Actinopterygii, Siluriformes, Loricariidae, Loricariichthys platymetopon Isbrucker and Nijssen, 1979: first record in Reservoir of Canoas II, Middle Paranapanema River, border of the states of São Paulo and Parana, Brazil.

First record of the cascudo, Loricariichthys platymetopon Isbrucker and Nijssen, 1979 in Canoas II Reservoir (Middle Paranapanema River, border of the states of São Paulo and Parana, Brazil). Its occurrence is due to the flooding of Sete Quedas waterfall, as a result of the construction of Itaipu Reservoir. Furthermore, there is absence or low abundance of natural predators, like Salminus brasiliensis, since this species has difficulties to adapt or even survive in reservoirs.

Monoamine oxidase inhibitory activities of indolylalkaloid toxins from the venom of the colonial spider Parawixia bistriata: Functional characterization of PwTX-I

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Composição e abundância da ictiofauna de duas lagunas costeiras da América do Sul Austral: lagoa do Peixe (31ºS; 51ºW), Brasil e laguna Mar Chiquita (37ºS; 57ºW), Argentina

This article describes and compares the shallow water fish-fauna from two coastal lagoons (Peixe Lagoon, in Brazil, and Mar Chiquita Lagoon, in Argentina). Peixe Lagoon was sampled between 2000 and 2001 using a 9 m beach seine net (12 mm bar mesh in the wings and 5 mm in the centre 3 m section) totalizing 125 samples, which yielded 33,848 individuals and 32 species. Mar Chiquita Lagoon was sampled from 1995 to 1998 using a 21) m beach seine net (12 mm bar mesh) totalizing 232 samples resulting in 31,097 individuals of 28 species. A total of 47 species were observed in both lagoons and 13 were shared. The "marine-estuarine-related" species were similar and dominate the fish assemblages in both lagoons. The remaining species were similar to the species collected along the southern Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina estuaries. The number of species observed in Peixe Lagoon (S = 32) was higher than in Mar Chiquita Lagoon (S = 28) and is probably associated with a strong latitudinal gradient of species richness increasing from north to south. Considering that the Peixe Lagoon and Mar Chiquita Lagoon are isolated by the large estuaries of Patos Lagoon and Prata River, the composition of the species with low abundance and occasional occurrence were different for each local studied. These results expand the knowledge for the fauna of both sites and help conservation and management from both lagoons.

Distribuição temporal de imaturos de Odonata (Insecta) associados a Eichhornia azurea (Kunth) na Lagoa do Camargo, Rio Paranapanema, São Paulo

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram registrar a abundância e a riqueza de Odonata associada a Eichhornia azurea, durante o período de março de 2004 a março de 2005, na Lagoa do Camargo, lateral ao Rio Paranapanema - São Paulo, após um pulso de inundação extraordinário e também investigar os fatores ambientais determinantes na distribuição da abundância de Odonata. As maiores abundâncias e riquezas ocorreram na estação seca, sendo que Coenagrionidae foi a família mais abundante e com a maior riqueza de gêneros de todo o período estudado. Esta alta abundância possivelmente ocorreu devido a seu comportamento, como postura dos ovos dentro do tecido das macrófitas e hábito escalador. Aeshnidae e Libellulidae apresentaram baixa abundância principalmente na estação seca. Os principais fatores ambientais que afetaram a distribuição da abundância de Odonata foram a temperatura de superfície da água, a pluviosidade e a biomassa de E. azurea.

Microhabitat and morphometric variation of two chaetophoracean (chaetophorales, chlorophyta) species in tropical streams of southeastern Brazil

Two populations of Chaetophora elegans (Roth) C. Agardh and two of Stigeoclonium helveticum Vischer were investigated for microhabitat characteristics and morphological variation in streams of Sao Paulo State, southeastern Brazil. Different patterns of microhabitat distribution were found between species investigated. Populations of C. elegans were distributed under relatively narrow microhabitat conditions (high irradiance, low depth, moderate to high current velocity, rocky substrata and lower values of niche width) and showing little morphometric variation (colony diameter, main axis cell size, and apical branch number). Stigeoclonium helveticum occurred under more diverse microhabitat conditions, revealed by lack of significant difference between sampling units with and without the alga and wider niche width, but also exhibited relatively narrow morphometric variation (plant length, main axis cell and lateral branch cell sizes). The narrow microhabitat conditions and smaller niche width of C. elegans can explain its low abundance (percentage cover) in streams from the area studied as well as in other regions of Sao Paulo State. In contrast, the wider variation of microhabitat conditions and the higher niche widths of S. helveticum suggest that this green alga is able to grow in a high number of stream ecosystems in the region investigated, ranging from undisturbed to highly disturbed habitats. Thus, the results suggest that S. helveticum is a generalist species.

