A relação entre o aparato institucional, setor privado e desenvolvimento econômico: o caso do japão

O trabalho apresenta uma nova perspectiva de análise na área da economia do desenvolvimento, representada pela Nova Economia Institucional (NEI) e por um de seus mais destacados representantes, Douglass C. North (prêmio Nobel, 1993). Esta corrente enfatiza a relação entre regras formais e informais (leis de comércio, constituição federal, normas culturais) e crescimento econômico no longo prazo, destacando a relevância do ambiente em que as mesmas são criadas e no qual têm sua aplicação garantida, o que inclui o governo e os papéis por ele assumidos. A elaboração de tais regras é ainda afetada pelos modelos mentais dos agentes e por falhas do processo político. O resultado final do aparato institucional será um país com altos ou baixos custos de transação, os quais influenciam a organização dos mercados e o crescimento de longo prazo. Utilizando estes conceitos teóricos, este trabalho analisa a política industrial do Japão no período 1945-1990, defendendo a idéia de que o aparato institucional promoveu a eficiôncia econômica e uma trajetória de longo prazo "favorável ao mercado", mesmo quando o governo praticava medidas protecionistas. Havia uma preocupação central com práticas de mercado e competição, mesmo dentro do aparato governamental. A conclusão a que chega a pesquisa a partir do estudo de caso escolhido é que o governo foi extremamente importante em países de industrialização recente, mas o aparato institucional determinou a trajetória de longo prazo da relação entre setor privado e mercado em cada um deles. Para que possa regular ou interferir no mercado, o governo deve ser severamente limitado

Mudança no ambiente institucional do agronegócio de pêssegos na região de Pelotas a partir da formação do Mercosul

O presente estudo tem como referencial teórico a Nova Economia Institucional, campo no qual as instituições importam e impactam sobre o comportamento dos agentes. A teoria foi iniciada por Ronald Coase e aprofundada por autores como Douglass North e Oliver E. Williamson com a proposição da Teoria dos Custos de Transação. A TCT é testada empiricamente por autores brasileiros em agronegócios locais. A exemplo disso, este estudo observou as dificuldades enfrentadas pelo agronegócio de pêssegos da Região de Pelotas e procurou explicá-las através das mudanças no ambiente institucional no qual o agronegócio está inserido. Estas mudanças podem estar atreladas à formação do Mercado Comum do Sul e, de forma a observar a existência de tais relações, a dissertação contou com dois instrumentos de pesquisa, um aberto aplicado nas organizações promotoras de políticas, e o outro fechado aplicado nas indústrias processadoras de pêssego. Estes instrumentos foram construídos de forma a captar as características das transações, como especificidade dos ativos, freqüência com que as transações ocorrem e o risco e a incerteza, como também as características dos agentes, como oportunismo e racionalidade limitada, além da participação das instituições, o papel das organizações e as tecnologias utilizadas neste agronegócio. Como resultados da pesquisa observou-se que a estrutura de governança existente neste agronegócio, originada de interação entre as características das transações e dos agentes tende de mista a hierárquica, uma vez que as transações são recorrentes e a especificidade dos ativos é intermediária. O risco e a incerteza na produção do pêssego, estão associados ao clima e, o de comercialização do pêssego processado está associado ao oportunismo, daí a realização de contratos com este elo do agronegócio. Por fim, conclui-se que a formação do MERCOSUL e a abertura econômica dificultaram a situação do agronegócio de pêssegos de Pelotas, pois em nível de bloco não foram criadas instituições que favorecessem a atuação deste agronegócio em mercados globalizados. Este despreparo é resultado de instituições locais desfavoráveis à estrutura de governança minimizadora dos custos das transações, que deveria ser mais hierárquica, ou integrada, do que a atual.

