Controle motor em pacientes com doença de Parkinson: terapia do espelho, foco de atenção e tarefa dupla

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Effect of Nintendo Wii (TM)-based motor and cognitive training on activities of daily living in patients with Parkinson's disease: A randomised clinical trial

Objectives To investigate the effect of Nintendo Wii (TM)-based motor cognitive training versus balance exercise therapy on activities of daily living in patients with Parkinson's disease. Design Parallel, prospective, single-blind, randomised clinical trial. Setting Brazilian Parkinson Association. Participants Thirty-two patients with Parkinson's disease (Hoehn and Yahr stages 1 and 2). Interventions Fourteen training sessions consisting of 30 minutes of stretching, strengthening and axial mobility exercises, plus 30 minutes of balance training. The control group performed balance exercises without feedback or cognitive stimulation, and the experimental group performed 10 Wii Fit (TM) games. Main outcome measure Section II of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-II). Randomisation Participants were randomised into a control group (n = 16) and an experimental group (n = 16) through blinded drawing of names. Statistical analysis Repeated-measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA). Results Both groups showed improvement in the UPDRS-II with assessment effect (RM-ANOVA P < 0.001, observed power = 0.999). There was no difference between the control group and the experimental group before training {8.9 [standard deviation (SD) 2.9] vs 10.1 (SD 3.8)}, after training [7.6 (SD 2.9) vs 8.1 (SD 3.5)] or 60 days after training [8.1 (SD 3.2) vs 8.3 (SD 3.6)]. The mean difference of the whole group between before training and after training was -0.9 (SD 2.3, 95% confidence interval -1.7 to -0.6). Conclusion Patients with Parkinson's disease showed improved performance in activities of daily living after 14 sessions of balance training, with no additional advantages associated with the Wii-based motor and cognitive training. Registered on http://www.clinicaltrials.gov (identifier: NCT01580787). (C) 2012 Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Práctica aleatoria y aprendizaje deportivo-motor

[ES] Los efectos de la práctica es un asunto que posee una larga tradición investigadora en el ámbito del aprendizaje motor. En las últimas décadas el interés se ha centrado en analizar si una práctica aleatoria posee unos efectos más favorables que una práctica repetitiva en el aprendizaje. Este fue el objetivo de este estudio en el que participaron voluntariamente cuarenta y ocho estudiantes universitarios.

Learning Two-Person Interaction Models for Responsive Synthetic Humanoids

Imitation learning is a promising approach for generating life-like behaviors of virtual humans and humanoid robots. So far, however, imitation learning has been mostly restricted to single agent settings where observed motions are adapted to new environment conditions but not to the dynamic behavior of interaction partners. In this paper, we introduce a new imitation learning approach that is based on the simultaneous motion capture of two human interaction partners. From the observed interactions, low-dimensional motion models are extracted and a mapping between these motion models is learned. This interaction model allows the real-time generation of agent behaviors that are responsive to the body movements of an interaction partner. The interaction model can be applied both to the animation of virtual characters as well as to the behavior generation for humanoid robots.

Aprendizaje motor en adultos mayores

Esta investigación consiste en una lectura crítica de la bibliografía acerca de la temática del aprendizaje motor en personas adultas mayores y sus implicancias con las prácticas de la Educación Física. Se redefinen y conceptualizan algunos conceptos de primordial interés con relación a la vejez, el proceso de envejecimiento humano y los sujetos que lo transitan. Se intenta poner de relieve que algunas teorías aún vigentes en nuestro medio homologan el concepto de desarrollo humano con el de crecimiento físico, en detrimento de las capacidades de las personas adultas mayores y subestimando las distintas posibilidades motrices que poseen. Se presentan sucintamente las reflexiones elaboradas a partir del registro bibliográfico: se advierte que la fuerza de los mitos y creencias circulantes en nuestro medio enfatizan el alejamiento de muchas personas adultas mayores de las prácticas corporales de la Educación Física, acentuando aun más la exclusión de este grupo de las estructuras sociales

Aprendizaje motor en adultos mayores

Esta investigación consiste en una lectura crítica de la bibliografía acerca de la temática del aprendizaje motor en personas adultas mayores y sus implicancias con las prácticas de la Educación Física. Se redefinen y conceptualizan algunos conceptos de primordial interés con relación a la vejez, el proceso de envejecimiento humano y los sujetos que lo transitan. Se intenta poner de relieve que algunas teorías aún vigentes en nuestro medio homologan el concepto de desarrollo humano con el de crecimiento físico, en detrimento de las capacidades de las personas adultas mayores y subestimando las distintas posibilidades motrices que poseen. Se presentan sucintamente las reflexiones elaboradas a partir del registro bibliográfico: se advierte que la fuerza de los mitos y creencias circulantes en nuestro medio enfatizan el alejamiento de muchas personas adultas mayores de las prácticas corporales de la Educación Física, acentuando aun más la exclusión de este grupo de las estructuras sociales

