Evidence of a critical time in constrained Kinetic Ising models

We study the relaxational dynamics of the one-spin facilitated Ising model introduced by Fredrickson and Andersen. We show the existence of a critical time which separates an initial regime in which the relaxation is exponentially fast and aging is absent from a regime in which relaxation becomes slow and aging effects are present. The presence of this fast exponential process and its associated critical time is in agreement with some recent experimental results on fragile glasses.

Topological magnetic irreversibility in superconducting Pb samples of various shapes

The magnetic-field dependence of the magnetization of cylinders, disks, and spheres of pure type-I superconducting lead was investigated by means of isothermal measurements of first magnetization curves and hysteresis cycles. Depending on the geometry of the sample and the direction and intensity of the applied magnetic field, the intermediate state exhibits different irreversible features that become particularly highlighted in minor hysteresis cycles. The irreversibility is noticeably observed in cylinders and disks only when the magnetic field is parallel to the axis of revolution and is very subtle in spheres. When the magnetic field decreases from the normal state, the irreversibility appears at a temperature-dependent value whose distance to the thermodynamic critical field depends on the sample geometry. The irreversible features in the disks are altered when they are submitted to an annealing process. These results agree well with very recent high-resolution magneto-optical experiments in similar materials that were interpreted in terms of transitions between different topological structures for the flux configuration in the intermediate state. A discussion of the relative role of geometrical barriers for flux entry and exit and pinning effects as responsible for the magnetic irreversibility is given.

Hypernuclear structure with the new Nijmegen potentials

Information on level density for nuclei with mass numbers A?20250 is deduced from discrete low-lying levels and neutron resonance data. The odd-mass nuclei exhibit in general 47 times the level density found for their neighboring even-even nuclei at the same excitation energy. This excess corresponds to an entropy of ?1.7kB for the odd particle. The value is approximately constant for all midshell nuclei and for all ground state spins. For these nuclei it is argued that the entropy scales with the number of particles not coupled in Cooper pairs. A simple model based on the canonical ensemble theory accounts qualitatively for the observed properties.

Average ground-state energy of finite Fermi systems

Semiclassical theories such as the Thomas-Fermi and Wigner-Kirkwood methods give a good description of the smooth average part of the total energy of a Fermi gas in some external potential when the chemical potential is varied. However, in systems with a fixed number of particles N, these methods overbind the actual average of the quantum energy as N is varied. We describe a theory that accounts for this effect. Numerical illustrations are discussed for fermions trapped in a harmonic oscillator potential and in a hard-wall cavity, and for self-consistent calculations of atomic nuclei. In the latter case, the influence of deformations on the average behavior of the energy is also considered.

Entropy of a correlated system of nucleons

Realistic nucleon-nucleon interactions induce correlations to the nuclear many-body system, which lead to a fragmentation of the single-particle strength over a wide range of energies and momenta. We address the question of how this fragmentation affects the thermodynamical properties of nuclear matter. In particular, we show that the entropy can be computed with the help of a spectral function, which can be evaluated in terms of the self-energy obtained in the self-consistent Green's function approach. Results for the density and temperature dependences of the entropy per particle for symmetric nuclear matter are presented and compared to the results of lowest order finite-temperature Brueckner-Hartree-Fock calculations. The effects of correlations on the calculated entropy are small, if the appropriate quasiparticle approximation is used. The results demonstrate the thermodynamical consistency of the self-consistent T-matrix approximation for the evaluation of the Green's functions.

Análisis del desarrollo del juego del fútbol 11 desde la óptica de los sistemas complejos

Programa de doctorado: Doctorado en Formación del Profesorado.

Time-multiscale methods for the simulation of slow transport problems in atomistic systems