Analisando o desempenho do ClassAge: um sistema multiagentes para classificação de padrões

The use of multi-agent systems for classification tasks has been proposed in order to overcome some drawbacks of multi-classifier systems and, as a consequence, to improve performance of such systems. As a result, the NeurAge system was proposed. This system is composed by several neural agents which communicate and negotiate a common result for the testing patterns. In the NeurAge system, a negotiation method is very important to the overall performance of the system since the agents need to reach and agreement about a problem when there is a conflict among the agents. This thesis presents an extensive analysis of the NeurAge System where it is used all kind of classifiers. This systems is now named ClassAge System. It is aimed to analyze the reaction of this system to some modifications in its topology and configuration

Comitês de Classificadores para o Reconhecimento Multibiométrico em Dados Biométricos Revogáveis

This work discusses the application of techniques of ensembles in multimodal recognition systems development in revocable biometrics. Biometric systems are the future identification techniques and user access control and a proof of this is the constant increases of such systems in current society. However, there is still much advancement to be developed, mainly with regard to the accuracy, security and processing time of such systems. In the search for developing more efficient techniques, the multimodal systems and the use of revocable biometrics are promising, and can model many of the problems involved in traditional biometric recognition. A multimodal system is characterized by combining different techniques of biometric security and overcome many limitations, how: failures in the extraction or processing the dataset. Among the various possibilities to develop a multimodal system, the use of ensembles is a subject quite promising, motivated by performance and flexibility that they are demonstrating over the years, in its many applications. Givin emphasis in relation to safety, one of the biggest problems found is that the biometrics is permanently related with the user and the fact of cannot be changed if compromised. However, this problem has been solved by techniques known as revocable biometrics, which consists of applying a transformation on the biometric data in order to protect the unique characteristics, making its cancellation and replacement. In order to contribute to this important subject, this work compares the performance of individual classifiers methods, as well as the set of classifiers, in the context of the original data and the biometric space transformed by different functions. Another factor to be highlighted is the use of Genetic Algorithms (GA) in different parts of the systems, seeking to further maximize their eficiency. One of the motivations of this development is to evaluate the gain that maximized ensembles systems by different GA can bring to the data in the transformed space. Another relevant factor is to generate revocable systems even more eficient by combining two or more functions of transformations, demonstrating that is possible to extract information of a similar standard through applying different transformation functions. With all this, it is clear the importance of revocable biometrics, ensembles and GA in the development of more eficient biometric systems, something that is increasingly important in the present day

Cohomologia de grupos finitos e g-coincidências de aplicações

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Análise da desigualdade regional no Estado de Rondônia à luz da teoria institucionalista de Douglas North

Este trabalho foi construído a partir de um questionamento central que procurava entender o porquê de uma região como a do município de Guajará-Mirim que era considerada a cidade mais bonita do estado de Rondônia, durante as décadas de 1970 e 1980, hoje, porém, se vê apática, desfocada de uma visão de progresso, cega de um projeto de desenvolvimento local definido, sem ânimo e sem o brilho que no passado tão recente fazia com que sua população se orgulhasse de seu “apelido” mais famoso, “Pérola do Mamoré”. De outro lado, os municípios ao longo do eixo da BR-364 que apresentavam uma situação bem distinta de Guajará-Mirim, portanto, mais prósperos. Diante deste aspecto, se pretendeu verificar se a teoria institucionalista de Douglass North seria adequada para explicar a desigualdade regional do Estado de Rondônia já que para esta corrente teórica, a questão histórica exercia um poder “path dependence”. Deste modo, procurou-se testar se o contexto histórico atrelado às mudanças institucionais estaria interferindo ou não no desempenho institucional das mesorregiões do Estado de Rondônia. Como primeira grande ação deste processo foi evidenciada, no território rondoniense, a existência de duas mudanças institucionais que impactaram, de forma distinta, as respectivas mesorregiões, as quais foram relacionadas aos dois grandes empreendimentos implantados em Rondônia, ou seja, a EFMM com impacto sobre a porção mesorregional Madeira-Guaporé e a BR-364 com impacto sobre a porção mesorregional Leste Rondoniense, ampliando, com isso, o poder de análise. Como segunda grande ação foi levantado indicadores agrupados nas categorias de “capacidade institucional”, de “gestão ambiental”, de “economia regional” e de “qualidade de vida”, os quais permitiram chegar, com base na análise fatorial e na utilização da ferramenta estatística SPSS, aos índices de desempenho institucional municipal, microrregional e mesorregional do Estado. Com base nos índices de desempenho institucional levantados pela pesquisa ficou, portanto, evidenciado que a história econômica interferiu no desempenho institucional mesorregional de Rondônia, o qual demonstrou uma tendência de crescimento positivo para a mesorregião Leste Rondoniense e negativo para a mesorregião Madeira-Guaporé, comprovando o poder “Path Dependence”. Contudo, objetivando averiguar a capacidade de explicação da desigualdade regional com base no capital social, a partir de um contexto qualitativo, fica evidenciada a coerência deste resultado com o pensamento teórico do institucionalismo de Douglass North já que pelos parâmetros de capital social utilizados pela pesquisa, o poder “Path Dependence” fica, ainda mais, transparente, o que demonstra a adequação destas perspectivas teóricas para a explicação da desigualdade regional do Estado de Rondônia, mesmo se tratando de uma região periférica inserida em um país, também periférico, como o Brasil.