Aprendizaje motor en adultos mayores

Esta investigación consiste en una lectura crítica de la bibliografía acerca de la temática del aprendizaje motor en personas adultas mayores y sus implicancias con las prácticas de la Educación Física. Se redefinen y conceptualizan algunos conceptos de primordial interés con relación a la vejez, el proceso de envejecimiento humano y los sujetos que lo transitan. Se intenta poner de relieve que algunas teorías aún vigentes en nuestro medio homologan el concepto de desarrollo humano con el de crecimiento físico, en detrimento de las capacidades de las personas adultas mayores y subestimando las distintas posibilidades motrices que poseen. Se presentan sucintamente las reflexiones elaboradas a partir del registro bibliográfico: se advierte que la fuerza de los mitos y creencias circulantes en nuestro medio enfatizan el alejamiento de muchas personas adultas mayores de las prácticas corporales de la Educación Física, acentuando aun más la exclusión de este grupo de las estructuras sociales

Learning and memory

Memory is one of the most fundamental mental processes. Neuroscientists study this process by using extremely diverse strategies. Two different approaches aimed at understanding learning and memory were introduced in this symposium. The first focuses on the roles played by synaptic plasticity, especially in long-term depression in the cerebellum in motor learning, and its regulatory mechanism. The second approach uses an elegant chick-quail transplantation system on defined brain regions to study how neural populations interact in development to form behaviorally important neural circuits and to elucidate neurobiological correlates of perceptual and motor predispositions.

An Interactive Model to Teach Motor Skills

There has been a tremendous increase in our knowledge of hum motor performance over the last few decades. Our theoretical understanding of how an individual learns to move is sophisticated and complex. It is difficult however to relate much of this information in practical terms to physical educators, coaches, and therapists concerned with the learning of motor skills (Shumway-Cook & Woolcott, 1995). Much of our knowledge stems from lab testing which often appears to bear little relation to real-life situations. This lack of ecological validity has slowed the flow of information from the theorists and researchers to the practitioners. This paper is concerned with taking some small aspects of motor learning theory, unifying them, and presenting them in a usable fashion. The intention is not to present a recipe for teaching motor skills, but to present a framework from which solutions can be found. If motor performance research has taught us anything, it is that every individual and situation presents unique challenges. By increasing our ability to conceptualize the learning situation we should be able to develop more flexible and adaptive responses to the challege of teaching motor skills. The model presented here allows a teacher, coach, or therapist to use readily available observations and known characteristics about a motor task and to conceptualize them in a manner which allows them to make appropriate teaching/learning decisions.

Reduced variability of postural strategy prevents normalization of motor changes induced by back pain: A risk factor for chronic trouble?

Variability is fundamental to biological systems and is important in posturomotor learning and control. Pain induces a protective postural strategy, although variability is normally preserved. If variability is lost, does the normal postural strategy return when pain stops? Sixteen subjects performed arm movements during control trials, when the movement evoked back pain and then when it did not. Variability in the postural strategy of the abdominal muscles and pain-related cognitions were evaluated. Only those subjects for whom pain induced a reduction in variability of the postural strategy failed to return to a normal strategy when pain stopped. They were also characterized by their pain-related cognitions. Ongoing perception of threat to the back may exert tighter evaluative control over variability of the postural strategy.

An Interactive Model to Teach Motor Skills

There has been a tremendous increase in our knowledge of hum motor performance over the last few decades. Our theoretical understanding of how an individual learns to move is sophisticated and complex. It is difficult however to relate much of this information in practical terms to physical educators, coaches, and therapists concerned with the learning of motor skills (Shumway-Cook & Woolcott, 1995). Much of our knowledge stems from lab testing which often appears to bear little relation to real-life situations. This lack of ecological validity has slowed the flow of information from the theorists and researchers to the practitioners. This paper is concerned with taking some small aspects of motor learning theory, unifying them, and presenting them in a usable fashion. The intention is not to present a recipe for teaching motor skills, but to present a framework from which solutions can be found. If motor performance research has taught us anything, it is that every individual and situation presents unique challenges. By increasing our ability to conceptualize the learning situation we should be able to develop more flexible and adaptive responses to the challege of teaching motor skills. The model presented here allows a teacher, coach, or therapist to use readily available observations and known characteristics about a motor task and to conceptualize them in a manner which allows them to make appropriate teaching/learning decisions.

The development of decision making skill in sport : An ecological dynamics perspective

In this chapter we introduce a theoretical framework for studying decision making in sport: the ecological dynamics approach, which we integrate with key ideas from the literature on learning complex motor skills. Our analysis will include insights from Berstein (1967) on the coordination of degrees of freedom and Newell's (1985) model of motor learning. We particularly focus on the role of perceptual degrees of freedom advocated in an ecological approach to learning. In introducing this framework to readers we contrast this perspective with more traditional models of decision-making. Finally, we propose some implications to the training of decision-making skill in sport.

Focus of attention and its impact on movement behaviour

Investigations into the relative effectiveness of either focusing on movement form (internal focus) or movement effects (external focus) have tended to dominate research on instructional constraints. However, rather than adopting a comparative approach to determine which focus of attention is more effective, analysis of the relative efficacy of each specific instruction focus during motor learning could be more relevant for both researchers and practitioners. Theoretical advances in the motor learning literature from a nonlinear dynamics perspective might explain the processes that underlie the effect of different attentional focus instructions. Referencing ideas and concepts from a current motor learning model, differential effects of either internal or external focus of instructions are examined. This paper also highlights some deficiencies in extant theory and research design on focus of attention which require further investigations.