Integrated treatment of shrimp effluent by sedimentation, oyster filtration and macroalgal absorption: a laboratory scale study

Effluent water from shrimp ponds typically contains elevated concentrations of dissolved nutrients and suspended particulates compared to influent water. Attempts to improve effluent water quality using filter feeding bivalves and macroalgae to reduce nutrients have previously been hampered by the high concentration of clay particles typically found in untreated pond effluent. These particles inhibit feeding in bivalves and reduce photosynthesis in macroalgae by increasing effluent turbidity. In a small-scale laboratory study, the effectiveness of a three-stage effluent treatment system was investigated. In the first stage, reduction in particle concentration occurred through natural sedimentation. In the second stage, filtration by the Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea commercialis (Iredale and Roughley), further reduced the concentration of suspended particulates, including inorganic particles, phytoplankton, bacteria, and their associated nutrients. In the final stage, the macroalga, Gracilaria edulis (Gmelin) Silva, absorbed dissolved nutrients. Pond effluent was collected from a commercial shrimp farm, taken to an indoor culture facility and was left to settle for 24 h. Subsamples of water were then transferred into laboratory tanks stocked with oysters and maintained for 24 h, and then transferred to tanks containing macroalgae for another 24 h. Total suspended solid (TSS), chlorophyll a, total nitrogen (N), total phosphorus (P), NH4+, NO3-, and PO43-, and bacterial numbers were compared before and after each treatment at: 0 h (initial); 24 h (after sedimentation); 48 h (after oyster filtration); 72 h (after macroalgal absorption). The combined effect of the sequential treatments resulted in significant reductions in the concentrations of all parameters measured. High rates of nutrient regeneration were observed in the control tanks, which did not contain oysters or macroalgae. Conversely, significant reductions in nutrients and suspended particulates after sedimentation and biological treatment were observed. Overall, improvements in water quality (final percentage of the initial concentration) were as follows: TSS (12%); total N (28%); total P (14%); NH4+ (76%); NO3- (30%); PO43-(35%); bacteria (30%); and chlorophyll a (0.7%). Despite the probability of considerable differences in sedimentation, filtration and nutrient uptake rates when scaled to farm size, these results demonstrate that integrated treatment has the potential to significantly improve water quality of shrimp farm effluent. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Inorganic nitrogen requirements during shoot organogenesis in tobacco leaf discs

The role of nitrate, ammonium, and culture medium pH on shoot organogenesis in Nicotiana tabacum zz100 leaf discs was examined. The nitrogen composition of a basal liquid shoot induction medium (SIM) containing 39.4 mM NO3- and 20.6 mM NH4+ was altered whilst maintaining the overall ionic balance with Na+ and Cl- ions. Omission of total nitrogen and nitrate, but not ammonium, from SIM prevented the initiation and formation of shoots. When nitrate was used as the sole source of nitrogen, a high frequency of explants initiated and produced leafy shoots. However, the numbers of shoots produced were significantly fewer than the control SIM. Buffering nitrate-only media with the organic acid 2[N-morpholinol]thanesulphonic acid (MES) could not compensate for the omission of ammonium. Ammonium used as the sole source of nitrogen appeared to have a negative effect on explant growth and morphogenesis, with a significant lowering of media pH. Buffering ammonium-only media with MES stabilized pH and allowed a low frequency of explants to initiate shoot meristems. However, no further differentiation into leafy shoots was observed. The amount of available nitrogen appears to be less important than the ratio between nitrate and ammonium. Shoot formation was achieved with a wide range of ratios, but media containing 40 mM nitrate and 20 mM ammonium (70:30) produced the greatest number of shoots per explant. Results from this study indicate a synergistic effect between ammonium and nitrate on shoot organogenesis independent of culture medium pH.

