Up-regulation of the granulocyte adhesion molecule Mac-1 by autoantibodies in autoimmune vasculitis

The characteristic finding of autoantibodies in patients with vasculitis has raised the possibility that these antibodies play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. The expression of adhesion molecules (AM) on leucocytes and endothelial cells is believed to be integral to the development of vasculitis. We therefore investigated the effect of sera, positive for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) or anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) from patients with vasculitis, on granulocyte expression of the adhesion molecule Mac-1 (CD11b). Autoantibody-positive sera from 15 out of 35 patients with vasculitis stimulated an up-regulation of Mac-1 on granulocytes. In most cases this effect was reproduced by the autoantibody-positive purified IgG fraction. Autoantibody-negative samples did not stimulate AM up-regulation. Of interest, preincubation of sera with purified antigens did not inhibit AM up-regulation by the autoantibody samples. Blocking the Fc receptors on granulocytes did result in a decrease of Mac-1 up-regulation, but this trend was not statistically significant. These results suggest that both ANCA and ANA have the capacity to up-regulate granulocyte AM expression, and that while Fc interaction with granulocyte Fc receptors is important, it is not the only mechanism whereby such autoantibodies activate cells.

The MAC

The document will present the design of the MAC as a research output with a summary of key aspects of the design. Photography and drawings will be included, along with appendices which will include information on key published articles about the building, and other written outputs by the author.

MIC-1 (a multifunctional modulator of dendritic cell phenotype and function) is produced by decidual stromal cells and trophoblasts

Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1) is a multifunctional cytokine produced in high amounts by placental tissue. Inhibiting trophoblast invasion and suppressing inflammation through inhibition of macrophage activation, MIC-1 is thought to provide pleiotropic functions in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. So far, little is known about the decidual cell subsets producing MIC-1 and the effect of this cytokine on dendritic cells (DCs), which are known to play a distinct role in the development of pro-fetal tolerance in pregnancy.

The BLAKE2 Cryptographic Hash and Message Authentication Code (MAC): IETF RFC 7693

This document describes the cryptographic hash function BLAKE2 and makes the algorithm specification and C source code conveniently available to the Internet community. BLAKE2 comes in two main flavors: BLAKE2b is optimized for 64-bit platforms and BLAKE2s for smaller architectures. BLAKE2 can be directly keyed, making it functionally equivalent to a Message Authentication Code (MAC).

Redes rádio sobre fibra: influência da camada MAC do protocolo 802.11 no desempenho da rede

As redes de comunicação de nova geração, sejam elas por cabo ou sem fios, têm sido uma área onde os investigadores têm apostado muito e por consequência tem havido imenso desenvolvimento. As tecnologias FTTx (Fiber To The x) já são uma realidade em alguns países, em especial a FTTH (Fiber To The Home) onde se tem apostado muito nos últimos anos em Portugal. Para além de chegar às casas (edifícios), a fibra óptica já penetrou nos edifícios, sendo actualmente a sua instalação regulamentada através do manual do ITED (Prescrições e Especificações Técnicas das Infra-estruturas de Telecomunicações em Edifícios). Por outro lado, a utilização das redes sem fios tem vindo a crescer em detrimento da rede cablada. Em alguns cenários de aplicação, onde existia uma rede de fibra óptica instalada, um edifício que não seja totalmente coberto pelo router sem fios poderá beneficiar dessa cobertura, se o sinal wireless for transmitido transparentemente no domínio óptico através de fibra óptica e convertido novamente para o domínio eléctrico, num ponto remoto do edifício. Nesta dissertação, inicialmente é elaborada uma análise à tecnologia Rádio sobre Fibra, evidenciando-se as vantagens e desvantagens da sua aplicação. São também apresentados alguns dos possíveis cenários de aplicação da mesma com alguns exemplos reais. O padrão IEEE 802.11 é exposto, dando-se especial atenção à sua camada MAC, as suas principais funções e os seus modos de funcionamento. Por fim, são analisadas eventuais influências da camada MAC do IEEE802.11 no funcionamento e performance das redes Radio sobre Fibra. O Modelo de Simulação utilizado nesta dissertação é apresentado e são também apresentados alguns dos conceitos principais e benefícios da utilização. O sistema que se pretende desenvolver e simular é também apresentado assim como o simulador utilizado na elaboração deste trabalho. O seu modo de funcionamento é explicado, assim como a sua estrutura. Por fim, são simulados alguns cenários utilizando o simulador de eventos OMNeT++ onde se pretende verificar o desempenho de um sistema RoF, fazendo variar o comprimento de uma fibra óptica que liga dois equipamentos a trocar mensagens entre si.

Using a prioritized MAC protocol to execute the database operation join in networked embedded computer systems

Database query languages on relations (for example SQL) make it possible to join two relations. This operation is very common in desktop/server database systems but unfortunately query processing systems in networked embedded computer systems currently do not support this operation; specifically, the query processing systems TAG, TinyDB, Cougar do not support this. We show how a prioritized medium access control (MAC) protocol can be used to efficiently execute the database operation join for networked embedded computer systems where all computer nodes are in a single broadcast domain.

Exploiting a prioritized MAC protocol to efficiently compute min and max in multihop networks

Consider a wireless sensor network (WSN) where a broadcast from a sensor node does not reach all sensor nodes in the network; such networks are often called multihop networks. Sensor nodes take sensor readings but individual sensor readings are not very important. It is important however to compute aggregated quantities of these sensor readings. The minimum and maximum of all sensor readings at an instant are often interesting because they indicate abnormal behavior, for example if the maximum temperature is very high then it may be that a fire has broken out. We propose an algorithm for computing the min or max of sensor reading in a multihop network. This algorithm has the particularly interesting property of having a time complexity that does not depend on the number of sensor nodes; only the network diameter and the range of the value domain of sensor readings matter.

Exploiting a prioritized MAC protocol to efficiently compute interpolations

Consider a network where all nodes share a single broadcast domain such as a wired broadcast network. Nodes take sensor readings but individual sensor readings are not the most important pieces of data in the system. Instead, we are interested in aggregated quantities of the sensor readings such as minimum and maximum values, the number of nodes and the median among a set of sensor readings on different nodes. In this paper we show that a prioritized medium access control (MAC) protocol may advantageously be exploited to efficiently compute aggregated quantities of sensor readings. In this context, we propose a distributed algorithm that has a very low time and message-complexity for computing certain aggregated quantities. Importantly, we show that if every sensor node knows its geographical location, then sensor data can be interpolated with our novel distributed algorithm, and the message-complexity of the algorithm is independent of the number of nodes. Such an interpolation of sensor data can be used to compute any desired function; for example the temperature gradient in a room (e.g., industrial plant) densely populated with sensor nodes, or the gas concentration gradient within a pipeline or traffic tunnel.