A native Wolbachia Endosymbiont does not limit Dengue virus infection in the mosquito Aedes notoscriptus (Diptera: Culicidae)

The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis infects many species of insects and has been transinfected into the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.), the primary vector of dengue virus (DENV). Recently, it has been shown that Wolbachia blocks the replication and transmission of RNA viruses, such as DENV, in a number of mosquito species including Ae. aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Skuse), which is naturally infected with Wolbachia and considered a secondary vector for DENV. The mosquito species Aedes notoscriptus (Skuse) is highly prevalent in Australia, including in areas where DENV outbreaks have been recorded. The mosquito has been implicated in the transmission of Ross River and Barmah Forest viruses, but not DENV. We investigated whether Wolbachia naturally infects this mosquito species and whether it has an impact on the ability of Ae. notoscriptus to transmit DENV. We show, for the first time, that Ae. notoscriptus is naturally infected with a strain of Wolbachia that belongs to supergroup B and is localized only in the ovaries. However, Wolbachia infection in Ae. notoscriptus did not induce resistance to DENV and had no effect on overall DENV infection rate or titer. The presence of a native Wolbachia in Ae. notoscriptus cannot explain why this mosquito is an ineffective vector of DENV.

Cropping options to limit root-lesion nematodes

Australia’s northern grain-producing region is unique in that the root-lesion nematode (RLN), Pratylenchus thornei predominates. P. neglectus is also present. RLN cause substantial yield losses, particularly in wheat, but they reproduce on numerous summer and winter crops. Each nematode species prefers different crops and varieties. This project provides growers with a range of integrated management strategies to limit RLN (i.e. identify the problem, protect uninfested fields, rotate with resistant crops to keep populations low and choose tolerant crops to maximise yields). It also provides new information about soil-borne zoosporic fungi in the region.

Thermochemistry and lower combustion limit of ammonium perchlorate in presence of methylammonium perchlorates

The heats of combustion of mono-, di-, tri- and tetramethylammonium perchlorates have been determined by bomb calorimetry. The data have been used to explain why the thermal behavior of ammonium perchlorate (AP) is considerably modified in presence of these compounds as shown by differential thermal analysis. Above a particular concentration of methylammonium perchlorate (MAP), AP ignites in a single step around 290°C. The minimum concentration of a MAP (mono-, di-, tri- or tetra-) needed to cause ignition of AP in a single step depends on intramolecular “elemental stoichiometric coefficient” of the mixtures that has the same value regardless of the MAP. Furthermore, the calorimetric values of these mixtures are the same. The heat evolved on ignition of such a composition appears to determine the lower concentration limit of combustion of its mixture with AP.

Threshold photoproduction of charged pions on14N

Pion photoproduction processes14Ngs(gamma, pgr +)14C and14Ngs(gamma, pgr –)14O have been studied in the threshold region. These processes provide an excellent tool to study the corrections to soft pion theorems and Kroll-Ruderman limit as applied to nuclear processes. The agreement with the available experimental data for these processes is better with the empirical wave functions while the shell-model wave functions predict a much higher value. Detailed experimental studies of these reactions at threshold, it is shown, are expected to lead to a better understanding of the shell-model inputs and radial distributions in the 1p state. We thank Dr. S.C.K. Nair for a helpful discussion during the initial stages of this work. One of us (MVN) thanks Dr. J.M. Laget for sending some unpublished data on pion photoproduction. He is also thankful to Dr. J. Pasupathy and Dr. R. Rajaraman for their interest and encouragement.

Limit analysis of annular slabs - reply

Abstract is not available.

