Spectrum sensing using distributed sequential detection via noisy reporting MAC

This paper considers cooperative spectrum sensing algorithms for Cognitive Radios which focus on reducing the number of samples to make a reliable detection. We propose algorithms based on decentralized sequential hypothesis testing in which the Cognitive Radios sequentially collect the observations, make local decisions and send them to the fusion center for further processing to make a final decision on spectrum usage. The reporting channel between the Cognitive Radios and the fusion center is assumed more realistically as a Multiple Access Channel (MAC) with receiver noise. Furthermore the communication for reporting is limited, thereby reducing the communication cost. We start with an algorithm where the fusion center uses an SPRT-like (Sequential Probability Ratio Test) procedure and theoretically analyze its performance. Asymptotically, its performance is close to the optimal centralized test without fusion center noise. We further modify this algorithm to improve its performance at practical operating points. Later we generalize these algorithms to handle uncertainties in SNR and fading. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A TDMA-based Energy Aware MAC (TEA-MAC) Protocol for Reliable Multicast in WSNs

Multicast in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is an efficient way to spread the same data to multiple sensor nodes. It becomes more effective due to the broadcast nature of wireless link, where a message transmitted from one source is inherently received by all one-hop receivers, and therefore, there is no need to transmit the message one by one. Reliable multicast in WSNs is desirable for critical tasks like code updation and query based data collection. The erroneous nature of wireless medium coupled with limited resource of sensor nodes, makes the design of reliable multicast protocol a challenging task. In this work, we propose a time division multiple access (TDMA) based energy aware media access and control (TEA-MAC) protocol for reliable multicast in WSNs. The TDMA eliminates collisions, overhearing and idle listening, which are the main sources of reliability degradation and energy consumption. Furthermore, the proposed protocol is parametric in the sense that it can be used to trade-off reliability with energy and delay as per the requirement of the underlying applications. The performance of TEA-MAC has been evaluated by simulating it using Castalia network simulator. Simulation results show that TEA-MAC is able to considerably improve the performance of multicast communication in WSNs.

A Design for Performance Improvement of Clock Synchronization in WSNs using a TDMA-based MAC Protocol

Clock synchronization in a wireless sensor network (WSN) is quite essential as it provides a consistent and a coherent time frame for all the nodes across the network. Typically, clock synchronization is achieved by message passing using a contention-based scheme for media access, like carrier sense multiple access (CSMA). The nodes try to synchronize with each other, by sending synchronization request messages. If many nodes try to send messages simultaneously, contention-based schemes cannot efficiently avoid collisions. In such a situation, there are chances of collisions, and hence, message losses, which, in turn, affects the convergence of the synchronization algorithms. However, the number of collisions can be reduced with a frame based approach like time division multiple access (TDMA) for message passing. In this paper, we propose a design to utilize TDMA-based media access and control (MAC) protocol for the performance improvement of clock synchronization protocols. The basic idea is to use TDMA-based transmissions when the degree of synchronization improves among the sensor nodes during the execution of the clock synchronization algorithm. The design significantly reduces the collisions among the synchronization protocol messages. We have simulated the proposed protocol in Castalia network simulator. The simulation results show that the proposed protocol significantly reduces the time required for synchronization and also improves the accuracy of the synchronization algorithm.

Equalização dos recursos do MAC

Conteúdo: Média e alta complexidade ambulatorial (MAC)-- critérios alocativos dos recursos do SUS.

MAC Report

Final Report

Ictiólogos de la Argentina: Emiliano Mac Donagh.

This series will include all those people who, by means of their contributions, great and small, played a part in the consolidation of ichthyology in Argentina. The general plan of this work consists of individual factsheets containing a list of works by each author, along with reference bibliography and, whenever possible, personal pictures and additional material. The datasheets will be published primarily in chronological order, although this is subject to change by the availability of materials for successive editions. This work represents another approach for the recovery and revalorization of those who set the foundations of Argentine ichthyology while in diverse historical circumstances. I expect this to be the beginning of a major work that achieves the description of such a significant part of the history of natural sciences in Argentina.

Serie Vídeos tutoriales para fonética. Video 5. Praat: doing phonetics by computer (Parte 1: Descarga del programa en sistema operativo Mac y características generales del programa)

Esta es una colección de 10 vídeos tutoriales que pueden ser empleados como material educativo en los cursos de fonética básica en el ámbito universitario. Los vídeos 1-3 tratan aspectos relacionados con la grabación: el tipo de micrófonos que se emplean, las clases de espacios en las que se suelen llevar a cabo la captura de señales de audio y las grabadoras que se suelen emplear. El vídeo 4 explora técnicas de captura y observación de datos de flujo y presión en fonética aerodinámica. Los vídeos 5-10 presentan información sobre los principales usos que se le brindan al programa Praat (Boersma y Weenink, 2014) en los estudios actuales de fonética acústica, desde la clase de información sobre modos de articulación de las consonantes que se puede identificar en oscilogramas hasta la creación de señales sonoras sintetizadas por medio de unos procedimientos que tiene el programa para tal propósito, los cuales son susceptibles de ser empleados en experimentos de percepción auditiva.