Efeitos da irradiância e da composição espectral da luz sobre o estabelecimento e desenvolvimento de comunidades de macroalgas lóticas em substratos artificiais

Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Biologia Vegetal) - IBRC

Ecological distribution and population structure of Acantholobulus schmitti (Rathbun, 1930) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Xanthoidea) on the southeastern Brazilian coast

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Baleen Whales: Conservation Issues and The Status Of The Most Endangered Populations

Most species of baleen whales were subject to intensive overexploitation by commercial whaling in this and previous centuries, and many populations were reduced to small fractions of their original sizes. Here, we review the status of baleen whale stocks, with an emphasis on those that are known or thought to be critically endangered. Current data suggest that, of the various threats potentially affecting baleen whales, only entanglement in fishing gear and ship strikes may be significant at the population level, and then only in those populations which are already at critically low abundance. The impact of some problems (vessel harassment, and commercial or aboriginal whaling) is at present probably minor. For others (contaminants, habitat degradation, disease), existing data either indicate no immediate cause for concern, or are insufficient to permit an assessment. While the prospect for many baleen whales appears good, there are notable exceptions; populations that are of greatest concern are those suffering from low abundance and associated problems, including (in some cases) anthropogenic mortality. These include: all Northern Right Whales Eubalaena glacialis, Bowhead Whales Balaena mysticetus of the Okhotsk Sea and various eastern Arctic populations, western Gray Whales Eschrichtius robustus, and probably many Blue Whale Balaenoptera musculus populations. We review the status of these populations and, where known, the issues potentially affecting their recovery. Although Humpback Whales Megaptera novaeangliae and Southern Right Whales Eubalaena australis were also heavily exploited by whaling, existing data indicate strong recovery in most studied populations of these species.

Expression and accumulation of the two-domain odorant-binding protein AaegOBP45 in the ovaries of blood-fed Aedes aegypti

BACKGROUND: Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are the main vectors of dengue viruses. Despite global efforts to reduce the prevalence of dengue using integrated vector management strategies, innovative alternatives are necessary to help prevent virus transmission. Detailed characterizations of Ae. aegypti genes and their products provide information about the biology of mosquitoes and may serve as foundations for the design of new vector control methods. FINDINGS: We studied the Ae. aegypti gene, AAEL010714, that encodes a two-domain odorant-binding protein, AaegOBP45. The predicted gene structure and sequence were validated, although single nucleotide polymorphisms were observed. Transcriptional and translational products accumulate in the ovaries of blood fed females and are not detected or are at low abundance in other tissues. CONCLUSIONS: We validated the Ae. aegypti AAEL010714 gene sequence and characterized the expression profile of a two-domain OBP expressed in ovaries. We propose that AaegOBP45 function as a component of the mosquito eggshell.

Differenzielle Expression von Tubulin-Genen bei der Entwicklung von Blattzellen der Gerste (Hordeum vulgare L.)

