Evaluation of Mitigation for Safety Concerns on Low-Volume, Unpaved Rural Roads, 2013.

The Institute for Transportation (InTrans) at Iowa State University completed work on an in-depth study of crash history on lowvolume, rural roads in Iowa in December 2010. Results indicated that unpaved roads with traffic volumes greater than 100 vehicles per day (vpd) exhibit significantly higher crash frequencies, rates, and densities than any other class of low-volume road examined, paved or unpaved. The total mileage for this class of roadway in Iowa is only about 4,400 miles, spread over 99 counties in the state, which is certainly a manageable number of miles for individual rural agencies. The purpose of this study was to identify and examine several unpaved, local road segments with higher than average crash frequencies, select and undertake potentially-beneficial mitigation, and evaluate the results as time allowed. A variety of low-cost options were considered, including engineering improvements, enhanced efforts by law enforcement, and educational initiatives. Using input, active support, and participation from local agencies and state and Federal safety advocates, the study afforded a unique opportunity to examine useful tools for local rural agencies to utilize in addressing safety on this particular type of roadway.

Evaluation of Mitigation for Safety Concerns on Low-Volume, Unpaved Rural Roads: Tech Transfer Summary, 2013.

The Institute for Transportation (InTrans) at Iowa State University completed work on an in-depth study of crash history on lowvolume, rural roads in Iowa in December 2010. Results indicated that unpaved roads with traffic volumes greater than 100 vehicles per day (vpd) exhibit significantly higher crash frequencies, rates, and densities than any other class of low-volume road examined, paved or unpaved. The total mileage for this class of roadway in Iowa is only about 4,400 miles, spread over 99 counties in the state, which is certainly a manageable number of miles for individual rural agencies. The purpose of this study was to identify and examine several unpaved, local road segments with higher than average crash frequencies, select and undertake potentially-beneficial mitigation, and evaluate the results as time allowed. A variety of low-cost options were considered, including engineering improvements, enhanced efforts by law enforcement, and educational initiatives. Using input, active support, and participation from local agencies and state and Federal safety advocates, the study afforded a unique opportunity to examine useful tools for local rural agencies to utilize in addressing safety on this particular type of roadway.

Western Iowa Missouri River Flooding -- Geo-Infrastructure Damage Assessment, Repair and Mitigation Strategies, TR-638, 2013

The 2011 Missouri River flooding caused significant damage to many geo-infrastructure systems including levees, bridge abutments/foundations, paved and unpaved roadways, culverts, and embankment slopes in western Iowa. The flooding resulted in closures of several interchanges along Interstate 29 and of more than 100 miles of secondary roads in western Iowa, causing severe inconvenience to residents and losses to local businesses. The main goals of this research project were to assist county and city engineers by deploying and using advanced technologies to rapidly assess the damage to geo-infrastructure and develop effective repair and mitigation strategies and solutions for use during future flood events in Iowa. The research team visited selected sites in western Iowa to conduct field reconnaissance, in situ testing on bridge abutment backfills that were affected by floods, flooded and non-flooded secondary roadways, and culverts. In situ testing was conducted shortly after the flood waters receded, and several months after flooding to evaluate recovery and performance. Tests included falling weight deflectometer, dynamic cone penetrometer, three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning, ground penetrating radar, and hand auger soil sampling. Field results indicated significant differences in roadway support characteristics between flooded and non-flooded areas. Support characteristics in some flooded areas recovered over time, while others did not. Voids were detected in culvert and bridge abutment backfill materials shortly after flooding and several months after flooding. A catalog of field assessment techniques and 20 potential repair/mitigation solutions are provided in this report. A flow chart relating the damages observed, assessment techniques, and potential repair/mitigation solutions is provided. These options are discussed for paved/unpaved roads, culverts, and bridge abutments, and are applicable for both primary and secondary roadways.

