NOS1AP is associated with increased severity of PTSD and depression in untreated combat veterans

Background Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive disorder are over represented in combat veterans. Veterans with both disorders have an increased risk of suicide. The nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein (NOS1AP) gene, which modulates stress-evoked N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) activity, was investigated in combat veterans. Methods A comprehensive genetic analysis of NOS1AP and its association with PTSD was investigated in Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD (n=121) and a group of healthy control individuals (n=237). PTSD patients were assessed for symptom severity and level of depression using the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI). Results The G allele of NOS1AP SNP rs386231 was significantly associated with PTSD (p = 0.002). Analysis of variance revealed significant differences in BDI-II and Mississippi scores between genotypes for rs386231 with the GG genotype associated with increased severity of depression (p = 0.002 F = 6.839) and higher Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD scores (p = 0.033). Haplotype analysis revealed that the C/G haplotype (rs451275/rs386231) was significantly associated with PTSD (p = 0.001). Limitations The sample sizes in our study were not sufficient to detect SNP associations with very small effects. In addition the study was limited by its cross sectional design. Conclusions This is the first study reporting that a variant of the NOS1AP gene is associated with PTSD. Our data also suggest that a genetic variant in NOS1AP may increase the susceptibility to severe depression in patients with PTSD and increased risk for suicide.

Distribution of NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits at thalamo-amygdaloid dendritic spines

Synapses onto dendritic spines in the lateral amygdala formed by afferents from the auditory thalamus represent a site of plasticity in Pavlovian fear conditioning. Previous work has demonstrated that thalamic afferents synapse onto LA spines expressing glutamate receptor (GluR) subunits, but the GluR subunit distribution at the synapse and within the cytoplasm has not been characterized. Therefore, we performed a quantitative analysis for α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptor subunits GluR2 and GluR3 and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits NR1 and NR2B by combining anterograde labeling of thalamo-amygdaloid afferents with postembedding immunoelectron microscopy for the GluRs in adult rats. A high percentage of thalamo- amygdaloid spines was immunoreactive for GluR2 (80%), GluR3 (83%), and NR1 (83%), while a smaller proportion of spines expressed NR2B (59%). To compare across the various subunits, the cytoplasmic to synaptic ratios of GluRs were measured within thalamo-amygdaloid spines. Analyses revealed that the cytoplasmic pool of GluR2 receptors was twice as large compared to the GluR3, NR1, and NR2B subunits. Our data also show that in the adult brain, the NR2B subunit is expressed in the majority of in thalamo-amygdaloid spines and that within these spines, the various GluRs are differentially distributed between synaptic and non-synaptic sites. The prevalence of the NR2B subunit in thalamo-amygdaloid spines provides morphological evidence supporting its role in the fear conditioning circuit while the differential distribution of the GluR subtypes may reflect distinct roles for their involvement in this circuitry and synaptic plasticity.

Input from the amygdala to the rat nucleus accumbens : its relationship with tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity and identified neurons.

Both tyrosine hydroxylase-positive fibres from the mesolimbic dopamine system and amygdala projection fibres from the basolateral nucleus are known to terminate heavily in the nucleus accumbens. Caudal amygdala fibres travelling dorsally via the stria terminalis project densely to the nucleus accumbens shell, especially in the dopamine rich septal hook. The amygdala has been associated with the recognition of emotionally relevant stimuli while the mesolimbic dopamine system is implicated with reward mechanisms. There is behavioural and electrophysiological evidence that the amygdala input to the nucleus accumbens is modulated by the mesolimbic dopamine input, but it is not known how these pathways interact anatomically within the nucleus accumbens. Using a variety of neuroanatomical techniques including anterograde and retrograde tracing, immunocytochemistry and intracellular filling, we have demonstrated convergence of these inputs on to medium-sized spiny neurons. The terminals of the basolateral amygdala projection make asymmetrical synapses predominantly on the heads of spines which also receive on their necks or adjacent dendrites, symmetrical synaptic input from the mesolimbic dopamine system. Some of these neurons have also been identified as projection neurons, possibly to the ventral pallidum. We have shown a synaptic level how dopamine is positioned to modulate excitatory limbic input in the nucleus accumbens.