Heterodimerization of integrin Mac-1 subunits studied by single-molecule imaging

Heterodimerization of integrin Mac-1 (alpha(M) beta(2)) Subunits plays important role on regulating leukocytes adhesion to extracellular matrix or endothelial cells. Here, using total internal reflection microscopy, we investigated the heterodimerization of integrin Mac-1 subunits at the single-molecule level in live cells. Individual alpha(M) subunit fused to the enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eYFP) was imaged at the basal plasma membrane of live Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Through analysis of mean square displacement (MSD), diffusion coefficient, the size of restricted domain and fraction of molecules undergoing restricted diffusion, we found that as compared with the diffusion in the absence of beta(2) subunit, the diffusion of single-molecule of alpha(M)-YFP was suppressed significantly in the presence of beta(2) subunit. Thus, based on the oligomerization-induced trapping model, we suggested that in the presence of beta(2) subunit, the am subunit may form heterodimer with it. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Detection of constitutive heterodimerization of the integrin Mac-1 subunits by fluorescence resonance energy transfer in living cells

Macrophage differentiation antigen associated with complement three receptor function (Mac-1) belongs to beta(2) subfamily of integrins that mediate important cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Biochemical studies have indicated that Mac-1 is a constitutive heterodimer in vitro. Here, we detected the heterodimerization of Mac-1 subunits in living cells by means of two fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) techniques (fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy) and our results demonstrated that there is constitutive heterodimerization of the Mac-1 subunits and this constitutive heterodimerization of the Mac-1 subunits is cell-type independent. Through FRET imaging, we found that heterodimers of Mac-1 mainly localized in plasma membrane, perinuclear, and Golgi area in living cells. Furthermore, through analysis of the estimated physical distances between cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) fused to Mac-1 subunits, we suggested that the conformation of Mac-1 subunits is not affected by the fusion of CFP or YFP and inferred that Mac-1 subunits take different conformation when expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells, respectively. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Detection of constitutive homomeric associations of the integrins Mac-1 subunits by fluorescence resonance energy transfer in living cells

Integrins alpha(M)beta(2) plays important role on leukocytes, such as adhesion, migration, phagocytosis, and apoptosis. It was hypothesized that homomeric associations of integrin subunits provide a driving force for integrins activation, and simultaneously inducing the formation of integrins clusters. However, experimental reports on homomeric associations between integrin subunits are still controversial. Here, we proved the homomeric associations of the isolated Mac-1 subunits in living cells using three-channel fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) microscopy and FRET spectra methods. We found that the extent of homomeric associations between beta(2) subunits is higher than alpha(M) subunits. Furthermore, FRET imaging indicated that the extent of homomeric associations of the Mac-1 subunits is higher along the plasma membrane than in the cytoplasm. Finally, we suggested that homomeric associations of the transmernbrane domains or/and cytoplasmic domains may provide the driving force for the formation of constitutive homomeric associations between alpha(M) or beta(2) subunits. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Interaction between single molecules of Mac-1 and ICAM-1 in living cells: An atomic force microscopy study

The interaction between integrin macrophage differentiation antigen associated with complement three receptor function (Mac-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), which is controlled tightly by the ligand-binding activity of Mac-1, is central to the regulation of neutrophil adhesion in host defense. Several "inside-out" signals and extracellular metal ions or antibodies have been found to activate Mac-1, resulting in an increased adhesiveness of Mac-1 to its ligands. However, the molecular basis for Mac-1 activation is not well understood yet. In this work, we have carried out a single-molecule study of Mac-1/ICAM-1 interaction force in living cells by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Our results showed that the binding probability and adhesion force of Mac-1 with ICAM-1 increased upon Mac-1 activation. Moreover, by comparing the dynamic force spectra of different Mac-1 mutants, we expected that Mac-1 activation is governed by the downward movement of its alpha 7 helix. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Histochemical investigations on the interrenal system of the brook lamprey (Lapetra planeri Bloch). [Translation from: Acta biol.med.germ. 24, 553-554, 1970. ]

Histochemical experiments are conducted in order to study the interrenal cells of European brook lamprey (Lampetra planeri).

Influence of carbon tetrachloride on the liver of tadpoles of brown frog (Rana temporaria) [Translation from: Trudy leningt.sanit.-gig.med.Inst. 82, 32-36, 1967]

Comparative studies of the structure and regeneration of tissues in different vertebrates make it possible to get ideas from the evolution and regeneration potential of tissues. In this study are considered the reactive changes in the liver of larvae of the amphibian Rana temporaria to CC14 of different concentrations. Tadpoles of different sizes and different growth were placed once each day every day in a vessel with a determined solution of CC14 in water. The liver of tadpoles has a distinctive structure. It is distinguished by structure not only from the liver of higher vertebrates, but also from the liver of the adult frogs. The liver of the latter has an insignificant amount of fat and a whole series of other characters not typical of the liver of the tadpole. Placing the tadpoles in a solution of CCl4 with a concentration of 0.1% did not produce in the liver noticeable morphological changes. The author concludes that the absence of degenerative changes in the liver tadpoles, in spite of a high percentage of death of the experimental animals, tells of the well-known resistance of their liver to the influence of CC14.

