Bone defect repair on the alveolar wall of the maxillary sinus using collagen membranes and temporal fascia. An experimental study in monkeys

Few studies has been done using guided bone regeneration in maxillary sinus defects. Aim: To assess the bone repair process in surgical defects on the alveolar wall of the monkey maxillary sinus, which communicates with the sinus cavity, by using collagen membranes: Gen-derm - Genius Baumer, Pro-tape - Proline and autologous temporal fascia. Materials and Methods: In this prospective and experimental study, orosinusal communications were performed in four tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) and histologic analysis was carried out 180 days after. Results: In the defects without a cover (control), bone proliferation predominated in two animals and fibrous connective tissue predominated in the other two. In defects repaired with a temporal fascia flap, fibrous connective tissue predominated in three animals and bone proliferation predominated in one. In the defects repaired with Gen-derm or Pro-tape collagen membranes there was complete bone proliferation in three animals and fibrous connective tissue in one. Conclusions: Surgical defect can be repaired with both bone tissue and fibrous connective tissue in all study groups; collagen membranes was more beneficial in the bone repair process than temporal fascia or absence of a barrier.

Manifestações vestibulococleares em pacientes com diabetes melito tipo I

Ometabolismo da glicose tem muita influência na fisiologia da orelha interna e pequenas variações glicêmicas podem provocar alterações na audição e no equilíbrio corporal. OBJETIVO: Verificar as manifestações vestibulococleares em pacientes com diabetes melito tipo I. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Coorte contemporânea com corte transversal. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Avaliaram-se 30 pacientes (17 homens e 13 mulheres) encaminhados do Hospital de Clínicas da UFPr para o Laboratório de Otoneurologia da Universidade Tuiuti do Paraná no período de março/2004 a fevereiro/2005. Realizaram-se os seguintes procedimentos: anamnese, inspeção otológica, avaliação audiológica convencional, medida de imitância acústica e avaliação vestibular. RESULTADOS: Observaram-se entre as queixas otoneurológicas a prevalência de cefaléia (23,3%), tontura rotatória (16,6%) e zumbido (13,3%). Nas queixas associadas e hábitos, a prevalência foi do abuso de cafeína (20,0%), álcool e alergia (10,0%), em cada. Houve prevalência de limiares auditivos normais (90,0%). A medida de imitância acústica mostrou-se sem alteração. O exame vestibular esteve alterado em 60,0%. Houve predomínio das síndromes vestibulares periféricas deficitárias. CONCLUSÕES: Verificou-se um maior número de alteração do sistema vestibular (60,0%) em relação ao sistema auditivo (10,0%). Houve predomínio da normalidade no exame auditivo. Houve prevalência de alteração no sistema vestibular periférico e da síndrome vestibular periférica deficitária.

Achados otoneurológicos em pacientes com doença de Parkinson

O número de idosos vem aumentando consideravelmente em nossa população, com isso, as doenças crônico-degenerativas como a doença de Parkinson (DP), cuja sintomatologia relacionada ao equilíbrio é constante, torna-se cada vez mais freqüente na população idosa. OBJETIVO: Verificar os achados no exame labiríntico em pacientes com DP e correlacioná-los com a sintomatologia vestibular. Forma de Estudo: Corte contemporânea com corte transversal. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Avaliaram-se trinta pacientes, vinte do sexo feminino e dez do sexo masculino na faixa etária de 48 a 84 anos. Procedimentos: anamnese, inspeção otológica e avaliação vestibular por meio da vectoeletronistagmografia (VENG). RESULTADOS: a) Com relação às queixas otoneurológicas referidas à anamnese, observou-se a prevalência do tremor (100,0%), da tontura (43,3%), do zumbido (40,0%), do desequilíbrio á marcha e queda (36,6%) em cada; b) Na avaliação da função vestibular, evidenciou-se diferença significativa na proporção de exames alterados (p=0,0000); c) A prevalência de alteração ocorreu no sistema vestibular periférico (93,3%) e na prova calórica com predomínio da hiporreflexia labiríntica bilateral (30,0%); d) Correlacionou-se o resultado do exame com a sintomatologia vestibular e observou-se que não existe diferença significativa. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo permitiu verificar um número significativo de exames alterados independente da ocorrência da sintomatologia.

Estudo crítico da avaliação da maturidade fetal pela citologia do líquido âmnico: comparação com outros métodos

Através da amniocentese em 90 gestações de alto risco, foi feito estudo crítico da citologia do líquido amniótico pelo Sulfato de Azul do Nilo em comparação com a creatinina e o Rx simples de abdomen e sua relação com a idade do RN (calculados pelas tabelas de Lubchenco e Capurro). Concluiu-se que a técnica do Sulfato de Azul do Nilo apresenta real valor, nas nossas condições econômicas, com menor percentagem de falhas com os demais métodos, sendo melhor para a avaliação de maturidade fetal o emprego simultâneo de todos os métodos, aliados à clínica.