Diastolic function and functional capacity after a single session of continuous positive airway pressure in patients with compensated heart failure

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The firm. Techno-organizational changes, industrial relations and performances. An enquiry on Reggio Emilia local industrial system

It is not unknown that the evolution of firm theories has been developed along a path paved by an increasing awareness of the organizational structure importance. From the early “neoclassical” conceptualizations that intended the firm as a rational actor whose aim is to produce that amount of output, given the inputs at its disposal and in accordance to technological or environmental constraints, which maximizes the revenue (see Boulding, 1942 for a past mid century state of the art discussion) to the knowledge based theory of the firm (Nonaka & Takeuchi, 1995; Nonaka & Toyama, 2005), which recognizes in the firm a knnowledge creating entity, with specific organizational capabilities (Teece, 1996; Teece & Pisano, 1998) that allow to sustaine competitive advantages. Tracing back a map of the theory of the firm evolution, taking into account the several perspectives adopted in the history of thought, would take the length of many books. Because of that a more fruitful strategy is circumscribing the focus of the description of the literature evolution to one flow connected to a crucial question about the nature of firm’s behaviour and about the determinants of competitive advantages. In so doing I adopt a perspective that allows me to consider the organizational structure of the firm as an element according to which the different theories can be discriminated. The approach adopted starts by considering the drawbacks of the standard neoclassical theory of the firm. Discussing the most influential theoretical approaches I end up with a close examination of the knowledge based perspective of the firm. Within this perspective the firm is considered as a knowledge creating entity that produce and mange knowledge (Nonaka, Toyama, & Nagata, 2000; Nonaka & Toyama, 2005). In a knowledge intensive organization, knowledge is clearly embedded for the most part in the human capital of the individuals that compose such an organization. In a knowledge based organization, the management, in order to cope with knowledge intensive productions, ought to develop and accumulate capabilities that shape the organizational forms in a way that relies on “cross-functional processes, extensive delayering and empowerment” (Foss 2005, p.12). This mechanism contributes to determine the absorptive capacity of the firm towards specific technologies and, in so doing, it also shape the technological trajectories along which the firm moves. After having recognized the growing importance of the firm’s organizational structure in the theoretical literature concerning the firm theory, the subsequent point of the analysis is that of providing an overview of the changes that have been occurred at micro level to the firm’s organization of production. The economic actors have to deal with challenges posed by processes of internationalisation and globalization, increased and increasing competitive pressure of less developed countries on low value added production activities, changes in technologies and increased environmental turbulence and volatility. As a consequence, it has been widely recognized that the main organizational models of production that fitted well in the 20th century are now partially inadequate and processes aiming to reorganize production activities have been widespread across several economies in recent years. Recently, the emergence of a “new” form of production organization has been proposed both by scholars, practitioners and institutions: the most prominent characteristic of such a model is its recognition of the importance of employees commitment and involvement. As a consequence it is characterized by a strong accent on the human resource management and on those practices that aim to widen the autonomy and responsibility of the workers as well as increasing their commitment to the organization (Osterman, 1994; 2000; Lynch, 2007). This “model” of production organization is by many defined as High Performance Work System (HPWS). Despite the increasing diffusion of workplace practices that may be inscribed within the concept of HPWS in western countries’ companies, it is an hazard, to some extent, to speak about the emergence of a “new organizational paradigm”. The discussion about organizational changes and the diffusion of HPWP the focus cannot abstract from a discussion about the industrial relations systems, with a particular accent on the employment relationships, because of their relevance, in the same way as production organization, in determining two major outcomes of the firm: innovation and economic performances. The argument is treated starting from the issue of the Social Dialogue at macro level, both in an European perspective and Italian perspective. The model of interaction between the social parties has repercussions, at micro level, on the employment relationships, that is to say on the relations between union delegates and management or workers and management. Finding economic and social policies capable of sustaining growth and employment within a knowledge based scenario is likely to constitute the major challenge for the next generation of social pacts, which are the main social dialogue outcomes. As Acocella and Leoni (2007) put forward the social pacts may constitute an instrument to trade wage moderation for high intensity in ICT, organizational and human capital investments. Empirical evidence, especially focused on the micro level, about the positive relation between economic growth and new organizational designs coupled with ICT adoption and non adversarial industrial relations is growing. Partnership among social parties may become an instrument to enhance firm competitiveness. The outcome of the discussion is the integration of organizational changes and industrial relations elements within a unified framework: the HPWS. Such a choice may help in disentangling the potential existence of complementarities between these two aspects of the firm internal structure on economic and innovative performance. With the third chapter starts the more original part of the thesis. The data utilized in order to disentangle the relations between HPWS practices, innovation and economic performance refer to the manufacturing firms of the Reggio Emilia province with more than 50 employees. The data have been collected through face to face interviews both to management (199 respondents) and to union