Die Morphogenese einer Pflanzenzelle wird in großem Maße durch die Dynamik kortikaler Mikrotubuli (MT) bestimmt, die auf die Zellwandsynthese Einfluß nehmen. In dieser Arbeit wurden die Transkriptmengen der alpha-Tubulin-Isotypen und des gamma-Tubulin während der Entwicklung des Gerstenblattes analysiert, um Zusammenhänge zu bereits beschriebenen Umwandlungen im kortikalen MT-Cytoskelett der Mesophyllzellen aufzudecken. Erstmals konnte bei einer höheren Pflanze die Genexpression auf RNA-Ebene innerhalb einer Tubulin-Multigenfamilie im Verlauf der Blattentwicklung umfassend dargestellt werden.Es wurden blattspezifische cDNA-Bibliotheken erstellt und mittels RT-PCR homologe DNA-Gensonden für die Screeningprozesse der cDNA-Bibliotheken hergestellt. cDNA-Sequenzen von alpha-, beta-, und gamma-Tubulin konnten isoliert werden. Weitere, weniger abundante alpha-Tubulin-Sequenzen wurden während zusätzlicher Screeningrunden über PCR-Ausschluß häufig vertretener, bereits bekannter Isotypen isoliert.Die cDNA-Sequenzen von insgesamt fünf verschiedenen Isotypen des alpha-Tubulin konnten aufgeklärt werden, drei Isotypen wiesen bis zu fünf im nicht kodierenden 3´-Bereich verkürzte Varianten auf, die aber in ihrer Anzahl deutlich unterrepräsentiert waren. Die abgeleiteten Aminosäuresequenzen umfassten bei drei Isotypen 451 Aminosäuren (AS), zwei Isotypen waren im C-Terminus um eine bzw. um zwei AS kürzer. Die fünf alpha-Tubulin-Isotypen wiesen charakteristische Expressionsmuster auf, die in drei Klassen unterteilbar waren. Die Isotypen HVATUB1 und HVATUB5 (MT-Band-Isotypen) hatten den maximalen Gehalt in Blattbereichen, in denen auch hauptsächlich Mesophyllzellen mit kortikalen MT-Bänderungen vorkommen, wobei HVATUB5 den am schwächsten exprimierte Isotyp darstellte. HVATUB3 (Random-MT-Isotyp) zeigte die stärksten Expressionsraten. Die im Meristem und meristemnahen Bereichen bereits recht hohe Abundanz erreichte erst nach der Zellstreckungszone in einer Blattzone das Maximum, in dem hauptsächlich Mesophyllzellen mit zerstreut angeordneten MT anzutreffen sind. Die Isotypen HVATUB2 und HVATUB4 (MImax-Isotypen) waren in mitotisch aktiven, basalen Blattbereichen dominant.Die cDNA-Sequenz vom gamma-Tubulin der Gerste, HVGTUB, wurde ermittelt; die abgeleitete Aminosäuresequenz bestand aus 469 AS. Das Auftreten einer im nicht kodierenden 3´-Bereich kürzeren Variante konnte erstmals bei pflanzlichem gamma-Tubulin beschrieben werden. Southernblot-Analysen ließen darauf schließen, daß gamma-Tubulin nur als Einzelkopie im Genom der Gerste vorkommt. gamma-Tubulin wurde im mitosereichen Meristem der Blattbasis am stärksten exprimiert. Da die Abnahme der Transkriptmenge weitaus langsamer verlief als die Abnahme der Zellteilungsaktivität, ist anzunehmen, daß gamma-Tubulin neben der Erfüllung von mitose- und zellteilungsspezifischen Funktionen auch eine Rolle im Zusammenhang mit der Dynamik des kortikalen MT-Cytoskeletts spielt. Einen ersten Schritt zur Aufklärung der Genfamilie des beta-Tubulin bei Gerste stellt die Isolierung drei verschiedener cDNA-Sequenzen von beta-Tubulin dar.

Strukturelle und funktionelle Untersuchungen zur Bedeutung der endogenen retroviralen Insertion HERV-K(C4) im C4-Gen des Menschen

