Avaliação de modelos preditivos de sorção em membranas de pervaporação para a remoção de sulfurados da nafta

A remoção de compostos sulfurados da gasolina é um assunto de grande interesse na indústria de refino de petróleo em função das restrições ambientais cada vez mais rígidas em relação ao teor máximo de enxofre de produtos acabados. A solução mais comum para remoção de contaminantes são as unidades de hidrotratamento que operam a alta pressão e possuem alto custo de instalação e de operação além de levarem à perda de octanagem do produto acabado. O uso de membranas é uma alternativa promissora para a redução do teor de enxofre de correntes de gasolina e possui diversas vantagens em relação ao hidrotratamento convencional. O conhecimento aprofundado dos parâmetros que influenciam as etapas de sorção e difusão é crítico para o desenvolvimento da aplicação. Este trabalho avalioua seletividade e sorção do sistema formado por n-heptano e tiofeno em polímeros através de modelos termodinâmicos rigorosos, baseados em contribuição de grupos. O modelo UNIFAC-FV, variante do tradicional modelo UNIFAC para sistemas poliméricos, foi o modelo escolhido para cálculo de atividade dos sistemas estudados. Avaliou-se ainda a disponibilidade de parâmetros para desenvolvimento da modelagem e desenvolveu-se uma abordagem com alternativas para casos de indisponibilidade de parâmetros UNIFAC. Nos casos com ausência de parâmetros, o cálculo do termo residual da atividade das espécies é feito na forma proposta por Flory-Hugginsutilizando-se parâmetros de solubilidade obtidos também por contribuição de grupos. Entre os métodos de contribuição de grupos existentes para cálculo de parâmetros de solubilidade, o método de Hoy mostrou menores desvios para os sistemas estudados. A abordagem utilizada neste trabalho permite, ao final, uma análise de alterações da configuração da cadeia principal de polímeros de forma a influenciar sua seletividade e sorção para dessulfurização de naftas

主链含六元氮杂环聚酰亚胺的合成及性能

聚酰亚胺是一类综合性能优异的耐热高分子材料，不仅具有很高的热性能，机械性能，和化学稳定性，还具有较低的介电常数和热膨胀系数，使它在航空，航天工业，微电子工业等诸多领域获得了广泛的应用。研究发现芳杂环的引入能为聚酰亚胺带来一定特殊的性能，因而由芳杂环单体合成的聚酰亚胺一直备受关注。近年来由含氮杂环的单体合成的聚酰亚胺及其性能不断被报道，这些聚合物具有很优异的性能。研究表明这些优异的性能与酰亚胺环的对称性，芳香性和杂原子带来的极性有关。吡啶、嘧啶等芳杂环是刚性的芳杂环分子，具有很好的耐热性能及化学稳定性能，而且杂环中的N 原子又可与金属离子配位和质子化。因而，含吡啶(或嘧啶)环聚合物在具有很好的热稳定性及化学稳定性同时，还会具有较好的可加工性。本论文以硝基取代的vinamidinium salts，amidine salts和易烯醇化的羰基化合物为原料，通过在碱性条件下的环化反应得到得含吡啶环(或嘧啶环)的硝基化合物；硝基化合物用Pd/C和水合肼还原得到棒状含氮芳杂环二胺：2,5-二(4-氨基苯基)嘧啶，2-氨基-5-(4-氨基苯基)嘧啶，2-(4-氨基苯基)-5-氨基嘧啶，2,5-二(4-氨基苯基)吡啶，和2-(4-氨基苯基)-5-氨基吡啶。通过1H-NMR、13C-NMR、IR、MS及元素分析确证了含氮芳杂环二胺及其中间产物的结构。这种二胺或加一定量对苯二胺与均苯二酐(PMDA)或联苯二酐(BPDA)通过两步法聚合获得一系列聚酰亚胺，通过红外、动态力学、静态力学、热重分析、广角X-Ray衍射等实验测试了该类聚合物的结构、热性能、机械性能及结晶性能。研究表明，所得聚酰亚胺的分子链有很高的规整性，表现出很好的化学稳定性，优异的热性能和机械性能。当PPD的含量为50%时，由相同二酐单体所得的聚合物具有最好的综合性能，其中杂环中氮原子的极性对维持聚合物的热稳定性和聚合物在高温条件下的机械性能性起着很重要的作用。并将PPD的含量为50%的聚酰胺酸胶液通过干-湿纺，热亚胺化，和高温牵伸获得聚酰亚胺纤维，并研究了亚胺化条件和牵伸条件对聚酰亚胺纤维性能的影响。

White Electroluminescence from a Star-Like Polymer with an Orange Emissive Core and Four Blue Emissive Arms

A star-like white light-emitting polymer with an orange emissive core and four blue emissive arms is designed and synthesized. White electroluminescence is observed with simultaneous orange emission from the core and blue emission from the arms. A single-layer device based on this polymer emits white light with CIE coordinates of (0.35, 0.39) and a luminous efficiency of 7.06 cd A(-1).