representatives (181 respondents). Coupled with the cross section datasets a further data source is constituted by longitudinal balance sheets (1994-2004). Collecting reliable data that in turn provide reliable results needs always a great effort to which are connected uncertain results. Data at micro level are often subjected to a trade off: the wider is the geographical context to which the population surveyed belong the lesser is the amount of information usually collected (low level of resolution); the narrower is the focus on specific geographical context, the higher is the amount of information usually collected (high level of resolution). For the Italian case the evidence about the diffusion of HPWP and their effects on firm performances is still scanty and usually limited to local level studies (Cristini, et al., 2003). The thesis is also devoted to the deepening of an argument of particular interest: the existence of complementarities between the HPWS practices. It has been widely shown by empirical evidence that when HPWP are adopted in bundles they are more likely to impact on firm’s performances than when adopted in isolation (Ichniowski, Prennushi, Shaw, 1997). Is it true also for the local production system of Reggio Emilia? The empirical analysis has the precise aim of providing evidence on the relations between the HPWS dimensions and the innovative and economic performances of the firm. As far as the first line of analysis is concerned it must to be stressed the fundamental role that innovation plays in the economy (Geroski & Machin, 1993; Stoneman & Kwoon 1994, 1996; OECD, 2005; EC, 2002). On this point the evidence goes from the traditional innovations, usually approximated by R&D investment expenditure or number of patents, to the introduction and adoption of ICT, in the recent years (Brynjolfsson & Hitt, 2000). If innovation is important then it is critical to analyse its determinants. In this work it is hypothesised that organizational changes and firm level industrial relations/employment relations aspects that can be put under the heading of HPWS, influence the propensity to innovate in product, process and quality of the firm. The general argument may goes as follow: changes in production management and work organization reconfigure the absorptive capacity of the firm towards specific technologies and, in so doing, they shape the technological trajectories along which the firm moves; cooperative industrial relations may lead to smother adoption of innovations, because not contrasted by unions. From the first empirical chapter emerges that the different types of innovations seem to respond in different ways to the HPWS variables. The underlying processes of product, process and quality innovations are likely to answer to different firm’s strategies and needs. Nevertheless, it is possible to extract some general results in terms of the most influencing HPWS factors on innovative performance. The main three aspects are training coverage, employees involvement and the diffusion of bonuses. These variables show persistent and significant relations with all the three innovation types. The same do the components having such variables at their inside. In sum the aspects of the HPWS influence the propensity to innovate of the firm. At the same time, emerges a quite neat (although not always strong) evidence of complementarities presence between HPWS practices. In terns of the complementarity issue it can be said that some specific complementarities exist. Training activities, when adopted and managed in bundles, are related to the propensity to innovate. Having a sound skill base may be an element that enhances the firm’s capacity to innovate. It may enhance both the capacity to absorbe exogenous innovation and the capacity to endogenously develop innovations. The presence and diffusion of bonuses and the employees involvement also spur innovative propensity. The former because of their incentive nature and the latter because direct workers participation may increase workers commitment to the organizationa and thus their willingness to support and suggest inovations. The other line of analysis provides results on the relation between HPWS and economic performances of the firm. There have been a bulk of international empirical studies on the relation between organizational changes and economic performance (Black & Lynch 2001; Zwick 2004; Janod & Saint-Martin 2004; Huselid 1995; Huselid & Becker 1996; Cappelli & Neumark 2001), while the works aiming to capture the relations between economic performance and unions or industrial relations aspects are quite scant (Addison & Belfield, 2001; Pencavel, 2003; Machin & Stewart, 1990; Addison, 2005). In the empirical analysis the integration of the two main areas of the HPWS represent a scarcely exploited approach in the panorama of both national and international empirical studies. As remarked by Addison “although most analysis of workers representation and employee involvement/high performance work practices have been conducted in isolation – while sometimes including the other as controls – research is beginning to consider their interactions” (Addison, 2005, p.407). The analysis conducted exploiting temporal lags between dependent and covariates, possibility given by the merger of cross section and panel data, provides evidence in favour of the existence of HPWS practices impact on firm’s economic performance, differently measured. Although it does not seem to emerge robust evidence on the existence of complementarities among HPWS aspects on performances there is evidence of a general positive influence of the single practices. The results are quite sensible to the time lags, inducing to hypothesize that time varying heterogeneity is an important factor in determining the impact of organizational changes on economic performance. The implications of the analysis can be of help both to management and local level policy makers. Although the results are not simply extendible to other local production systems it may be argued that for contexts similar to the Reggio Emilia province, characterized by the presence of small and medium enterprises organized in districts and by a deep rooted unionism, with strong supporting institutions, the results and the implications here obtained can also fit well. However, a hope for future researches on the subject treated in the present work is that of collecting good quality information over wider geographical areas, possibly at national level, and repeated in time. Only in this way it is possible to solve the Gordian knot about the linkages between innovation, performance, high performance work practices and industrial relations.