Emiliano Mac Donagh - Un “Cuento de viejas” y otros cuentos viejos.

Al revisar viejos papeles familiares de nuestro padre, el Dr. Emiliano Mac Donagh (1896 – 1961) hemos descubierto, como escondidos, unos cuentos breves publicados entre 1929 y 1934. Ficcionales, pintorescos, no han figurado en la nómina de sus escritos, con excepción de El Naturalista, publicado en 1929 en el diario La Nación, y recientemente reproducido en la serie ProBiota (http://ictiologíaargentina.blogspot.com/16) Ofrecemos a la curiosidad de los ictiólogos los tres relatos publicados en 1930 en la revista Número, editada en Buenos Aires. Tanto Un cuento de viejas, como El sabio ebrio, y La quimera, el gallo y el elefante tienen a los peces como centro de interés. En los escritos de Emiliano Mac Donagh, que abarcan desde 1922 hasta 1960 con más de ciento setenta títulos, predominan los trabajos científicos alternando con estudios sobre historia de la biología y de los biólogos, o la preocupación por el cuidado del ambiente y temas relacionados. Sin excepción, aparece la zoología como tema vertebral, ya sea analizando una espina de bagre en la calma del laboratorio, ya sea relatando expediciones zoológicas al interior de nuestro país. Coexisten el detalle mínimo que entrega el microscopio con la aventura a campo abierto, pero el estilo es siempre descriptivo, pegado a la realidad, y despojado de cualquier intento de fantasía que traicionaría el rigor requerido por la ciencia. En los breves relatos aquí presentados, en cambio, el autor escapa de la formalidad, incursiona en un género más liberal en sus normas y deja volar su imaginación y su fino sentido de la ironía. Lo hace sin abandonar el asunto que más le atrae: la naturaleza, y en ella, la vida animal. Si bien los cuentos comparten temas centrales del resto de la producción, aquí no encontramos la exactitud fotográfica ni el análisis desapasionado, sino que la anécdota es imaginada y los escenarios reales se ven transformados por enfoques oníricos. Algunos personajes parecen el fiel retrato de alguien conocido mientras que otros suenan esquemáticos, vacíos. La mirada es humorística y a la vez crítica, gozosa sin dejar de ser analítica. Este período de “autor literario” en vez de “relator científico” dura poco: sólo cinco cuentos en cinco años. En la vasta producción no hay otros intentos de recurrir a la ficción para atraer el interés del público general hacia los admirables y admirados habitantes de las aguas. Quizás podríamos encontrar ecos del monólogo final de El sabio ebrio en el ensayo La belleza de los peces (Revista de Educación, La Plata, 1957) pero en este último el estilo es académico. El cambio de género literario podría sugerir un deseo de cambio vocacional, el cansancio frente a la aparente monotonía y estrictez de los registros científicos. Al plantear el dilema entre observar seres vivos en su medio natural o conservar sus cuerpos para los estudios científicos se insinuaría una encrucijada profesional. En 1930 habrá sido una disyuntiva, aludida en el recurrente contraste entre ambientes cerrados, poblados de frascos, vitrinas y mesas de taxidermia en contraposición con la abierta amplitud de ríos y playas, bosques y cielos. Aludida, también, al atribuir a personajes que las encarnan, dos tipos de sabiduría: una erudita, nacida del estudio, y otra pragmática, forjada en la experiencia. Sin embargo, el tema medular sigue siendo la ictiología: los peces, sus vidas y ámbitos, los nombres que les damos. El nuevo estilo revelaría más bien la intención de jerarquizar los asuntos dilectos envolviéndolos en una forma literaria más libre – y supuestamente más elevada. Creemos captar un latido de euforia, el impulso de compartir la emoción de un descubrimiento, el deseo de conservar la mirada ingenua y la capacidad de asombro ante el maravilloso mundo natural que nos rodea. Que esto se logre más acabadamente por medio de un cuento que a través de un informe, y que la ficción alcance mayor audiencia con la cual compartir la gozosa experiencia del conocimiento, son las cuestiones que nos deja pendientes este naturalista que – por breve tiempo – se volvió cuentista. Mary Mac Donagh de von Reichenbach

RBAC与MAC在多级关系数据库中的综合模型

多级安全数据库的安全策略需要各种模型来表达,访问控制模型是其中之一.强制访问控制(MAC)模型保证多级数据库中的信息流动符合系统的安全策略.利用基于角色的访问控制(RBAC)来实现MAC能方便多级安全数据库的权限管理.提出了一种MAC与RBAC的综合模型,定义了多级角色与内部角色的概念,并给出了综合模型中经过修改后的操作,使得系统能自动地完成符合强制访问控制策略的用户权限的管理.该模型方便了管理员的权限管理,适合用户较多,安全层次比较复杂的多级关系数据库系统.最后给出了模型的部分实现机制.