Saúde perinatal em Pelotas, RS, Brasil: fatores sociais e biológicos

Todos os nascimentos ocorridos em hospitais na cidade de Pelotas, RS, Brasil, durante 1982, foram estudados através de entrevistas hospitalares e de visitas domiciliares de uma amostra dos recém-nascidos e revisão mensal de atestados de óbito. A mortalidade perinatal para recém-nascidos de partos únicos foi de 31,9/1.000 nascidos totais, sendo a mortalidade fetal de 16,2/1.000 e a mortalidade neonatal precoce de 15,9/1.000. A incidência de baixo peso ao nascer (peso abaixo de 2.500g) foi de 8,1% para partos únicos.

Avaliação do estado nutricional de crianças menores de cinco anos do Estado de Rondônia - Brasil

Com o objetivo de se conhecer a prevalência e as formas de desnutrição protéico-calórica entre os pré-escolares dos municípios da área de atuação do programa Polonoroeste no Estado de Rondônia, Brasil, procedeu-se a uma avaliação antropométrica entre os menores de cinco anos presentes no momento da entrevista em domicílios sorteados. Foram estudadas 1.274 crianças, sendo a amostra representativa das zonas urbanas dos municípios de Ariquemes e Ji-Paraná e da área rural de Ouro Preto D'Oeste. Através da classificação de Gomez, encontrou-se cerca de 31,9% com desnutrição leve e 4,8% nas formas moderada e grave. A classificação de Waterlow revelou que 6,0% apresentava desnutrição aguda e 0,2% desnutrição crônica.

Validação da fita "CIMDER de 3 cores" como instrumento de detecção de risco nutricional entre pré-escolares

Analisou-se a validade da utilização da fita "CIMDER de 3 cores" pelos agentes de saúde do Estado de Rondônia, Brasil, como instrumento de detecção de risco nutricional entre crianças menores de 5 anos, para fins de encaminhamento para controle em unidades de maior complexidade que o posto de saúde. De uma amostra composta por 1.268 crianças, compararam-se os resultados da classificação nutricional obtida pela fita e da resultante da classificação de Gomez. A aplicação dos testes de validação resultou nos seguintes valores: sensibilidade = 77,1 %; especificidade = 68,8%; valor prPolonoroeste) editivo positivo = 59,0%; valor preditivo negativo = 83,7%; taxa de falsos positivos = 31,2%; taxa de falsos negativos = 22,9. Excetuando a taxa de falsos positivos, os demais resultados foram considerados suficientemente satisfatórios para que se recomende o uso da fita CIMDER como instrumento de triagem pelos agentes de saúde de Rondônia. Outros indicadores mais específicos deverão ser adotados em nível das unidades de saúde de maior complexidade para reduzir o número de falsos positivos nos programas de assistência dirigidos aos desnutridos.

Longitudinal study of acute respiratory diseases in Rio de Janeiro: occurrence of respiratory viruses during four consecutive years

The occurrence of different viruses in nasopharyngeal secretions from children less than 5 years old with acute respiratory infections (ARI) was investigated over a period of 4 years (1982-1985) in Rio de Janeiro. Of the viruses known to be associated with ARI, all but influenza C and parainfluenza types 1, 2 and 4 were found. Viruses were found more frequently in children attending emergency or pediatric wards than in outpatients. This was clearly related to the high incidence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in the more severe cases of ARI. RSV positive specimens appeared mainly during the fall, over four consecutive years, showing a clear seasonal ocurrence of this virus. Emergency wards provide the best source of data for RSV surveillance, showing sharp increase in the number of positive cases coinciding with increased incidence of ARI cases. Adenovirus were the second most frequent viruses isolated and among these serotypes 1,2 and 7 were predominant. Influenza virus and parainfluenza virus type 3 were next in frequency. Influenza A virus were isolated with equal frequency in outpatient departments, emergency and pediatric wards. Influenza B was more frequent among outpatients. Parainfluenza type 3 caused outbreaks in the shanty town population annually during the late winter or spring and were isolated mainly from outpatients. Herpesvirus, enterovi-rus and rhinovirus were found less frequently. Other viruses than RSV and parainfluenza type 3 did not show a clear seasonal incidence.

Acute respiratory infections in children from a deprived urban population from Uruguay

To obtain base line data on incidence, duration, clinical characteristics and etiology of acute respiratory infections (ARI), 276 children from deprived families living in Montevideo were followed during 32 months. The target population was divided into two groups for the analysis of the results: children aged less than 12 months and those older than this age. During the follow-up period 1.056 ARI episodes were recorded. ARI incidence was 5.2 per child/year. It was 87% higher in infants than in the older group, as was the duration of the episodes. Most of the diseases were mild. Tachypnea and retractions were seldom observed, but 12 children were refered to the hospital, and 2 infants died. Viral etiology was identified in 15.3% of the episodes. RSV was the predominant agent producing annual outbreaks. Moderate to heavy colonization of the upper respiratory tract by Streptococcus pneumoniae (32.3%) and Hemophilus sp. (18.9%) was recorded during ARI episodes. This community-based study furnish original data on ARI in Uruguay. It enabled to asses the impact of these infections on childhood.