Re-examination of one-point methods of liquid limit determination

This Paper deals with the analysis of liquid limit of soils, an inferential parameter of universal acceptance. It has been undertaken primarily to re-examine one-point methods of determination of liquid limit water contents. It has been shown by basic characteristics of soils and associated physico-chemical factors that critical shear strengths at liquid limit water contents arise out of force field equilibrium and are independent of soil type. This leads to the formation of a scientific base for liquid limit determination by one-point methods, which hitherto was formulated purely on statistical analysis of data. Available methods (Norman, 1959; Karlsson, 1961; Clayton & Jukes, 1978) of one-point liquid limit determination have been critically re-examined. A simple one-point cone penetrometer method of computing liquid limit has been suggested and compared with other methods. Experimental data of Sherwood & Ryley (1970) have been employed for comparison of different cone penetration methods. Results indicate that, apart from mere statistical considerations, one-point methods have a strong scientific base on the uniqueness of modified flow line irrespective of soil type. Normalized flow line is obtained by normalization of water contents by liquid limit values thereby nullifying the effects of surface areas and associated physico-chemical factors that are otherwise reflected in different responses at macrolevel.Cet article traite de l'analyse de la limite de liquidité des sols, paramètre déductif universellement accepté. Cette analyse a été entreprise en premier lieu pour ré-examiner les méthodes à un point destinées à la détermination de la teneur en eau à la limite de liquidité. Il a été démontré par les caractéristiques fondamentales de sols et par des facteurs physico-chimiques associés que les résistances critiques à la rupture au cisaillement pour des teneurs en eau à la limite de liquidité résultent de l'équilibre des champs de forces et sont indépendantes du type de sol concerné. On peut donc constituer une base scientifique pour la détermination de la limite de liquidité par des méthodes à un point lesquelles, jusqu'alors, n'avaient été formulées que sur la base d'une analyse statistique des données. Les méthodes dont on dispose (Norman, 1959; Karlsson, 1961; Clayton & Jukes, 1978) pour la détermination de la limite de liquidité à un point font l'objet d'un ré-examen critique. Une simple méthode d'analyse à un point à l'aide d'un pénétromètre à cône pour le calcul de la limite de liquidité a été suggérée et comparée à d'autres méthodes. Les données expérimentales de Sherwood & Ryley (1970) ont été utilisées en vue de comparer différentes méthodes de pénétration par cône. En plus de considérations d'ordre purement statistque, les résultats montrent que les méthodes de détermination à un point constituent une base scientifique solide en raison du caractère unique de la ligne de courant modifiée, quel que soit le type de sol La ligne de courant normalisée est obtenue par la normalisation de la teneur en eau en faisant appel à des valeurs de limite de liquidité pour, de cette manière, annuler les effets des surfaces et des facteurs physico-chimiques associés qui sans cela se manifesteraient dans les différentes réponses au niveau macro.

Strategies to limit the impact of nematode pressure on sugarcane productivity in the Isis

Two trials were done in this project. One was a continuation of work started under a previous GRDC/SRDC-funded activity, 'Strategies to improve the integration of legumes into cane based farming systems'. This trial aimed to assess the impact of trash and tillage management options and nematicide application on nematodes and crop performance. Methods and results are contained in the following publication: Halpin NV, Stirling GR, Rehbein WE, Quinn B, Jakins A, Ginns SP. The impact of trash and tillage management options and nematicide application on crop performance and plant-parasitic nematode populations in a sugarcane/peanut farming system. Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol. 37, 192-203. Nematicide application in the plant crop significantly reduced total numbers of plant parasitic nematodes (PPN) but there was no impact on yield. Application of nematicide to the ratoon crop significantly reduced sugar yield. The study confirmed other work demonstrating that implementation of strategies like reduced tillage reduced populations of total PPN, suggesting that the soil was more suppressive to PPN in those treatments. The second trial, a variety trial, demonstrated the limited value of nematicide application in sugarcane farming systems. This study has highlighted that growers shouldn’t view nematicides as a ‘cure all’ for paddocks that have historically had high PPN numbers. Nematicides have high mammalian toxicity, have the potential to contaminate ground water (Kookana et al. 1995) and are costly. The cost of nematicide used in R1 was approx. $320 - $350/ha, adding $3.50/t of cane in a 100 t/ha crop. Also, our study demonstrated that a single nematicide treatment at the application rate registered for sugarcane is not very effective in reducing populations of nematode pests. There appears to be some levels of resistance to nematodes within the current suite of varieties available to the southern canelands. For example the soil in plots that were growing Q183 had 560% more root knot nematodes / 200mL soil compared to plots that grew Q245. The authors see great value in investment into a nematode screening program that could rate varieties into groups of susceptibility to both major sugarcane nematode pests. Such a rating could then be built into a decision support ‘tree’ or tool to better enable producers to select varieties on a paddock by paddock basis.