Lessons from Two Decades of Hanta Virus Research

Dr. Richard J. Douglass has been conducting small mammal field studies since 1968. For the past 19 years he has been conducting field studies on the ecology of deer mice and hantavirus in Montana, Panama, and Argentina. He has published papers on mammals from rodents to large ungulates. He has been conducting student field trips at Montana Tech since 1983.

Missing Emigrants : Gleanings from Petitions Presented under the Presumption of Life Limitation (Scotland) Acts

Peer reviewed

Inhibition of mRNA export in vertebrate cells by nuclear export signal conjugates

Leucine-rich nuclear export signals (NESs) are recognized by the NES receptor exportin 1 and are central to the export of multiple shuttling proteins and RNAs. The export of messenger RNA in vertebrates was, however, thought to occur by a different pathway, because inhibition by injection of a synthetic Rev NES conjugate could not be demonstrated. Here we find that peptide conjugates composed of the NES of either protein kinase A inhibitor protein (PKI) or the HIV-1 Rev protein, when coupled to human serum albumin, are potent inhibitors of mRNA and small nuclear RNA export. These results provide direct evidence that mRNA export in vertebrates depends on interactions between an NES and its cognate NES receptors. PKI NES conjugates are significantly more efficient at inhibiting RNA export than are REV NES conjugates, indicating that different NESs may have different abilities to promote protein and RNA export. Surprisingly, an expected control conjugate containing the mutant Rev NES sequence M10 strongly inhibited the export of intronless dihydrofolate reductase mRNA. Nuclear injection of NES peptide conjugates led to mislocalization to the nucleus of 10–20% of the cytoplasmic Ran GTPase-binding protein (RanBP1) indicating that RanBP1 shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm via an NES pathway. These results demonstrate that in vertebrates the export of mRNA, like that of small nuclear RNA, 5S rRNA, and transport factors such as RanBP1, employs NES-mediated molecular machinery.

