L'agrégation toxique des protéines: une forme de "delinquance moléculaire" activement combattue dans la cellule par les chaperones moléculaires et les protéases [The toxic aggregation of proteins: a kind of "molecular delinquency" actively fought in the cell by molecular chaperones and proteases]

Under various stresses, mutation-sensitised proteins may spontaneously convert into inactive, aggregation-prone structures, which may be cytotoxic and infectious. In the cell, this new kind of "molecular criminality" is actively fought against by a network of molecular chaperones that can specifically identify, isolate and unfold damaged (delinquent) proteins and favour their subsequent native refolding. Irreversibly damaged molecules unable to natively refold are preferentially "executed" and recycled by proteases. Failing that, they are "imprisoned" within compact amyloids, or "evicted" from the cell. Thus, striking parallels, although of questionable ethical value, exist between protein and human criminality, and between the cellular and social responses to these different types of criminality. Fundamental differences also exist. Whereas programmed death (apoptosis) is the preferred solution chosen by aged and aggregation-stressed cells, collective suicide is seldom an option chosen by lawless human societies. More significantly, there is no clear cellular equivalent for the role of the family and the education system, which are so essential to the proper shaping of functional individuals in the society, and give rise to humanism, that favours crime prevention, reeducation and reinsertion programs over capital punishment. To the cardiologist and transplantation surgeon, the interest of molecular chaperones, in particular of Hsp70, Hsp90 and Hsp27, lays in their ability to inhibit the signalling pathway of programmed cell death. Their induction before and during ischemia, by various treatments and drugs could significantly reduce damages from the post ischemic reperfusion of organs.

3. Formation continue: promotion du mouvement et de l'activité physique chez les 0-6 ans

Sedentary lifestyle in children is increasing at an alarming rate. Now, promotion of physical activity by health professionals is a promising way. To support childhood specialists in this role, a transdisciplinary training is being developped.

Santé au travail : approche moléculaire pour évaluer le risque de l'exposition aux bioaérosols sur les lieux de travail

RESUME : Dans de nombreux environnements professionnels, des travailleurs sont exposés à des bioaérosols, que ce soit des bactéries, champignons, virus ou fragments de microorganismes. Ces bioaérosols peuvent être responsables de maladies infectieuses (p.ex. légionellose), ou de maladies non infectieuses (touchant principalement les voies respiratoires). Cependant, pour une majorité des bioaérosols, les relations entre une exposition à une certaine dose et les effets sur la santé humaine sont peu connues. Ce manque de connaissances étant dû principalement à une absence de méthodes adéquates permettant de quantifier cette exposition. La real-time quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) est un outil basé sur la quantification du DNA dont le potentiel de quantification des bioaérosols dans des environnements professionnels n'a pas été exploré. Le but de ce travail est de développer une méthode de Q-PCR permettant de quantifier des bioaérosols - en particulier des bactéries - et d'appliquer ces techniques pour des mesures préventives sur les lieux de travail. Dans ce travail, la Q-PCR a été appliquée à 1a quantification de pathogènes, de groupes taxonomiques spécifiques et de la charge bactérienne totale dans des environnements de travail, stations d'épuration et élevages industriels de volailles. Nous avons montré que la Q-PCR : 1) est capable de quantifier des pathogènes difficilement cultivables si ceux-ci sont présents en concentration importante, 2) a le potentiel pour être un outil performant dans l'étude des communautés bactériennes présentes dans l'air d'environnements professionnels, 3) est aussi performante que le comptage total des bactéries par DAPI pour quantifier 1a charge bactérienne totale et est donc une alternative prometteuse aux techniques culture-dépendantes. La Q-PCR pourrait être utilisée afin d'établir des relations doses-réponses pour la charge bactérienne ; soit dans des populations de travailleurs hautement exposés (p.ex. les éleveurs de volailles), soit en exposant des cellules à des concentrations de bioaérosols mesurées par Q-PCR. ABSTRACT : Many workers are exposed to bioaerosols such as bacteria, fungi, viruses or fragments of microorganisms. These bioaerosols can be responsible of infectious (e.g. legionellosis) or non infectious diseases (mainly respiratory symptoms). However, for a majority of them, the relationship between exposure and effects on human health is not clearly established. This is mainly due to the lack of valid quantitative assessment methods. Real-time quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) is a tool based on the quantification of DNA, of which the potential for the quantification of bioaerosols in work environments has not yet been explored. The aim of this work was to develop a Q-PCR method permitting to quantify bioaerosols -mainly bacteria and to apply those techniques in occupational environments. In this work, Q-PCR was applied to the quantification of pathogens, of specific taxonomic groups and of the total bacterial load in two different occupational settings, namely wastewater treatment plants and poultry houses. We showed that Q-PCR : 1) is capable of quantifying difficult to cultivate pathogens; when they are present at high concentrations, 2) has the potential to be a useful tool for studying bacterial communities in the air of work environments, 3) is as efficient as epifluorescence for the quantification of total bacterial load, and is a promising alternative to the culture-dependent methods. Q-PCR could be used to establish doses-responses relationships for bacterial load, either in populations of highly exposed workers such as poultry farmers, or by exposing cells to concentrations of bioaerosols quantified with Q-PCR.

La biologie moléculaire est-elle utile au praticien [Is molecular biology useful to the practitioner?]

The relative importance of molecular biology in clinical practice is often underestimated. However, numerous procedures in clinical diagnosis and new therapeutic drugs have resulted from basic molecular research. Furthermore, understanding of the physiological and physiopathological mechanisms underlying several human diseases has been improved by the results of basic molecular research. For example, cloning of the gene encoding leptin has provided spectacular insights into the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the control of food intake and body weight maintenance in man. In cystic fibrosis, the cloning and identification of several mutations in the gene encoding the chloride channel transmembrane regulator (CFTR) have resolved several important issues in clinical practice: cystic fibrosis constitutes a molecular defect of a single gene. There is a strong correlation between the clinical manifestations or the severity of the disease (phenotype) with the type of mutations present in the CFTR gene (genotype). More recently, identification of mutations in the gene encoding a subunit of the renal sodium channel in the Liddle syndrome has provided important insight into the physiopathological understanding of mechanisms involved in this form of hereditary hypertension. Salt retention and secondary high blood pressure are the result of constitutive activation of the renal sodium channel by mutations in the gene encoding the renal sodium channel. It is speculated that less severe mutations in this channel could result in a less severe form of hypertension which may correspond to patients suffering from high blood pressure with low plasma renin activity. Several tools, most notably PCR, are derived from molecular research and are used in everyday practice, i.e. in prenatal diagnosis and in the diagnosis of several infectious diseases including tuberculosis and hepatitis. Finally, the production of recombinant proteins at lower cost and with fewer side effects is used in everyday clinical practice. Gene therapy remains an extraordinary challenge in correcting severe hereditary or acquired diseases. The use of genetically modified animal cell lines producing growth factors, insulin or erythropoetin, which are subsequently encapsulated and transferred to man, represents an attractive approach for gene therapy.