An in situ study of photosynthetic oxygen exchange and electron transport rate in the marine macroalga Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta)

Direct comparisons between photosynthetic O-2 evolution rate and electron transport rate (ETR) were made in situ over 24 h using the benthic macroalga Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta), growing and measured at a depth of 1.8 m, where the midday irradiance rose to 400-600 mumol photons m(-2) s(-1). O-2 exchange was measured with a 5-chamber data-logging apparatus and ETR with a submersible pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometer (Diving-PAM). Steady-state quantum yield ((Fm'-Ft)/Fm') decreased from 0.7 during the morning to 0.45 at midday, followed by some recovery in the late afternoon. At low to medium irradiances (0-300 mumol photons m(-2) s(-1)), there was a significant correlation between O-2 evolution and ETR, but at higher irradiances, ETR continued to increase steadily, while O-2 evolution tended towards an asymptote. However at high irradiance levels (600-1200 mumol photons m-(2) s(-1)) ETR was significantly lowered. Two methods of measuring ETR, based on either diel ambient light levels and fluorescence yields or rapid light curves, gave similar results at low to moderate irradiance levels. Nutrient enrichment (increases in [NO3-], [NH4+] and [HPO42-] of 5- to 15-fold over ambient concentrations) resulted in an increase, within hours, in photosynthetic rates measured by both ETR and O-2 evolution techniques. At low irradiances, approximately 6.5 to 8.2 electrons passed through PS II during the evolution of one molecule of O-2, i.e., up to twice the theoretical minimum number of four. However, in nutrient-enriched treatments this ratio dropped to 5.1. The results indicate that PAM fluorescence can be used as a good indication of the photosynthetic rate only at low to medium irradiances.

A test of the hypothesis of ecological equivalence in an Australian subtropical rain forest

We tested the hypothesis that tree species in a subtropical rain forest in south-east Queensland are ecologically equivalent and therefore have identical environmental requirements for their regeneration. We assessed the evidence that juveniles of species differed in their distributions in treefall gap microsites and along gradients of light availability, soil pH, soil PO4-P availability and soil NO3-N availability. Pairwise comparisons were made on a subset of the common species selected on the basis that they showed a relatively high level of positive association, and would therefore, a priori, be expected to have similar regeneration requirements. Detailed comparisons between the species failed to demonstrate evidence for species differentiation with respect to their tolerance of the disturbance associated with gap microsites or to the gradient of NO3-N availability. However, species differed markedly in their distributions along the soil pH gradient and along the gradients of light availability and soil PO4-P availability. The overall level of ecological differentiation between the species is high: seven out of the 10 possible species pairings showed evidence for ecological differentiation. Such niche differentiation amongst the juveniles of tree species may play an important role in maintaining the species richness of rain-forest communities.

delta N-15 values of tropical savanna and monsoon forest species reflect root specialisations and soil nitrogen status

A large number of herbaceous and woody plants from tropical woodland, savanna, and monsoon forest were analysed to determine the impact of environmental factors (nutrient and water availability, fire) and biological factors (microbial associations, systematics) on plant delta(15)N values. Foliar delta(15)N values of herbaceous and woody species were not related to growth form or phenology, but a strong relationship existed between mycorrhizal status and plant delta(15)N. In woodland and savanna, woody species with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) associations and putative N-2-fixing species with ECM/arbuscular (AM) associations had lowest foliar delta(15)N values (1.0-0.6parts per thousand), AM species had mostly intermediate delta(15)N values (average +0.6parts per thousand), while non-mycorrhizal Proteaceae had highest delta(15)N values (+2.9 to +4.1parts per thousand). Similar differences in foliar delta(15)N were observed between AM (average 0.1 and 0.2parts per thousand) and non-mycorrhizal (average +0.8 and +0.3parts per thousand) herbaceous species in woodland and savanna. Leguminous savanna species had significantly higher leaf N contents (1.8-2.5% N) than non-fixing species (0.9-1.2% N) indicating substantial N acquisition via N-2 fixation. Monsoon forest species had similar leaf N contents (average 2.4% N) and positive delta(15)N values (+0.9 to +2.4parts per thousand). Soil nitrification and plant NO3- use was substantially higher in monsoon forest than in woodland or savanna. In the studied communities, higher soil N content and nitrification rates were associated with more positive soil delta(15)N and plant delta(15)N. In support of this notion, Ficus, a high NO3- using taxa associated with NO3- rich sites in the savanna, had the highest delta(15)N values of all AM species in the savanna. delta(15)N of xylem sap was examined as a tool for studying plant delta(15)N relations. delta(15)N of xylem sap varied seasonally and between differently aged Acacia and other savanna species. Plants from annually burnt savanna had significantly higher delta(15)N values compared to plants from less frequently burnt savanna, suggesting that foliar N-15 natural abundance could be used as marker for assessing historic fire regimes. Australian woodland and savanna species had low leaf delta(15)N and N content compared to species from equivalent African communities indicating that Australian biota are the more N depauperate. The largest differences in leaf delta(15)N occurred between the dominant ECM Australian and African savanna (miombo) species, which were depleted and enriched in N-15, respectively. While the depleted delta(15)N of Australian ECM species are similar to those of previous reports on ECM species in natural plant communities, the N-15-enriched delta(15)N of African ECM species represent an anomaly.