Validation de la mesure de l'oedème postopératoire par bioimpédance chez les patients opérés d'une prothèse totale du genou : une expérience de collaboration entre physiothérapeutes et ingénieurs

Fondements : La recherche sur l'oedème postopératoire consécutif à la chirurgie prothétique du genou est peu développée, notamment en raison de l'absence d'une méthode de mesure adaptée. Une collaboration entre physiothérapeutes et ingénieurs a permis de développer et valider une méthode de mesure innovante et facilement applicable. Les physiothérapeutes ont identifié un besoin clinique, les ingénieurs ont apporté leur savoir technologique, et l'équipe a conjointement élaboré le protocole de mesure et effectué l'étude de validation. Introduction : La bioimpédance est fréquemment utilisée pour évaluer l'oedème par l'analyse d'un signal électrique passant au travers du corps, en extrapolant la résistance théorique à une fréquence égale à zéro (R0). La mesure s'avère fiable et rapide, mais n'a jamais été appliquée et validée pour l'évaluation de l'oedème en chirurgie orthopédique. Objectif : L'objectif de l'étude est de valider la mesure de l'oedème du membre inférieur par bioimpédance, chez des patients ayant bénéficié d'une prothèse totale de genou (PTG). Questionnement : Après nous être assurés de l'absence d'influence de l'implant métallique de la PTG sur la mesure, nous nous questionnions sur la validité et la fiabilité des mesures de bioimpédance dans ce contexte. Méthodes : Deux évaluateurs ont mesuré à tour de rôle et à deux reprises successives l'oedème chez 24 patients opérés d'une PTG, à trois temps différents (préopératoire, J+2, J+8). L'oedème a été évalué par bioimpédance (R0) et par conversion en volume de mesures centimétriques du membre inférieur (MI). Nous avons calculé le ratio moyen des MI pour chaque méthode. Nous avons évalué la reproductibilité intra- et inter-observateurs de la bioimpédance (coefficient de corrélation intraclasse, CCI) et la corrélation entre méthodes (Spearman). Résultats : Le ratio moyen opéré/sain du volume des MI est de 1.04 (SD ± 0.06) en préopératoire, 1.18 (SD ± 0.09) à J+2 et 1.17 (SD ± 0.10) à J+8. Le ratio sain/opéré des MI de R0 est de 1.04 (SD ± 0.07) en préopératoire, 1.51 (SD ± 0.22) à J+2 et 1.65 (SD ± 0.21) à J+8. En préopératoire, à J+2 et J+8, les CCI tous supérieurs à 0.95 pour la reproductibilité intra- et inter-observateurs de la bioimpédance. La corrélation entre méthodes est de 0.71 en préopératoire, 0.61 à J2 et 0.33 à J8. Analyse et conclusion : La variation du ratio des MI entre les temps préopératoire, J+2 et J+8 est plus marquée pour R0. La mesure de bioimpédance bénéficie d'une excellente reproductibilité intra- et inter-observateurs. L'évolution dans le temps de la corrélation entre méthodes peut être expliquée par l'influence potentielle de facteurs confondants sur R0 (modification de la composition liquidienne) et par l'influence de l'atrophie musculaire postopératoire sur la mesure de volume. La collaboration physiothérapeutes-ingénieurs a permis le développement et l'évaluation d'une nouvelle méthode de mesure.

Feasibility of Cooperative Development of Wetland Mitigation Projects, TR-526, 2006

The Iowa Department of Transportation (Iowa DOT) currently performs wetland mitigation on a project-by-project basis. At the same time, other agencies like the Iowa Department of Natural Resources and Natural Resource Conservation Service are performing wetland restoration projects, and counties and cities may be mitigating wetland losses as well. This project examined the feasibility of developing cooperative wetland mitigation projects in order to utilize state and local resources more efficiently to benefit both Iowa and local communities. The project accomplished the following objectives: (1) Identified and characterized cooperative wetland mitigation programs nationwide; (2) Developed a needs assessment through a survey of state, county, and large city agencies in Iowa to describe wetland mitigation programs and determine challenges with mitigation and program improvements, including long-term risks associated with maintenance and monitoring programs; (3) Surveyed state, county, and city agencies and organizations to identify resources available for developing cooperative mitigation projects and procedures; (4) Developed a conceptual framework for cooperative wetland mitigation.