Stress at the synapse : signal transduction mechanisms of adrenal steroids at neuronal membranes

As the key neuron-to-neuron interface, the synapse is involved in learning and memory, including traumatic memories during times of stress. However, the signal transduction mechanisms by which stress mediates its lasting effects on synapse transmission and on memory are not fully understood. A key component of the stress response is the increased secretion of adrenal steroids. Adrenal steroids (e.g., cortisol) bind to genomic mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors (gMRs and gGRs) in the cytosol. In addition, they may act through membrane receptors (mMRs and mGRs), and signal transduction through these receptors may allow for rapid modulation of synaptic transmission as well as modulation of membrane ion currents. mMRs increase synaptic and neuronal excitability; mechanisms include the facilitation of glutamate release through extracellular signal-regulated kinase signal transduction. In contrast, mGRs decrease synaptic and neuronal excitability by reducing calcium currents through N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and voltage-gated calcium channels by way of protein kinase A- and G protein-dependent mechanisms. This body of functional data complements anatomical evidence localizing GRs to the postsynaptic membrane. Finally, accumulating data also suggest the possibility that mMRs and mGRs may show an inverted U-shaped dose response, whereby glutamatergic synaptic transmission is increased by low doses of corticosterone acting at mMRs and decreased by higher doses acting at mGRs. Thus, synaptic transmission is regulated by mMRs and mGRs, and part of the stress signaling response is a direct and bidirectional modulation of the synapse itself by adrenal steroids.

Association of NOS1AP variants and depression phenotypes in schizophrenia

Background The nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein gene (NOS1AP) has previously been recognised as a schizophrenia susceptibility gene due to its role in glutamate neurotransmission. The gene is believed to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) production activated by the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor and reduced NO levels have been observed in schizophrenia patients. However, association studies investigating NOS1AP and schizophrenia have produced inconsistent results, most likely because schizophrenia is a clinically heterogeneous disorder. This study aims to investigate the association between NOS1AP variants and defined depression phenotypes of schizophrenia. Methods Nine NOS1AP SNPs, rs1415259, rs1415263, rs1858232, rs386231, rs4531275, rs4656355, rs4657178, rs6683968 and rs6704393 were genotyped in 235 schizophrenia subjects screened for various phenotypes of depression. Result One NOS1AP SNP (rs1858232) was associated with the broad diagnosis of schizophrenia and eight SNPs were associated with depression related phenotypes within schizophrenia. The rs1415259 SNP showed strong association with sleep dysregulation phenotypes of depression. Conclusion Results suggest that NOS1AP variants are associated with various forms of depression in schizophrenia and are more prevalent in males. Limitation Schizophrenia is a clinically heterogeneous disease that can vary greatly between different ethnic and geographic populations so our observations should be viewed with caution until they are independently replicated, particularly in larger patient cohorts.

Mammalian reverse genetics without crossing reveals Nr3a as a short-sleeper gene

The identification of molecular networks at the system level in mammals is accelerated by next-generation mammalian genetics without crossing, which requires both the efficient production of whole-body biallelic knockout (KO) mice in a single generation and high-performance phenotype analyses. Here, we show that the triple targeting of a single gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system achieves almost perfect KO efficiency (96%–100%). In addition, we developed a respiration-based fully automated noninvasive sleep phenotyping system, the Snappy Sleep Stager (SSS), for high-performance (95.3% accuracy) sleep/wake staging. Using the triple-target CRISPR and SSS in tandem, we reliably obtained sleep/wake phenotypes, even in double-KO mice. By using this system to comprehensively analyze all of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor family members, we found Nr3a as a short-sleeper gene, which is verified by an independent set of triple-target CRISPR. These results demonstrate the application of mammalian reverse genetics without crossing to organism-level systems biology in sleep research.