Der Längenpolymorphismus des C4-Gens beruht auf der An- oder Abwesenheit einer 6.4 kb langen Insertion im Intron 9. Es handelt sich dabei um einen eigenständigen bisher noch nicht beschriebenen Virus-Typ, der alle Sequenzmerkmale der Familie der humanen endogenen Retroviren (HERV) trägt und zu den HERV-K Viren gehört. Der Provirus wurde als HERV-K(C4) bezeichnet. Die Orientierung dieses retroviralen Elements ist entgegengesetzt zu der Transkriptionsrichtung des C4-Gens. Mittels RT-PCR, RNase Protection Assays und Northern-Blot Analysen konnte der Nachweis von HERV-K(C4)-Antisense mRNA-Transkripten in verschiedenen humanen Zellinien und Geweben erbracht werden. Die retroviralen Transkripte schlossen am 5'- und 3'-Ende Sequenzen des C4-Exon 9 und Exon 10 ein, so daß diese wahrscheinlich "readthrough" Transkripte darstellen, die durch einen 5' des LTR2 gelegenen Promotor initiiert oder im Zusammenhang mit der C4-Expression transkribiert und reguliert werden. Weiterhin konnten insgesamt 4 HERV-K(C4)-mRNA Spezies, einschließlich einer Vollängen-RNA detektiert werden. Die drei subgenomischen mRNAs werden vermutlich durch einfaches und mehrfaches Spleißen generiert. Die quantitative Analyse in verschiedenen humanen Zellinien ergab, daß HERV-K(C4) durchschnittlich mit einer Kopienanzahl zwischen ca.1 bis 100 Transkripten in einer Zelle vorkommt, so daß es sich um low abundance mRNAs handelt. Mittels eines Reportergen-System konnte eine Aktivität des LTR2-Promotors in der Sense-Orientierung des Retrovirus nachgewiesen werden, die nach Stimulation mit IFN- signifikant abnahm. Ein humanes Modell-Systems wurde etabliert, um die Theorie einer Antisense-Abwehr gegen exogene Retroviren in HepG2-Zellen zu überprüfen. Die Theorie basiert auf dem Nachweis von HERV-K(C4)-Antisense-Transkripten, die über eine Heteroduplexbildung mit der Sense-mRNA von verwandten, infektiösen Retroviren eine mögliche Blockierung deren Translation erwirken könnten. Es konnte eine signifikante Abnahme der retroviralen Expression von bis zu 45% nach steigenden Dosen an IFN- in HepG2-Zellen nachgewiesen werden. Der funktionell aktive 3'-LTR-Sense Promotor sowie der Nachweis von HERV-K(C4)-Antisense Transkripten sprechen für die bedeutende Rolle von HERV-K(C4) bei der Genregulation und Schutz gegen exogene Retroviren, wodurch eine Selektion stattgefunden hat.

Urine proteome in animals of veterinary interest: species comparison and new biomarkers of nephropathy

Urine is considered an ideal source of biomarkers, however in veterinary medicine a complete study on the urine proteome is still lacking. The present work aimed to apply proteomic techniques to the separation of the urine proteome in dogs, cats, horses, cows and some non-conventional species. High resolution electrophoresis (HRE) was also validated for the quantification of albuminuria in dogs and cats. In healthy cats, applying SDS-PAGE and 2DE coupled to mass spectrometry (MS), was produced a reference map of the urine proteome. Moreover, 13 differentially represented urine proteins were linked with CKD, suggesting uromodulin, cauxin, CFAD, Apo-H, RBP and CYSM as candidate biomarkers to be investigated further. In dogs, applying SDS-PAGE coupled to MS, was highlighted a specific pattern in healthy animals showing important differences in patients affected by leishmaniasis. In particular, uromodulin could be a putative biomarker of tubular damage while arginine esterase and low MW proteins needs to be investigated further. In cows, applying SDS-PAGE, were highlighted different patterns between heifers and cows showing some interesting changes during pregnancy. In particular, putative alpha-fetoprotein and b-PAP needs to be further investigated. In horses, applying SDS-PAGE, was produced a reference profile characterized by 13±4 protein bands and the most represented one was the putative uromodulin. Proteinuric horses showed the decrease of the putative uromodulin band and the appearance of 2 to 4 protein bands at higher MW and a greater variability in the range of MW between 49 and 17 kDa. In felids and giraffes was quantified proteinuria reporting the first data for UTP and UPC. Moreover, by means of SDS-PAGE, were highlighted species-specific electrophoretic patterns in big felids and giraffes.