Mesure du rayonnement UV et protection de la population

Ami, ou ennemi, le soleil ? Qui n'a jamais maudit un petit excès de bain de soleil sanctionné par une peau brûlée ? Mais en hiver, quand il se fait rare, l'huile de foie de morue est la panacée que prescrit la sagesse de nos grands-mères pour remplacer la vitamine D qu'en temps normal il nous aide à synthétiser. Pour pouvoir faire le point sur les dangers et les bénéfices du rayonnement solaire, il faut connaître son intensité et en particulier celle du rayonnement ultraviolet (UV) qui a une forte influence sur la santé.Durant ces dernières décades, une forte augmentation des cancers de la peau a été constatée dans les pays développés. La communauté médicale suppose que cette augmentation est liée à une plus forte exposition aux UV, qui serait elle-même due à des changements d'habitudes de la population (engouement pour les loisirs en plein air, pour les vacances sous les tropiques, popularité du bronzage, etc.) et éventuellement à un accroissement du rayonnement UV. [Auteurs]

U.S. landowner behavior, land use and land cover changes, and climate change mitigation

Abstract

Iowa Flood Mitigation Board Annual Report, 2013

The Iowa Flood Mitigation Program is created within Code of Iowa, Chapter 418. The Program seeks to provide funds for flood mitigation projects that otherwise would not be funded. The Flood Mitigation Board is responsible for the implementation Code of Iowa Chapter 418. The membership of the Board is comprised of four voting public members appointed by the Governor, five voting members representing state agencies, and four non-voting ex-officio members of the legislature.

Optimization of Snow Drifting Mitigation and Control Methods for Iowa Conditions Part II, TR-626, 2015

Blowing and drifting of snow is a major concern for transportation efficiency and road safety in regions where their development is common. One common way to mitigate snow drift on roadways is to install plastic snow fences. Correct design of snow fences is critical for road safety and maintaining the roads open during winter in the US Midwest and other states affected by large snow events during the winter season and to maintain costs related to accumulation of snow on the roads and repair of roads to minimum levels. Of critical importance for road safety is the protection against snow drifting in regions with narrow rights of way, where standard fences cannot be deployed at the recommended distance from the road. Designing snow fences requires sound engineering judgment and a thorough evaluation of the potential for snow blowing and drifting at the construction site. The evaluation includes site-specific design parameters typically obtained with semi-empirical relations characterizing the local transport conditions. Among the critical parameters involved in fence design and assessment of their post-construction efficiency is the quantification of the snow accumulation at fence sites. The present study proposes a joint experimental and numerical approach to monitor snow deposits around snow fences, quantitatively estimate snow deposits in the field, asses the efficiency and improve the design of snow fences. Snow deposit profiles were mapped using GPS based real-time kinematic surveys (RTK) conducted at the monitored field site during and after snow storms. The monitored site allowed testing different snow fence designs under close to identical conditions over four winter seasons. The study also discusses the detailed monitoring system and analysis of weather forecast and meteorological conditions at the monitored sites. A main goal of the present study was to assess the performance of lightweight plastic snow fences with a lower porosity than the typical 50% porosity used in standard designs of such fences. The field data collected during the first winter was used to identify the best design for snow fences with a porosity of 50%. Flow fields obtained from numerical simulations showed that the fence design that worked the best during the first winter induced the formation of an elongated area of small velocity magnitude close to the ground. This information was used to identify other candidates for optimum design of fences with a lower porosity. Two of the designs with a fence porosity of 30% that were found to perform well based on results of numerical simulations were tested in the field during the second winter along with the best performing design for fences with a porosity of 50%. Field data showed that the length of the snow deposit away from the fence was reduced by about 30% for the two proposed lower-porosity (30%) fence designs compared to the best design identified for fences with a porosity of 50%. Moreover, one of the lower-porosity designs tested in the field showed no significant snow deposition within the bottom gap region beneath the fence. Thus, a major outcome of this study is to recommend using plastic snow fences with a porosity of 30%. It is expected that this lower-porosity design will continue to work well for even more severe snow events or for successive snow events occurring during the same winter. The approach advocated in the present study allowed making general recommendations for optimizing the design of lower-porosity plastic snow fences. This approach can be extended to improve the design of other types of snow fences. Some preliminary work for living snow fences is also discussed. Another major contribution of this study is to propose, develop protocols and test a novel technique based on close range photogrammetry (CRP) to quantify the snow deposits trapped snow fences. As image data can be acquired continuously, the time evolution of the volume of snow retained by a snow fence during a storm or during a whole winter season can, in principle, be obtained. Moreover, CRP is a non-intrusive method that eliminates the need to perform man-made measurements during the storms, which are difficult and sometimes dangerous to perform. Presently, there is lots of empiricism in the design of snow fences due to lack of data on fence storage capacity on how snow deposits change with the fence design and snow storm characteristics and in the estimation of the main parameters used by the state DOTs to design snow fences at a given site. The availability of such information from CRP measurements should provide critical data for the evaluation of the performance of a certain snow fence design that is tested by the IDOT. As part of the present study, the novel CRP method is tested at several sites. The present study also discusses some attempts and preliminary work to determine the snow relocation coefficient which is one of the main variables that has to be estimated by IDOT engineers when using the standard snow fence design software (Snow Drift Profiler, Tabler, 2006). Our analysis showed that standard empirical formulas did not produce reasonable values when applied at the Iowa test sites monitored as part of the present study and that simple methods to estimate this variable are not reliable. The present study makes recommendations for the development of a new methodology based on Large Scale Particle Image Velocimetry that can directly measure the snow drift fluxes and the amount of snow relocated by the fence.