Effect of Co addition on the lattice parameter, electrical conductivity and sintering of gadolinia-doped ceria

Co-sintering aid has been added to Ce1.9Gd0.1O1.95 (CGO) by treating a commercial powder with Co(NO3)(2) (COCGO), X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements of lattice parameter indicated that the Co was located on the CGO particle surface after calcination at 650 degreesC. After heat treatment at temperatures above 650 degreesC, the room temperature lattice parameter of CGO was found to increase, indicating redistribution of the Gd. Compared to CGO, the lattice parameter of CGO + 2 cation% Co (2CoCGO) was lower for a given temperature (650-1100 degreesC), A.C. impedance revealed that the lattice conductivity of 2CoCGO was enhanced when densified at lower temperatures, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that, even after sintering for 4 h at 980 degreesC, most of the Co was located at grain boundaries. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

Characterization of the acidic properties of mesoporous aluminosilicates synthesized from leached saponite with additional aluminum incorporation

The acidic properties of hexagonal mesoporous aluminosilicates synthesized via a new successful short time synthesis route using leached saponite and a low concentration of surfactant are thoroughly investigated. The resulting aluminosilicate mesoporous materials with high Si/Al ratios of around 11 have a maximal surface area of 1130 m(2)/g, a pore volume of 0.92 cm(3)/g, and a narrow pore size distribution at around 3 nm. The replacement of the sodium ions, present as counterions in the synthesized aluminosilicates, with protons imparts useful catalytic acidity. This acidity is extensively studied with FTIR spectroscopy after adsorption of ammonia and cyclohexylamine, while deuterated acetonitrile differentiates between Bronsted and Lewis acidity. Al-27 NMR spectroscopy determined the coordination of the aluminum in the FSM materials. Simultaneously the effect of an additional Al incorporation, utilizing sodium aluminate, aluminum nitrate, and aluminum isopropoxide is studied. From an acidic point of view, the incorporation with Al(NO3)(3) appears to be the most optimal, as the sample has a very high amount of acid sites (1.3 mmol/g). Investigating the nature of the acid sites it is found that in all samples except the one incorporated with Al(NO3)(3), more Bronsted than Lewis sites are present, both sites being quite acidic as they resist desorption temperatures up to 300 degreesC. Probing the coordination and location of the Al atoms, all the catalysts appeared to have mostly tetrahedral aluminum, up to 95% of the total Al amount for the proton exchanged AI(NO3)(3) incorporated sample.