En esta tesis presentamos una teoría adaptada a la simulación de fenómenos lentos de transporte en sistemas atomísticos. En primer lugar, desarrollamos el marco teórico para modelizar colectividades estadísticas de equilibrio. A continuación, lo adaptamos para construir modelos de colectividades estadísticas fuera de equilibrio. Esta teoría reposa sobre los principios de la mecánica estadística, en particular el principio de máxima entropía de Jaynes, utilizado tanto para sistemas en equilibrio como fuera de equilibrio, y la teoría de las aproximaciones del campo medio. Expresamos matemáticamente el problema como un principio variacional en el que maximizamos una entropía libre, en lugar de una energía libre. La formulación propuesta permite definir equivalentes atomísticos de variables macroscópicas como la temperatura y la fracción molar. De esta forma podemos considerar campos macroscópicos no uniformes. Completamos el marco teórico con reglas de cuadratura de Monte Carlo, gracias a las cuales obtenemos modelos computables. A continuación, desarrollamos el conjunto completo de ecuaciones que gobiernan procesos de transporte. Deducimos la desigualdad de disipación entrópica a partir de fuerzas y flujos termodinámicos discretos. Esta desigualdad nos permite identificar la estructura que deben cumplir los potenciales cinéticos discretos. Dichos potenciales acoplan las tasas de variación en el tiempo de las variables microscópicas con las fuerzas correspondientes. Estos potenciales cinéticos deben ser completados con una relación fenomenológica, del tipo definido por la teoría de Onsanger. Por último, aportamos validaciones numéricas. Con ellas ilustramos la capacidad de la teoría presentada para simular propiedades de equilibrio y segregación superficial en aleaciones metálicas. Primero, simulamos propiedades termodinámicas de equilibrio en el sistema atomístico. A continuación evaluamos la habilidad del modelo para reproducir procesos de transporte en sistemas complejos que duran tiempos largos con respecto a los tiempos característicos a escala atómica. ABSTRACT In this work, we formulate a theory to address simulations of slow time transport effects in atomic systems. We first develop this theoretical framework in the context of equilibrium of atomic ensembles, based on statistical mechanics. We then adapt it to model ensembles away from equilibrium. The theory stands on Jaynes' maximum entropy principle, valid for the treatment of both, systems in equilibrium and away from equilibrium and on meanfield approximation theory. It is expressed in the entropy formulation as a variational principle. We interpret atomistic equivalents of macroscopic variables such as the temperature and the molar fractions, wich are not required to be uniform, but can vary from particle to particle. We complement this theory with Monte Carlo summation rules for further approximation. In addition, we provide a framework for studying transport processes with the full set of equations driving the evolution of the system. We first derive a dissipation inequality for the entropic production involving discrete thermodynamic forces and fluxes. This discrete dissipation inequality identifies the adequate structure for discrete kinetic potentials which couple the microscopic field rates to the corresponding driving forces. Those kinetic potentials must finally be expressed as a phenomenological rule of the Onsanger Type. We present several validation cases, illustrating equilibrium properties and surface segregation of metallic alloys. We first assess the ability of a simple meanfield model to reproduce thermodynamic equilibrium properties in systems with atomic resolution. Then, we evaluate the ability of the model to reproduce a long-term transport process in complex systems.

Cours de mathematique : troisieme partie : elemens de mechanique statique : tome second /

Mode of access: Internet.

Determinación de alcoholismo laboral en una empresa metal mecánica en Apodaca, N.L.

Tesis (Maestría en Salud Pública con Especialidad en Salud en el Trabajo) U.A.N.L., 2001.

Efecto del Heliox sobre la resistencia en la vía aérea en niños con patología bronquial obstructiva que requieren ventilación mecánica

Efecto del heliox sobre la resistencia en la vía área en niños con patología bronquial obstructiva que requieren ventilación mecánica Contreras, MA; Angarita, D; Fernandez, J; Godoy, J; Mullet, H; Briceño, G. Resumen: Los pacientes con enfermedad bronquial obstructiva que requieren ventilación mecánica presentan un aumento en la resistencia de la vía aérea que produce efectos deletéreos sobre la mecánica respiratoria. El uso de Heliox ha sido propuesto como una terapia en patología bronquial obstructiva, ya que gracias a sus propiedades físicas disminuye la resistencia en la vía aérea, mejorando el intercambio gaseoso y reduciendo el tiempo de soporte ventilatorio. El objetivo de este estudio Cuasi-experimental, fue medir y comparar antes y después la resistencia de la vía aérea en niños con patología bronquial obstructiva en quienes se usó Heliox durante la ventilación mecánica. Métodos: Se incluyeron niños que requirieron ventilación mecánica, realizando mediciones de la resistencia inspiratoria y espiratoria de la vía aérea con el ventilador Hamilton G5. Las mediciones fueron realizadas antes y desde los 30 minutos del inicio de la ventilación mecánica, hasta lograr extubación. Para el análisis de las diferencias de todas las medidas se usó la prueba de comparaciones múltiples de Friedman y el coeficiente concordancia de Kendall. Resultados: En una muestra de 17 pacientes, se encontró una disminución con significancia estadística, en las mediciones de la resistencia inspiratoria y espiratoria, a partir de la segunda hora (p 0.0004), después del inicio de la ventilación mecánica con heliox, efecto que mantuvo hasta el momento de la extubación.