Micropreparative isoelectric focusing protein separation in a suspended drop

IEF protein binary separations were performed in a 12-μL drop suspended between two palladium electrodes, using pH gradients created by electrolysis of simple buffers at low voltages (1.5-5 V). The dynamics of pH gradient formation and protein separation were investigated by computer simulation and experimentally via digital video microscope imaging in the presence and absence of pH indicator solution. Albumin, ferritin, myoglobin, and cytochrome c were used as model proteins. A drop containing 2.4 μg of each protein was applied, electrophoresed, and allowed to evaporate until it splits to produce two fractions that were recovered by rinsing the electrodes with a few microliters of buffer. Analysis by gel electrophoresis revealed that anode and cathode fractions were depleted from high pI and low pI proteins, respectively, whereas proteins with intermediate pI values were recovered in both fractions. Comparable data were obtained with diluted bovine serum that was fortified with myoglobin and cytochrome c.

Paleoenvironment and Paleoecology of a Late Paleocene High-Latitude Terrestrial Succession, Arkose Ridge Formation at Box Canyon, Southern Talkeetna Mountains, Alaska

Paleogene sedimentary rocks of the Arkose Ridge Formation (Talkeetna Mountains, Alaska) preserve a record of a fluvial-lacustrine depositional environment and its forested ecosystem in an active basin among the convergent margin tectonic processes that shaped southern Alaska. An -800 m measured succession at Box Canyon indicates braid-plain deposition with predominantly gravelly deposits low in the exposure to sandy and muddy facies associations below an overlying lava flow sequence. U-Pb geochronology on zircons from a tuff and a sandstone within the measured section, as well as an Ar/Ar date from the overlying lava constrain the age of the sedimentary succession to between similar to 59 Ma and 48 Ma Fossil plant remains occur throughout the Arkose Ridge Formation as poorly-preserved coalified woody debris and fragmentary leaf impressions. At Box Canyon, however, a thin la-custrine depositional lens of rhythmically laminated mudrocks yielded fish fossils and a well-preserved floral assemblage including foliage and reproductive organs representing conifers, sphenopsids, monocots, and dicots. Leaf physiognomic methods to estimate paleoclimate were applied to the dicot leaf collection and indicate warm temperate paleotemperatures (-11-15 +/- -4 degrees C MAT) and elevated paleoprecipitation (-120 cm/yr MAP) estimates as compared to modem conditions; results that are parallel with previously published estimates from the partly coeval Chickaloon Formation deposited in more distal depositional environments in the same basin. The low abundance of leaf herbivory in the Box Canyon dicot assemblage (-9% of leaves damaged) is also similar to the results from assemblages in the meander-plain depositional systems of the Chickaloon. This new suite of data informs models of the tectonostratigraphic evolution of southern Alaska and the developing understanding of terrestrial paleoecology and paleoclimate at high latitudes during the Late Paleocene-Early Eocene greenhouse climate phase. (c) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Vitamin E inhibits CD36 scavenger receptor expression in hypercholesterolemic rabbits

A numerous studies suggest that Vitamin E has a preventive role in atherosclerosis, although the mechanism of action still remains unclear. CD36, a member of the scavenger receptor family is centrally involved in the uptake of oxidized low density proteins (oxLDLs) from bloodstream. During the atherosclerotic process, the lipid cargo of oxLDL accumulates in macrophages and smooth muscle cells, inducing their pathological conversion to foam cells. In the present study, we investigate the role of Vitamin E on CD36 expression in an in vivo model. Atherosclerosis was induced by a 2% cholesterol containing Vitamin E poor diet. Three groups of six rabbits each were studied. The first group (control) was fed on Vitamin E poor diet. The second group was fed with Vitamin E poor diet containing 2% cholesterol and the rabbits in the third group were fed with Vitamin E poor diet containing 2% cholesterol and received injections of 50 mg/kg of Vitamin E i.m. After 4 weeks, aortas were removed and analysed by light microscopy for atherosclerotic lesions. Aortic samples were analysed for CD36 mRNA expression. The aortas of cholesterol-fed rabbits showed typical atherosclerotic lesions, detected by macroscopic and microscopic examination, and exhibited an increase in CD36 mRNA expression. Vitamin E fully prevented cholesterol induced atherosclerotic lesions and the induction of CD36 mRNA expression. The effects observed at the level of CD36 scavenger receptor expression in vivo suggest an involvement of reduced foam cell formation in the protective effect of Vitamin E against atherosclerosis.