Chemical characterisation of deep profile Ferrosols under sugarcane in wet tropical northern Queensland

The chemical properties of deep profile samples ( up to 12 m) of Ferrosols from northern Queensland were investigated to provide an understanding of the accumulation of nitrate ( NO3) within these soil profiles. The influence of other cations and anions present in the soil solution or on the exchange and the charge chemistry of the profiles were examined with respect to the NO3 accumulations. The major ions in the soil solution were Na, NO3, and chloride ( Cl). Distinct regions of anion accumulation were observed; SO4 accumulated in the upper profile of all cores, whereas NO3 and Cl accumulations were restricted to the lower profile of cores with appreciable AEC (> 1 cmol(c)/kg). Gaines-Thomas selectivity coefficients were used to indicate exchange preference for cations and anions, and are as follows: Al > Ca similar to Mg > K > Na and sulfate (SO4) > Cl similar to NO3. The selectivity of SO4 increased and the extractable SO4 decreased in the lower profile of all cores. This has important implications for the adsorption of NO3 and Cl. The NO3 and Cl accumulations were shown to correspond to a region of low SO4 occupancy of the exchange sites in the lower profile. Along with the high SO4 selectivity, this suggests that SO4 may control the positioning of the NO3 accumulations. It was concluded that the NO3 accumulations were relatively stable under current management practices, although the reduction in NO3 inputs would likely see the gradual replacement of NO3 with Cl as a result of their comparable selectivity for exchange sites.

Metabolismo de nitrogênio em dois sistemas de cultivo de café sob veranico da estação úmida

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do veranico ocorrido na estação úmida sobre o metabolismo de nitrogênio em cafeeiros em sistema a pleno sol e associados com abacateiro (Persea americana Mill.) e ingazeiro (Inga edulis Mart.), foi realizado este experimento. O estudo foi conduzido em propriedade situada no município de Barra do Choça, BA, composto por plantas de café (Coffea arabica L.), variedade Catuaí, sendo caracterizados dois campos experimentais (sistema sombreado x sistema a pleno sol). As avaliações foram realizadas em janeiro (período de veranico) e março (final da estação úmida), em cinco repetições por campo experimental. Os dados foram submetidos ao teste t por meio do programa SAEG, versão 9.1. Maior teor de NO3 - foi verificado no sistema a pleno sol, tanto no período de veranico como no final da estação úmida. Em março foi observado maior acúmulo de N-orgânico no terço superior do cafeeiro a pleno sol e no terço médio do cafeeiro sombreado. Maiores teores de nitrogênio total e a tendência de maior atividade enzimática da redutase do nitrato foram verificados nos sistemas arborizados, quando avaliados dentro do mesmo terço do cafeeiro nas duas estações.

Efeito das interações entre os íons amônio e nitrato na fisiologia do crescimento do amendoinzeiro

O amendoim é uma oleaginosa de grande importância para a região nordeste, pois geralmente é cultivado por pequenos produtores que, em média, não ultrapassam dez hectares e que visam a aumentar sua renda e a diversificar a produção. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito das relações entre formas nitrogenadas (amoniacal e nítrica) de adubação no desenvolvimento inicial do amendoinzeiro. Para isso foi utilizada solução nutritiva completa com concentração única de 210 mg N L-1 fornecida em cinco proporções entre NH4+:NO3-: 100:0; 75:25; 50:50; 25:75 e 0:100. As unidades experimentais foram dispostas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. As variáveis avaliadas foram: comprimento da parte aérea, comprimento da raiz, número de folhas, diâmetro do caule, massas de matérias fresca e seca da parte aérea e massas de matérias fresca e seca da raiz. Nas relações 100:0; 75:25 e 50:50, o amônio causou toxidez, reduzindo a fitomassa das plantas. Contudo, o nitrato (relação 0:100) causou menor redução, comparada com as reduções nas maiores concentrações do amônio. Nas relações 25:75 e 0:100, as plantas desenvolveram-se normalmente, apresentando maior fitomassa. O fornecimento exclusivo de nitrogênio na forma amoniacal não é a melhor opção para a nutrição do amendoinzeiro em fase inicial de crescimento.