Aplicación de métodos de simulación mecánica a la enseñanza de la mecánica de las rocas. Aplicación experimental de una innovación usada en otros países.

Presentar una metodología de enseñanza de la mecánica de las rocas basada en el estudio fenomenológico de casos, presentados de forma clara y asimilable, en los que se pueda analizar la influencia de las variables más relevantes. Alumnos de quinto curso de la carrera de Ingeniería de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, divididos aleatoriamente en dos grupos de 14 a 20 sujetos cada uno. Diseño de dos grupos, control y experimental, con medidas pretest posttest de la variable dependiente: comprensión de un tema específico de Geología operativizada mediante un cuestionario y valorando el trabajo efectuado por los alumnos. La variable independiente es la metodología didáctica, que consiste en sesiones de trabajo en equipo y ejemplos con maquetas. Encuestas y tests elaborados ad hoc. Pruebas de Significación Estadística. Índices de correlación. Aumento de la comprensión del fenómeno estudiado cuando el alumno realiza la clase práctica. Se produjo una mejora sensible en la actitud de los sujetos ante problemas nuevos, pero menos sensible en relación a la adquisición de conocimientos. Las puntuaciones obtenidas en el test por el grupo de control correlacionan en un 80 por ciento con las puntuaciones obtenidas en el curso, no siendo así en el grupo experimental, donde la correlación es prácticamente nula. Se concluye que la clase práctica es válida en cuanto a su posibilidad de motivar y vencer la pasividad inicial del alumnado.

Resistência mecânica de hidrogéis termo-sensíveis constituídos de Alginato-Ca2+ / PNIPAAm, tipo Semi-IPN

Thermosensitive hydrogels were synthesized using alginate-Ca2+ in association with a thermosensitive polymer, such as PNIPAAm. The mechanical properties of the hydrogels were determined measuring the maximum tension of deformation. With the increase of the temperature by 25 to 40 ºC above the LCST the chains of PNIPAAm collapsed, dragging the alginate net and diminishing the size of the pores. The decrease in the size of the pores of the hydrogel was followed by an increase in the mechanicals resistance of the material.

Resistência à compressão e remoção de folhas da cana-de-açúcar visando à colheita mecânica

Sugarcane holds an important place in the Brazilian economy. Grate part of the sugarcane harvested still accomplished largely manually. Sugarcane harvesters available in Brazil use the technology to chop the cane into 200 to 300 mm billets to allow on the go cane transferring to transport, contradicting the traditional method of whole stalk sugarcane harvesting system. In order to make whole stalk mechanical harvesting system possible, one of the barriers to be expired is the mechanical removal of the straw. The design of a mechanism that accomplishes this operation depends directly on the knowledge of the mechanical properties of the sugarcane related to its resistance to compression and the forces necessary to remove the leaves from the stalk. Compression tests were conducted using the universal testing machine. For leaves removal test by friction, a special apparatus was designed to allow the registration of the normal and traction force. The sugarcane stalk can resist up to 4.9 MPa. With a normal pressure of 0.8 MPa, which correspond to a friction force of 315 N, it is possible to remove the leaves, independent of its location in the sugarcane stalk.

Caracterização física e mecânica de argamassas à base de cimento Portland e cinza de casca de arroz residual

Rice husk, employed as an energy source at milling industries in Brazil generates, after burning, a dark ash. This residue is not yet conveniently disposed, being currently dumped on large areas, causing environmental problems. This research intended to evaluate the applications of residual rice husk ashes (RHA) as a partial replacement of cement for mortar production. Rice husk ash was chemically characterized through X-ray fluorescence, determination of carbon content, X-ray diffraction, and laser granulometric analysis. Mortar specimens were submitted to two different exposure conditions: internal and external environments at a maximum period of five months. Physical-mechanical testing were compressive strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV). Although presenting good mechanical performance, the mortar based on ash (RHA) did not present pozolanicity but it can be employed in cement matrices as inert material (filler).