Calcium/Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase II Bound to NMDA Receptor 2B Subunit Exhibits Increased ATP Affinity and Attenuated Dephosphorylation

Calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is implicated to play a key role in learning and memory. NR2B subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is a high affinity binding partner of CaMKII at the postsynaptic membrane. NR2B binds to the T-site of CaMKII and modulates its catalysis. By direct measurement using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), we show that NR2B binding causes about 11 fold increase in the affinity of CaMKII for ATP gamma S, an analogue of ATP. ITC data is also consistent with an ordered binding mechanism for CaMKII with ATP binding the catalytic site first followed by peptide substrate. We also show that dephosphorylation of phospho-Thr(286)-alpha-CaMKII is attenuated when NR2B is bound to CaMKII. This favors the persistence of Thr(286) autophosphorylated state of CaMKII in a CaMKII/phosphatase conjugate system in vitro. Overall our data indicate that the NR2B- bound state of CaMKII attains unique biochemical properties which could help in the efficient functioning of the proposed molecular switch supporting synaptic memory.

Activation of InsP(3) receptors is sufficient for inducing graded intrinsic plasticity in rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons

The synaptic plasticity literature has focused on establishing necessity and sufficiency as two essential and distinct features in causally relating a signaling molecule to plasticity induction, an approach that has been surprisingly lacking in the intrinsic plasticity literature. In this study, we complemented the recently established necessity of inositol trisphosphate (InsP(3)) receptors (InsP(3)R) in a form of intrinsic plasticity by asking if InsP(3)R activation was sufficient to induce intrinsic plasticity in hippocampal neurons. Specifically, incorporation of D-myo-InsP(3) in the recording pipette reduced input resistance, maximal impedance amplitude, and temporal summation but increased resonance frequency, resonance strength, sag ratio, and impedance phase lead. Strikingly, the magnitude of plasticity in all these measurements was dependent on InsP 3 concentration, emphasizing the graded dependence of such plasticity on InsP(3)R activation. Mechanistically, we found that this InsP(3)-induced plasticity depended on hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. Moreover, this calcium-dependent form of plasticity was critically reliant on the release of calcium through InsP(3)Rs, the influx of calcium through N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and voltage-gated calcium channels, and on the protein kinase A pathway. Our results delineate a causal role for InsP(3)Rs in graded adaptation of neuronal response dynamics, revealing novel regulatory roles for the endoplasmic reticulum in neural coding and homeostasis.

Oligodendrocyte differentiation from adult multipotent stem cells is modulated by glutamate

We used multipotent stem cells (MSCs) derived from the young rat subventricular zone (SVZ) to study the effects of glutamate in oligodendrocyte maturation. Glutamate stimulated oligodendrocyte differentiation from SVZ-derived MSCs through the activation of specific N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits. The effect of glutamate and NMDA on oligodendrocyte differentiation was evident in both the number of newly generated oligodendrocytes and their morphology. In addition, the levels of NMDAR1 and NMDAR2A protein increased during differentiation, whereas NMDAR2B and NMDAR3 protein levels decreased, suggesting differential expression of NMDA receptor subunits during maturation. Microfluorimetry showed that the activation of NMDA receptors during oligodendrocyte differentiation elevated cytosolic calcium levels and promoted myelination in cocultures with neurons. Moreover, we observed that stimulation of MSCs by NMDA receptors induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which were negatively modulated by the NADPH inhibitor apocynin, and that the levels of ROS correlated with the degree of differentiation. Taken together, these findings suggest that ROS generated by NADPH oxidase by the activation of NMDA receptors promotes the maturation of oligodendrocytes and favors myelination