Disponibilidade de nitrogênio de fontes minerais e orgânicas aplicadas em um Argissolo cultivado com videira

As videiras em produção tendem a aproveitar pequena quantidade do N, derivado do fertilizante mineral, mesmo cultivadas em solos com textura arenosa e baixo teor de matéria orgânica, o que confere a esses solos baixa capacidade de fornecimento de nitrogênio (N). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, por meio de incubação, a disponibilidade de nitrogênio (N) em solo com histórico de cultivo com videiras e submetido à aplicação de fontes minerais e orgânicas de nutrientes. Foram coletadas amostras de um Argissolo Vermelho, em um vinhedo e em uma área sob campo natural, no município de Rosário do Sul (RS). Após o preparo do solo, foram montados os seguintes tratamentos: solo do campo nativo; solo do vinhedo; solo do vinhedo + composto orgânico; solo do vinhedo + ureia revestida com polímeros e solo do vinhedo + ureia. Os solos foram incubados por 141 dias, e aos 0, 38, 70, 102 e 141 dias de incubação, foram determinados os teores de N-NH4+ e N-NO3-, e calculados os teores de N mineral, mineralização líquida, N mineralizado em relação ao total e o N mineral acumulado. No solo de vinhedo submetido à aplicação de ureia revestida com polímeros e de ureia, a maior mineralização de N aconteceu no período inicial. A liberação de N do composto orgânico tem um maior sincronismo com a necessidade da videira pelo nutriente. As reservas de N total potencialmente mineralizável do solo podem suprir a demanda da videira pelo N.

Mineralização do nitrogênio de plantas de cobertura, solteiras e consorciadas, depositadas sobre um solo com histórico de cultivo de cebola

A decomposição das plantas de cobertura de inverno, depositadas sobre o solo, podem aumentar a disponibilidade de formas de nitrogênio (N), durante o ciclo da cebola. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a mineralização de N da massa de plantas de cobertura, solteiras e consorciadas, em um solo com histórico de cultivo de cebola. Porções de solo foram coletadas, preparadas, acondicionadas em recipientes de acrílico. Matéria seca de aveia preta, centeio, nabo-forrageiro, aveia preta+nabo-forrageiro e centeio+nabo-forrageiro, foram adicionadas sobre a superfície do solo e incubadas por 90 dias. No tempo zero e aos 18, 36, 54, 72 e 90 dias após a incubação (DAI), as porções de solo foram amostradas e determinados os teores de N total, N-NO3- e N-NH4+ de cada uma. Calcularam-se os valores de N mineral, N mineral líquido, N mineralizado e N total-N mineralizado. Os maiores teores de N-NH4+ foram observados nas porções de solo com a deposição de massa de nabo-forrageiro e do consórcio centeio+nabo-forrageiro. Os maiores teores de N-NO3- e N-mineral dos 36 até os 90 DAI e de N-mineralizado dos 18 até os 92 DAI foram observados nas porções de solo com a deposição de massa de centeio + nabo-forrageiro. A taxa de mineralização foi positiva em todas as amostras do solo com deposição de massa de centeio e nabo-forrageiro, e dos consórcios aveia preta+nabo-forrageiro e centeio+nabo-forrageiro e negativa aos 18 e 72 DAI, nas porções de solo com deposição de massa de aveia. Os resíduos de nabo-forrageiro e do consórcio centeio+nabo-forrageiro apresentaram o maior potencial de mineralização.

Influência do magnésio metálico e diferentes sais de magnésio em desovas de Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818)