Agents anti-infectieux et fonction réna!e: vers des posologies sur mesure [Antimicrobial agents and renal elimination: towards individual dosage adjustment?].

The efficacy and safety of anti-infective treatments are associated with the drug blood concentration profile, which is directly correlated with a dosing adjustment to the individual patient's condition. Dosing adjustments to the renal function recommended in reference books are often imprecise and infrequently applied in clinical practice. The recent generalisation of the KDOQI (Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative) staging of chronically impaired renal function represents an opportunity to review and refine the dosing recommendations in patients with renal insufficiency. The literature has been reviewed and compared to a predictive model of the fraction of drug cleared by the kidney based on the Dettli's principle. Revised drug dosing recommendations integrating these predictive parameters are proposed.

Evaluation of the Iowa Department of Transportation's Compensatory Wetland Mitigation Program, TR-500, 2004

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the Compensatory Wetland Mitigation Program at the Iowa Department of Transportation (DOT) in terms of regulatory compliance. Specific objectives included: 1) Determining if study sites meet the definition of a jurisdictional wetland. 2) Determining the degree of compliance with requirements specified in Clean Water Act Section 404 permits. A total of 24 study sites, in four age classes were randomly selected from over 80 sites currently managed by the Iowa DOT. Wetland boundaries were delineated in the field and mitigation compliance was determined by comparing the delineated wetland acreage at each study site to the total wetland acreage requirements specified in individual CWA Section 404 permits. Of the 24 sites evaluated in this study, 58 percent meet or exceed Section 404 permit requirements. Net gain ranged from 0.19 acre to 27.2 acres. Net loss ranged from 0.2 acre to 14.6 acres. The Denver Bypass 1 site was the worst performer, with zero acres of wetland present on the site and the Akron Wetland Mitigation Site was the best performer with slightly more than 27 acres over the permit requirement. Five of the 10 under-performing sites are more than five years post construction, two are five years post construction, one is three years post construction and the remaining two are one year post construction. Of the sites that meet or exceed permit requirements, approximately 93 percent are five years or less post construction and approximately 43 percent are only one year old. Only one of the 14 successful sites is more than five years old. Using Section 404 permit acreage requirements as the criteria for measuring success, 58 percent of the wetland mitigation sites investigated as part of this study are successful. Using net gain/loss as the measure of success, the Compensatory Wetland Mitigation Program has been successful in creating/restoring nearly 44 acres of wetland over what was required by permits.

A new heuristic method for solving spatially constrained forest planning problems based on mitigation of infeasibilities radiating outward from a forced choice

[Abstract]