ENTEROVIRUSES ISOLATED FROM PATIENTS WITH ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS DURING SEVEN YEARS IN RIO DE JANEIRO (1985-1991)

Enteroviruses were investigated in respiratory secretions collected from patients with acute respiratory infections (ARI) over a seven year period (1985-1991), as part of a longitudinal study of ARI aetiology. All the viruses that are most commonly associated with ARI were found in this study. Among the virus isolates, enteroviruses were only less frequent than respiratory syncytial viruses, adenoviruses and influenzaviruses. Forty five enterovirus samples were isolated from patients with either upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) or lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). From these enterovirus isolates, thirty one samples were identified as poliovirus (n=18) and non polio enterovirus (n=13) by serum neutralization. Poliovirus were identified as type 1 and 2 and all of them were vaccinal strains. From thirteen non polio enterovirus, twelve were identified as echovirus serotypes 1, 2, 7, 11, 19 and 31. The remainder was identified as coxsackievirus B4.

Incentivos ao investimento estrangeiro

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Contabilidade e Finanças, sob orientação de Doutor José de Campos Amorim

Viral etiology of acute respiratory infections among children in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

Although acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are a major cause of child morbidity and mortality in Southern Brazil, little information is available on their seasonality and viral etiology. This study was conducted on children under 5 years of age with ARI to assess viral etiology in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, from 1990 to 1992. A total of 862 nasopharyngeal secretion (NPS) samples were tested using indirect immunofluorescence. The results showed that 316 (36.6%) NPS samples were positive: 26.2% for RSV, 6% for adenovirus, 1.7% for influenzaviruses, 1.5% for parainfluenzaviruses, and 1.2% for mixed infection. The mean viral prevalence rates in out-patient services, emergency wards, and in-patient hospital wards were 26.7%, 53% and 42.3%, respectively. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and adenovirus accounted for 91.4 % of the viral diagnoses. RSV was more frequent in children under one year of age at the three levels of health care and was prevalent in infants under six months. Adenovirus was the most prevalent pathogen in hospitalized children, in 1992. Influenza A virus showed an increased prevalence with age among out-patient children. This study shows the annual occurence of viral respiratory infections in the coldest months, with a significant annual variation in the frequency of RSV infection.

Human adenovirus detection among immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients presenting acute respiratory infection

INTRODUCTION: Human adenoviruses (HAdV) play an important role in the etiology of severe acute lower respiratory infection, especially in immunocompromised individuals. The aim of the present study was detect the HAdV through different methods: direct fluorescence assay (DFA) and nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR-nested) from patients with acute respiratory infection (ARI) up to 7 days of symptoms onset.METHODS:Samples (n=643) were collected from different risk groups during from 2001 to 2010: 139 adults attended in an Emergency Room Patients (ERP); 205 health care workers (HCW); 69 from Renal Transplant Outpatients (RTO); 230 patients in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) program.RESULTS:Among all patients (n=643) adenovirus was detected on 13.2% by DFA and/or PCR: 6/139 (4.3%) adults from ERP, 7/205 (3.4%) from HCW samples, 4/69 (5.8%) from RTO and 68/230 (29.5%) from HSCT patients. Nested PCR showed higher detection (10%) compared to DFA test (3.8%) (p < 0.001). HSCT patients presented significantly higher prevalence of HAdV infection.CONCLUSIONS:Adenovirus detection through nested-PCR assay was higher. However the inclusion of molecular method in laboratorial routine diagnostic should be evaluated considering the reality of each specific health service.

Machine ethics via logic programming

Machine ethics is an interdisciplinary field of inquiry that emerges from the need of imbuing autonomous agents with the capacity of moral decision-making. While some approaches provide implementations in Logic Programming (LP) systems, they have not exploited LP-based reasoning features that appear essential for moral reasoning. This PhD thesis aims at investigating further the appropriateness of LP, notably a combination of LP-based reasoning features, including techniques available in LP systems, to machine ethics. Moral facets, as studied in moral philosophy and psychology, that are amenable to computational modeling are identified, and mapped to appropriate LP concepts for representing and reasoning about them. The main contributions of the thesis are twofold. First, novel approaches are proposed for employing tabling in contextual abduction and updating – individually and combined – plus a LP approach of counterfactual reasoning; the latter being implemented on top of the aforementioned combined abduction and updating technique with tabling. They are all important to model various issues of the aforementioned moral facets. Second, a variety of LP-based reasoning features are applied to model the identified moral facets, through moral examples taken off-the-shelf from the morality literature. These applications include: (1) Modeling moral permissibility according to the Doctrines of Double Effect (DDE) and Triple Effect (DTE), demonstrating deontological and utilitarian judgments via integrity constraints (in abduction) and preferences over abductive scenarios; (2) Modeling moral reasoning under uncertainty of actions, via abduction and probabilistic LP; (3) Modeling moral updating (that allows other – possibly overriding – moral rules to be adopted by an agent, on top of those it currently follows) via the integration of tabling in contextual abduction and updating; and (4) Modeling moral permissibility and its justification via counterfactuals, where counterfactuals are used for formulating DDE.