Novel White Electroluminescent Single Polymer Derived from Fluorene and Quinacridone

A novel series of white light emitting single polymers are prepared by incorporating low contents of quinacridone into the main chain of polyfluorene. This is the first report of quinacridone-containing conjugated polymer. Single layer devices (ITO/PEDOT:PSS/polymer/Ca/Al) are fabricated with these polymers. Energy transfer from fluorene segments to quinacridone unit is observed. Moreover, in the EL process, quinacridone unit can trap electrons and cannot trap holes from fluorene segments.

Blue electroluminescent polymers with dopant-host systems and molecular dispersion features: polyfluorene as the deep blue host and 1,8-naphthalimide derivative units as the light blue dopants

We developed a series of highly efficient blue electroluminescent polymers with dopant-host systems and molecular dispersion features by selecting 1,8-naphthalimide derivatives as the light blue emissive dopant units, choosing polyfluorene as the deep blue emissive polymer host and covalently attaching the dopant units to the side chain of the polymer host. The polymers' EL spectra exhibited both deep blue emission from the polymer host and light blue emission from the dopant units because of the energy transfer and charge trapping from the polymer host to the dopant units.

Synthesis, characterization, and electroluminescence of PPV copolymers containing electron and hole-transporting units

Three series of poly(phenylene vinylene) (PPV) derivatives containing hole-transporting triphenylamine derivatives [N-(4-octoxylphenyl)diphenylamine, N,N'-di(4-octyloxylphenyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine, and N,N'-di(4-octoxylphenyl)-N,N'-diphenylbenzidine] (donor) and electron-transporting oxadiazole unit (2,5-diphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole) (acceptor) in the main chain were synthesized by improved Wittig copolymerization. The resulting donor-acceptor (D-A) polymers are readily soluble in common organic solvents, such as chloroform, dichloroethane, THF, and toluene.

A new oxidation state of aniline pentamer observed in water-soluble electroactive oligoaniline-chitosan polymer

A novel water-soluble electroactive polymer, aniline pentamer crosslinked chitosan (Pentamer-c-Chi), was prepared by condensation polymerization of the terminal carboxyl groups in aniline pentamer with the amino side groups in chitosan in aqueous solution. The carboxyl groups were activated by N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) and N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (I)CC). The electrochemical behavior of aniline pentamer in this kind of crosslinked polymer was studied in acidic aqueous solution by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV), UV-vis, and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy.

Length dependence of electron conduction for oligo(1,4-phenylene ethynylene)s: A conductive probe-atomic force microscopy investigation

The dependence of electron conduction of oligo(1,4-phenylene ethynylene)s (OPEs) on length, terminal group, and main chain structure was examined by conductive probe-atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM) via a metal substrate-molecular wire monolayer-conductive probe junction. The electron transport in the molecular junction was a highest occupied molecule orbital (HOMO)-mediated process following a coherent, non-resonant tunneling mechanism represented by the Simmons equation.

Naphthalene-Based Poly(arylene ether ketone) Copolymers Containing Sulfobutyl Pendant Groups for Proton Exchange Membranes

A new monomer 1,5-bis(4-fluorobenzoyl)-2,6-dimethoxynaphthalene (DMNF) was prepared and further polymerized to form naphthalene-based poly(arylene ether ketone) copolymers containing methoxy groups (MNPAEKs). The side-chain-type sulfortated naphthalene-based poly(arylene ether ketone) copolymers (SNPAEKs) were obtained by demethylation and sulfobutylation. Flexible and tough membranes with reasonably high mechanical strength were prepared. The SNPAEKs membrane showed anisotropic membrane swelling with larger swelling in thickness than in plane. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed clear nano-phase separated structure of SNPAEKs membranes, which composed of hydrophilic side chain and hydrophobic main-chain domains.

White Electroluminescence from a Phosphonate-Functionalized Single-Polymer System with Electron-Trapping Effect

A novel strategy for obtaining white electroluminescence (EL) is based on the mechanism of electron trapping on host. Phosphonate-functionalized polyfluorene is chosen as host owing to its strong electron affinity. Electrons are confined mostly by host pendants in the EL process, which suppresses charge transfer from host to dopant. White EL with CIE coordinates of (0.34,0.35) is achieved.

Cinnamate-Functionalized Poly(ester-carbonate): Synthesis and Its UV Irradiation-Induced Photo-Crosslinking

A functionalized. cyclic carbonate monomer containing a cinnamate moiety, 5-methyl-5-cinnamoyloxymethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one (MC), was prepared for the first time with 1,1,1-tri(hydroxymethyl) ethane as a starting material. Subsequent polymerization of the new cyclic carbonate and its copolymerization with L-lactide (LA) were successfully performed with diethyl zinc (ZnEt2) as initiator/catalyst. NMR was used for microstructure identification of the obtained monomer and copolymers. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to characterize the functionalized poly(ester-carbonate). The results indicated that the copolymers displayed a single glass transition temperature (T-g) and the T, decreased with increasing carbonate content and followed the Fox equation, indicative of a random microstructure of the copolymer. The photo-crosslinking of the cinnamate-carrying copolymer was also demonstrated.

