudence by examining draft terminology from prominent sources including the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution (UK), the Swiss Confederation, the USA (NIOSH) and the OECD. The research questions addressed are how can the benefits of nanotechnology be realized, while minimizing the risk of harm? What law, if any, applies to protect consumers (who comprise the general public, nanotechnology workers and their corporate social partners) and other stakeholders within civil society from liability? What law, if any, applies to prevent harm?

'Bio-nano interactions: new tools, insights and impacts': summary of the Royal Society discussion meeting

Bio-nano interactions can be defined as the study of interactions between nanoscale entities and biological systems such as, but not limited to, peptides, proteins, lipids, DNA and other biomolecules, cells and cellular receptors and organisms including humans. Studying bio-nano interactions is particularly useful for understanding engineered materials that have at least one dimension in the nanoscale. Such materials may consist of discrete particles or nanostructured surfaces. Much of biology functions at the nanoscale; therefore, our ability to manipulate materials such that they are taken up at the nanoscale, and engage biological machinery in a designed and purposeful manner, opens new vistas for more efficient diagnostics, therapeutics (treatments) and tissue regeneration, so-called nanomedicine. Additionally, this ability of nanomaterials to interact with and be taken up by cells allows nanomaterials to be used as probes and tools to advance our understanding of cellular functioning. Yet, as a new technology, assessment of the safety of nanomaterials, and the applicability of existing regulatory frameworks for nanomaterials must be investigated in parallel with development of novel applications. The Royal Society meeting 'Bio-nano interactions: new tools, insights and impacts' provided an important platform for open dialogue on the current state of knowledge on these issues, bringing together scientists, industry, regulatory and legal experts to concretize existing discourse in science law and policy. This paper summarizes these discussions and the insights that emerged.

Síntesi de nanopartícules de TiO2 fàcilment processables i el seu ús per a fabricar a baixa temperatura cel·les solars sensibilitzades

La gran demanda energètica i la problemàtica dels combustibles fòssils i d‟altres recursos per a obtenir energia posen de manifest la necessitat de desenvolupar tecnologies netes, sostenibles i econòmicament viables de generació d‟energia. En aquest àmbit, les cel·les solars sensibilitzades amb colorant (Dye Sensitized Solar Cells, DSSC), que transformen l‟energia solar a energia elèctrica, són una solució factible. A més, el desenvolupament de mètodes per a construir aquestes cel·les a baixa temperatura permetria fabricar-les sobre substrats plàstics, fet que els donaria un valor afegit i permetria una producció en continu, ràpida i amb baix cost tant, econòmic, com d‟impacte ambiental. Aquest treball presenta el desenvolupament d‟un mètode de producció a baixa temperatura (140 ºC) de DSSC, amb eficiència de 5,9 % sobre substrats FTO/vidre. Aquest valor és superior a la majoria de les eficiències reportades a la bibliografia de DSSC construïdes a baixa temperatura. Les capes mesoporoses que formen els elèctrodes de les DCCS es dipositen per doctor blade a partir d‟una pasta composta per nanopartícules de TiO2, de 4-8 nm, recobertes d‟àcid 3,6,9-trioxadecanoic, per nanopartícules de Degussa P25, de 20-25 nm, i com a dissolvents només s‟utilitza aigua i etanol. L‟aplicació d‟un tractament a 140 ºC permet eliminar la matèria orgànica de la superfície de les nanopartícules de 4-8 nm i unir-les a les de Degussa P25. Aquest fet permet obtenir capes mesoporoses sinteritzades de 6 μm de gruix. A més, l‟aplicació d‟un post-tractament, en el qual s‟utilitza l‟àcid hexafluoro titànic (IV), produeix un lleuger increment en l‟eficiència. Endemés, l‟obtenció de capes primes de TiO2 sobre substrats plàstics és un tema d‟actualitat a causa de la falta de mètodes de deposició a baixa temperatura. En aquest context, s‟ha sintetitzat, mitjançant processos respectuosos amb el medi ambient nanopartícules de TiO2 cristal·lí modificades superficialment amb lauril gal·lat i àcid 3,6,9-trioxodecanoic. Les nanopartícules poden ser dispersades en dissolvents orgànics i aigua respectivament, fet que permet obtenir suspensions estables i de fàcil manipulació. Aquestes poden ser utilitzades com a precursores per a obtenir capes primes a baixa temperatura de TiO2 cristal·lí. En concret, les capes primes formades per nanopartícules de TiO2 modificades amb àcid 3,6,9-trioxodecanoic s‟han utilitzat com a blocking layer en les DSSC construïdes a baixa temperatura.