Papel do bloqueio dos receptores NMDA e da ativação dos receptores GABAA na manifestação dos déficits neurocomportamentais decorrentes da exposição ao etanol durante o período equivalente ao terceiro trimestre de gestação

A exposição gestacional ao etanol produz um amplo espectro de defeitos neurocomportamentais que podem persistir ao longo da vida. Dentre os distúrbios mais comumente observados estão o transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH) e os déficits de aprendizado e memória. Apesar da grande quantidade de estudos, os mecanismos envolvidos com a manifestação destes transtornos permanecem pouco conhecidos. Estudos em roedores vêm demonstrando que o período equivalente ao terceiro trimestre de gestação é critico para o aparecimento destas alterações comportamentais. Durante este período, que é caracterizado por intensa sinaptogênese, a neurotoxicidade do etanol vem sendo atribuída ao bloqueio dos receptores glutamatérgicos do tipo N-metil-D-aspartato (NMDA) e hiperativação dos receptores do ácido gama-aminobutírico do subtipo A (GABAA). Tendo em vista que ao longo do desenvolvimento estes receptores diferem em relação a função e distribuição espaço-temporal, neste estudo avaliamos a contribuição relativa do bloqueio dos receptores NMDA e hiperativação dos receptores GABAA durante o período equivalente ao terceiro trimestre de gestação para a manifestação da hiperatividade locomotora e para os distúrbios de aprendizado e memória de camundongos pré-púberes. Para tanto, este estudo foi realizado em duas etapas. Na primeira, investigamos os efeitos da exposição isolada ao bloqueador NMDA MK801 (MK) e ao agonista GABAA muscimol (MU). Para tanto, em dias alternados do segundo dia pós-natal (PN2) a PN8, os animais receberam uma injeção intraperitoneal de Salina (SAL), MK nas doses de 0,1, 0,3 ou 0,5 mg/kg ou de MU nas doses de 0,1 0,3 ou 0,5 mg/kg. Na segunda etapa investigamos os efeitos da administração simultânea de MK (0,1mg/kg) e MU (doses 0,02, 0,1 ou 0,5 mg/kg). Em PN25, a atividade locomotora foi automaticamente avaliada por 15 min no teste de campo aberto. Em PN31 e PN32, o aprendizado e memória foi avaliado no teste da esquiva passiva inibitória. Em relação aos resultados da exposição isolada a cada uma das drogas, apenas o tratamento com MK promoveu um aumento dose dependente na atividade locomotora. No teste da esquiva passiva inibitória, os animais expostos as maiores doses de MK e MU apresentaram déficits de aprendizado e memória. Em relação aos resultados da exposição combinada de MK e MU, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos na atividade locomotora. Na esquiva passiva inibitória, a administração simultânea de MK e MU, em doses que administradas isoladamente não tiveram efeito, promoveu prejuízos de aprendizado e memória. Nossos resultados sugerem que, enquanto a hiperatividade locomotora está associada apenas com o bloqueio dos receptores NMDA, os déficits de aprendizado e memória podem ser produto de uma ação sinergista do etanol nos dois receptores.

Ketamine affects memory consolidation: Differential effects in T-maze and passive avoidance paradigms in mice

The effects of ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, on memory in animals have been limited to the sub-anesthetic dose given prior to training in previous studies. We evaluated the effects of post-training anesthetic doses of ketamine to se

Coupling between NMDA receptor and acid-sensing ion channel contributes to ischemic neuronal death