Facile, Efficient Copolymerization of Ethylene with Bicyclic, Non-Conjugated Dienes by Titanium Complexes Bearing Bis(beta-Enaminoketonato) Ligands

Copolymerizations of ethylene with 5-vinyl-2-norbornene or 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene under the action of various titanium complexes bearing bis(beta-enaminoketonato) chelate ligands of the type, [(RN)-N-1=C(R-2)CH=C(R-3)O](2)TiCl2 (1, R-1=Ph, R-2=CF3, R-3=Ph; 2, R-1=C6H4F-p, R-2=CF3, R-3=Ph; 3, R-1=Ph, R-2=CF3, R-3=t-Bu; 4, R-1=C6H4F-p, R-2=CF3, R-3=t-Bu; 5, R-1=Ph, R-2=CH3, R-3=CF3; 6, R-1=C6H4F-p, R-2=CH3 R-3=CF3), have been shown to occur with the regioselective insertion of the endocyclic double bond of the monomer into the copolymer chain, leaving the exocyclic vinyl double bond as a pendant unsaturation. The ligand modification strongly affects the copolymerization behaviour. High catalytic activities and efficient co-monomer incorporation can be easily obtained by optimizing the catalyst structures and polymerization conditions.

Copolymerizations of ethylene with alpha-olefin-omega-ols by highly active vanadium(III) catalysts bearing [N,O] bidentate chelated ligands

The copolymerizations of ethylene with polar hydroxyl monomers such as 10-undecen-1-ol, 5-hexen-1-ol and 3-buten-1-ol were investigated by the vanadium(III) catalysts bearing bidentate [N,O] ligands (1, [PhN=C(CH3)CHC(Ph)O]VCl2(THF)(2): 2, [PhN=CHC6H4O]VCl2(THF)(2); 3, [PhN=CHC(Ph)CHO]VCl2(THF)(2)). The polar monomers were pretreated by alkylaluminum before the polymerization. High catalytic activities and efficient comonomer incorporations can be easily obtained by changing monomer masking reagents and polymerization conditions in the presence of diethylaluminium chloride as a cocatalyst. The longer the spacer group, the higher the incorporation of the monomer. Under the mild conditions, the incorporation level of 10-undecen-1-ol reached 13.9 mol% in the resultant copolymers was obtained. The reactivity ratios of copolymerization (r(1) = 41.4, r(2) = 0.02, r(1)r(2) = 0.83) were evaluated by Fineman-Ross method. According to C-13 NMR spectra, polar units were located both on the main chain and at the chain end.

Synergetic Effect of Efficient Energy Transfer and 3D pi-pi Stack for White Emission Based on the Block Copolymers Containing Nonconjugated Spacer

A series of block copolymers containing nonconjugated spacer and 3D pi-pi stacking structure with simultaneous blue-, green-, and yellow-emitting units has been synthesized and characterized. The dependence of the energy transfer and electroluminescence (EL) properties of these block copolymers on the contents of oligo(phenylenevinylene)s has been investigated. The block copolymer (GEO8-BEO-YEO4) with 98.8% blue-emitting oligomer (BEO), 0.8% green-emitting oligomer (GEO), and 0.4% yellow-emitting oligomer (YEO) showed the best electroluminescent performance, exhibiting a maximum luminance of 2309 cd/m(2) and efficiency of 0.34 cd/A. The single-layer-polymer light-emitting diodes device based on GEO2-BEO-YEO4 emitted greenish white light with the CIE coordinates of (0.26, 0.37) at 10 V. The synergetic effect of the efficient energy transfer and 3D pi-pi stack of these block copolymers on the photoiuminescent and electroluminescent properties are investigated.

New carbazole-based copolymers as amorphous hole-transporting materials for multilayer light-emitting diodes

New carbazole-based copolymers, which contain various concentrations of 9-alkyl-3, 6-carbazole fragments in the main chain connected via alkylene spacers, have been synthesized by Ni(0)-catalyzed Yamamoto-type aryl-aryl coupling reactions. Full characterization of the copolymer structure by NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis is presented. These compounds represent amorphous materials of high thermal stability with glass transition temperatures of 151-162 degrees C and thermal decomposition starting at temperatures > 390 degrees C. UV-Vis absorption and photoluminescence emission of the copolymers confirmed that the effectively conjugated segment in the 3,6-linked carbazole-type copolymers is limited to dyads (dimeric units). However, copolymers with varying concentrations of the oligocarbazole chromophores demonstrate different charge injection and transport properties in multilayer light-emitting diodes with the copolymers as the hole transport and Alq(3) as the electroluminescent/electron transport layer. The device based on a copolymer composed of oligocarbazole blocks with an average length of around four carbazoles exhibited the best overall performance with a turn-on voltage of 3.5 V, a maximal photometric efficiency of 4.1 cd center dot A(-1) and maximum brightness of about 4 200 cd center dot m(-2).