The Nucleoporin Nup153 Plays a Critical Role in Multiple Types of Nuclear Export

The fundamental process of nucleocytoplasmic transport takes place through the nuclear pore. Peripheral pore structures are presumably poised to interact with transport receptors and their cargo as these receptor complexes first encounter the pore. One such peripheral structure likely to play an important role in nuclear export is the basket structure located on the nuclear side of the pore. At present, Nup153 is the only nucleoporin known to localize to the surface of this basket, suggesting that Nup153 is potentially one of the first pore components an RNA or protein encounters during export. In this study, anti-Nup153 antibodies were used to probe the role of Nup153 in nuclear export in Xenopus oocytes. We found that Nup153 antibodies block three major classes of RNA export, that of snRNA, mRNA, and 5S rRNA. Nup153 antibodies also block the NES protein export pathway, specifically the export of the HIV Rev protein, as well as Rev-dependent RNA export. Not all export was blocked; Nup153 antibodies did not impede the export of tRNA or the recycling of importin β to the cytoplasm. The specific antibodies used here also did not affect nuclear import, whether mediated by importin α/β or by transportin. Overall, the results indicate that Nup153 is crucial to multiple classes of RNA and protein export, being involved at a vital juncture point in their export pathways. This juncture point appears to be one that is bypassed by tRNA during its export. We asked whether a physical interaction between RNA and Nup153 could be observed, using homoribopolymers as sequence-independent probes for interaction. Nup153, unlike four other nucleoporins including Nup98, associated strongly with poly(G) and significantly with poly(U). Thus, Nup153 is unique among the nucleoporins tested in its ability to interact with RNA and must do so either directly or indirectly through an adaptor protein. These results suggest a unique mechanistic role for Nup153 in the export of multiple cargos.

Nup93, a Vertebrate Homologue of Yeast Nic96p, Forms a Complex with a Novel 205-kDa Protein and Is Required for Correct Nuclear Pore Assembly

Yeast and vertebrate nuclear pores display significant morphological similarity by electron microscopy, but sequence similarity between the respective proteins has been more difficult to observe. Herein we have identified a vertebrate nucleoporin, Nup93, in both human and Xenopus that has proved to be an evolutionarily related homologue of the yeast nucleoporin Nic96p. Polyclonal antiserum to human Nup93 detects corresponding proteins in human, rat, and Xenopus cells. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy localize vertebrate Nup93 at the nuclear basket and at or near the nuclear entry to the gated channel of the pore. Immunoprecipitation from both mammalian and Xenopus cell extracts indicates that a small fraction of Nup93 physically interacts with the nucleoporin p62, just as yeast Nic96p interacts with the yeast p62 homologue. However, a large fraction of vertebrate Nup93 is extracted from pores and is also present in Xenopus egg extracts in complex with a newly discovered 205-kDa protein. Mass spectrometric sequencing of the human 205-kDa protein reveals that this protein is encoded by an open reading frame, KIAAO225, present in the human database. The putative human nucleoporin of 205 kDa has related sequence homologues in Caenorhabditis elegans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To analyze the role of the Nup93 complex in the pore, nuclei were assembled that lack the Nup93 complex after immunodepletion of a Xenopus nuclear reconstitution extract. The Nup93-complex–depleted nuclei are clearly defective for correct nuclear pore assembly. From these experiments, we conclude that the vertebrate and yeast pore have significant homology in their functionally important cores and that, with the identification of Nup93 and the 205-kDa protein, we have extended the knowledge of the nearest-neighbor interactions of this core in both yeast and vertebrates.