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) composed of ASIC1a subunit exhibit a high Ca2+ permeability and play important roles in synaptic plasticity and acid-induced cell death. Here, we show that ischemia enhances ASIC currents through the phosphorylation at Ser478 and Ser479 of ASIC1a, leading to exacerbated ischemic cell death. The phosphorylation is catalyzed by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activity, as a result of activation of NR2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of glutamate receptors (NMDARs) during ischemia. Furthermore, NR2B-specific antagonist, CaMKII inhibitor, or overexpression of mutated form of ASIC1a with Ser478 or Ser479 replaced by alanine (ASICla-S478A, ASIC1a-S479A) in cultured hippocampal neurons prevented ischemia-induced enhancement of ASIC currents, cytoplasmic Ca2+ elevation, as well as neuronal death. Thus, NMDAR-CaMKII cascade is functionally coupled to ASICs and contributes to acidotoxicity during ischemia. Specific blockade of NMDAR/CaMKII-ASIC coupling may reduce neuronal death after ischemia and other pathological conditions involving excessive glutamate release and acidosis.

Opioid Withdrawal for 4 Days Prevents Synaptic Depression Induced by Low Dose of Morphine or Naloxone in Rat Hippocampal CA1 Area In Vivo

The formation of memory is believed to depend on experience- or activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, which is exquisitely sensitive to psychological stress since inescapable stress impairs long-term potentiation (LTP) but facilitates long-term depression (LTD). Our recent studies demonstrated that 4 days of opioid withdrawal enables maximal extents of both hippocampal LTP and drug-reinforced behavior; while elevated-platform stress enables these phenomena at 18 h of opioid withdrawal. Here, we examined the effects of low dose of morphine (0.5 mg kg(-1), i.p.) or the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (1 mg kg(-1), i.p.) on synaptic efficacy in the hippocampal CA1 region of anesthetized rats. A form of synaptic depression was induced by low dose of morphine or naloxone in rats after 18 h but not 4 days of opioid withdrawal. This synaptic depression was dependent on both N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and synaptic activity, similar to the hippocampal long-term depression induced by low frequency stimulation. Elevated-platform stress given 2 h before experiment prevented the synaptic depression at 18 h of opioid withdrawal; in contrast, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist RU38486 treatment (20 mg kg(-1), s.c., twice per day for first 3 days of withdrawal), or a high dose of morphine reexposure (15 mg kg(-1), s.c., 12 h before experiment), enabled the synaptic depression on 4 days of opioid withdrawal. This temporal shift of synaptic depression by stress or GR blockade supplements our previous findings of potentially correlated temporal shifts of LTP induction and drug-reinforced behavior during opioid withdrawal. Our results therefore support the idea that stress experience during opioid withdrawal may modify hippocampal synaptic plasticity and play important roles in drug-associated memory. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

DE-71-induced apoptosis involving intracellular calcium and the Bax-mitochondria-caspase protease pathway in human neuroblastoma cells In vitro

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used extensively as flame-retardants and are ubiquitous in the environment and in wildlife and human tissue. Recent studies have shown that PBDEs induce neurotoxic effects in vivo and apoptosis in vitro. However, the signaling mechanisms responsible for these events are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the action of a commercial mixture of PBDEs (pentabrominated diphenyl ether, DE-71) on a human neuroblastoma cell line, SK-N-SH. A cell viability test showed a dose-dependent increase in lactate dehydrogenase leakage and 3-(4,5-dimethylthia-zol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide reduction. Cell apoptosis was observed through morphological examination, and DNA degradation in the cell cycle and cell apoptosis were demonstrated using flow cytometry and DNA laddering. The formation of reactive oxygen species was not observed, but DE-71 was found to significantly induce caspase-3, -8, and -9 activity, which suggests that apoptosis is not induced by oxidative stress but via a caspase-dependent pathway. We further investigated the intracellular calcium ([Ca2+](i)) levels using flow cytometry and observed an increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration with a time-dependent trend. We also found that the N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK801 (3 mu M) significantly reduced DE-71-induced cell apoptosis. The results of a Western blotting test demonstrated that DE-71 treatment increases the level of Bax translocation to the mitochondria in a dose-dependent fashion and stimulates the release of cytochrome c (Cyt c) from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm. Overall, our results indicate that DE-71 induces the apoptosis of ([Ca2+](i)) in SK-N-SH cells via Bax insertion, Cyt c release in the mitochondria, and the caspase activation pathway.