Soluções de magnésio metálico e diferentes sais de magnésio foram testadas em laboratório, a fim de comprovar a ação das mesmas sobre a oviposição de B. glabrata. Usaram-se, para cada solução, dez caramujos adultos originários da Pampulha, Belo Horizonte-MG (Brasil), criados em laboratório. No experimento I foram estudadas soluções em água desclorada de magnésio elementar (Mg), cloreto de magnésio (MgCl2.6H2O), carbonato de magnésio [(MgCO3)4.Mg(OH)2.nH2O], nitrato de magnésio [Mg(NO3)2. 6H2O] e sulfato de magnésio (MgSO4.7H2O), e no experimento II, Mg, Mg + latossolo, MgCO3, MgCO3 + latossolo, sempre nas concentrações de 500 e 1.000 ppm. Durante duas semanas os planorbídeos permaneceram em água para adaptação; em seguida, por quatro semanas em exposição com as soluções testadas e, posteriormente, em água por mais duas semanas para recuperação. A cada sete dias as desovas eram contadas, eliminadas e as soluções renovadas. Foi observado que as soluções de Mg e MgCO3, isoladamente ou associada ao latossolo, produziram uma diminuição significativa do número de desovas dos caramujos, mas não parada completa de oviposição, quando comparados os períodos de adaptação com os de exposição. As soluções de Mg e MgCO3 não devem ser consideradas como produtos promissores para o controle da população de B. glabrata, em virtude da diminuição das desovas só terem sido observadas quando foram utilizadas concentrações muito altas.

Synthesis and Coordination Chemistry of a New N-4-Polydentate Class of Pyridyl-Functionalized Scorpionate Ligands: Complexes of Fe-II, Zn-II, V-IV, Pd-II and Use for Heterobimetallic Systems

The new potentially N-4-multidentate pyridyl-functionalized scorpionates 4-((tris-2,2,2-(pyrazol-1-ypethoxy)methyl)pyridine (TpmPy, (1)) and 4-((tris-2,2,2-(3-phenylpyrazol-1-yl)ethoxy)methyl)pyridine (TpmPy(Ph), (2)) have been synthesized and their coordination behavior toward Fe-II, Ni-II, Zn-II, Cu-II, Pd-II, and V-III centers has been studied. Reaction of (1) with Fe(BF4)(2)center dot 6H(2)O yields [Fe(TpmPy)(2)](BF4)(2) (3), that, in the solid state, shows the sandwich structure with trihapto ligand coordination via the pyrazolyl arms, and is completely low spin (LS) until 400 K. Reactions of 2 equiv of (1) or (2) with Zn-II or Ni-II chlorides give the corresponding metal complexes with general formula [MCl2(TpmPy*)(2)] (M = Zn, Ni; TpmPy* = TpmPy, TpmPy(Ph)) (4-7) where the ligand is able to coordinate through either the pyrazolyl rings (in case of [Ni(TpmPy)(2)Cl-2 (5)) or the pyridyl-side (for [ZnCl2(TpmPy)(2)] (4), [ZnCl2(TpmPy(Ph))(2)] (6) and [NiCl2(TpmPy(Ph))(2)] (7)). The reaction of (1) with VCl3 gives [VOCl2(TpmPy)] (8) that shows the N-3-pyrazolyl coordination-mode. Moreover, (1) and react with cis-[PdCl2(CH3CN)(2)] to give the disubstituted complexes [PdCl2(TprnPy)(2)] (9) and [PdCl2(TpmPy(Ph))(2)] (10), respectively, bearing the scorpionate coordinated via the pyridyl group. Compounds (9) and (10) react with Fe(BF4)(2) to give the heterobimetallic Pd/Fe systems [PdCl2(mu-TpmPy)(2)-Fe](BF4)(2) (11) and [PdCl2(mu-TpmPy(Ph))(2)Fe-2(H2O)(6)]BF4)(4) (13), respectively. Compound (11) can also be formed from reaction of (3) with cis-[PdCl2(CH3CN)(2)], while reaction of (3) with Cu(NO3)(2).2.5H(2)O generates [Fe(mu-TpmPy)(2)-Cu(NO3)(2)](BF4)(2) (12), confirming the multidentate ability of the new chelating ligands. The X-ray diffraction analyses of compounds (1), (3), (4), (5), and (9) are also reported.

Quantificação de metais potencialmente tóxicos em mexilhão dourado (Limnoperna fortunei) por espectrometria de absorção atômica com fonte contínua e alta resolução empregando amostragem direta de sólidos

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