1.初级视觉皮层功能，GABA系统功能在衰老过程中的变化; 2.奖赏机制，极低频磁场的生物学效应研究

1 初级视觉皮层功能，GABA系统功能在衰老过程中的变化 本章首先对衰老过程中神经形态学和神经电生理学上的研究进行了综述，然后报道了作者的博士学位论文研究工作。实验采用神经电生理的手段，探讨初级视觉皮层（primary visual cortex；V1）功能，以及GABA（gamma-aminobutyric acid）系统功能在衰老过程中的变化。 实验1和2均采用单细胞记录技术，检测了中年猴V1细胞的方位选择性、方向选择性、自发放和最大反应，并与年轻和老年猴进行对比；比较了年轻和老年猴V1细胞的感受野外周抑制能力。在实验3中，我们记录了年轻和中年大鼠在给予GABA直接或间接的激动剂，戊巴比妥钠或氯胺酮{通过拮抗NMDA（N-methyl-D-aspartate）受体}后，其皮层的EEG（electroencephalogram）活动，并分析与年龄相关的差异。结果如下： 实验1：中年猴V1细胞的方向选择性和自发放介于年轻猴和老年猴之间，而方位选择性和最大反应与年龄之间没有相关性。 实验2：感受野外周区的最优刺激明显降低了年轻和老年猴具有高方位选择性细胞的比例。同时，年轻猴所有细胞，以及老年猴高方位选择性细胞具有较高的最大抑制比，与它们相比，老年猴无明显方位偏好细胞的最大抑制比显著降低； 实验3：戊巴比妥钠注射后，在年轻和中年大鼠上，alpha (8-12 Hz) 和beta (12-20 Hz) 频段EEG功率增加，theta (4-8 Hz) 功率减少，这些变化在中年大鼠上较为明显。氯胺酮注射后，中年大鼠theta功率比年轻大鼠具有更大幅度的降低。 我们的结果表明，视觉皮层功能的下调在衰老早期就已发生，其机制可能与抑制系统功能普遍降低有关. 2 奖赏机制，极低频磁场的生物学效应研究 本章首先对自然奖赏和药物成瘾机制、极低频磁场生物学效应，以及极低频磁场对奖赏系统的影响进行了综述，然后报道了作者的博士论文研究工作。实验目的是探讨大鼠眶额叶皮质（orbitofrontal cortex；OFC）活动与食物奖赏刺激的相关性，以及极低频磁场对小鼠空间认知能力的影响。 实验1采用EEG记录技术，检测了大鼠OFC在食物奖赏和渴求过程中EEG各频段的功率变化。在实验2中，使用了一种探索型Y-迷宫实验范式，它仅依赖于啮齿类动物天生的探索欲望，避免了奖赏效应的干扰，利用此新型迷宫，我们检测了25和50 Hz磁场对小鼠空间识别记忆能力的影响。其结果如下： 实验1：大鼠OFC的delta频段（2-4 Hz）EEG活动与食物刺激显著相关，其相对功率在食物渴求时下降，在食物奖赏时升高。 实验2：与短时照射相比，长时的50 Hz磁场照射降低了小鼠对新异臂的探索能力，而25和50 Hz磁场暴露都不影响小鼠的活动力。 本研究表明，食物奖赏与OFC的delta频段EEG活动密切相关，而我们以前发现，大鼠和猴OFC的gamma（20-100 Hz）活动与吗啡成瘾相关，提示了OFC在自然奖赏和药物成瘾中具有不同的作用；另外，本实验首次证明，极低频磁场损害了小鼠不依赖于奖赏系统的空间认知能力，而我们先前发现，极低频磁场可以强化吗啡诱导的条件化位置偏好，从而说明极低频磁场对吗啡成瘾具有独特的生物学效应。