The height limit of a siphon

The maximum height of a siphon is generally assumed to be dependent on barometric pressure—about 10 m at sea level. This limit arises because the pressure in a siphon above the upper reservoir level is below the ambient pressure, and when the height of a siphon approaches 10 m, the pressure at the crown of the siphon falls below the vapour pressure of water causing water to boil breaking the column. After breaking, the columns on either side are supported by differential pressure between ambient and the low-pressure region at the top of the siphon. Here we report an experiment of a siphon operating at sea level at a height of 15 m, well above 10 m. Prior degassing of the water prevented cavitation. This experiment provides conclusive evidence that siphons operate through gravity and molecular cohesion.

Lower Bound Limit Analysis of Rectangular Slabs

A general method for the development of valid lower bound solutions to uniformly distributed and orthotropically reinforced rectangular concrete slabs obeying normal moment criterion is described. General expressions for moment field have been obtained for nine cases of slabs having all combinations of simply supported and clamped-edge conditions. The lower bound collapse loads have been compared with the upper bound values obtained by the yield line theory. The paper also focuses attention to the need for the development of valid upper bound solutions with the satisfaction of kinematical admissibility and the flow rules associated with the normal moment criterion.

Warning constraint limit experience

'Warning constraint limit experience' is an installation comprising drawings, a large scale fabric work, and a performative video. This work explores the performative act of drawing and the limits of language and subjectivity. The fabric work acts as a bodily extension that both facilitates and constrains movement during the drawing process and operates as a provisional structure for viewing the work in the gallery. This work was developed and presented at The Lock-Up Cultural Centre, Newcastle NSW in 2011 and revised for the solo exhibition ‘I build my dwelling’, held at Metro Arts in 2012.

Critical lattice size limit for synchronized chaotic state in one- and two-dimensional diffusively coupled map lattices

We consider diffusively coupled map lattices with P neighbors (where P is arbitrary) and study the stability of the synchronized state. We show that there exists a critical lattice size beyond which the synchronized state is unstable. This generalizes earlier results for nearest neighbor coupling. We confirm the analytical results by performing numerical simulations on coupled map lattices with logistic map at each node. The above analysis is also extended to two-dimensional P-neighbor diffusively coupled map lattices.

Semi-empirical procedures for estimation of residual velocity and ballistic limit for impact on mild steel plates by projectiles

This paper deals with the development of simplified semi-empirical relations for the prediction of residual velocities of small calibre projectiles impacting on mild steel target plates, normally or at an angle, and the ballistic limits for such plates. It has been shown, for several impact cases for which test results on perforation of mild steel plates are available, that most of the existing semi-empirical relations which are applicable only to normal projectile impact do not yield satisfactory estimations of residual velocity. Furthermore, it is difficult to quantify some of the empirical parameters present in these relations for a given problem. With an eye towards simplicity and ease of use, two new regression-based relations employing standard material parameters have been discussed here for predicting residual velocity and ballistic limit for both normal and oblique impact. The latter expressions differ in terms of usage of quasi-static or strain rate-dependent average plate material strength. Residual velocities yielded by the present semi-empirical models compare well with the experimental results. Additionally, ballistic limits from these relations show close correlation with the corresponding finite element-based predictions.

L-p Wiener-Tauberian theorems for M(2)

We prove two sided and one sided analogues of the Wiener-Tauberian theorem for the Euclidean motion group, M(2).

Combined Tevatron upper limit on gg->H->W+W- and constraints on the Higgs boson mass in fourth-generation fermion models

We combine results from searches by the CDF and D0 collaborations for a standard model Higgs boson (H) in the process gg->H->W+W- in p=pbar collisions at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider at sqrt{s}=1.96 TeV. With 4.8 fb-1 of integrated luminosity analyzed at CDF and 5.4 fb-1 at D0, the 95% Confidence Level upper limit on \sigma(gg->H) x B(H->W+W-) is 1.75 pb at m_H=120 GeV, 0.38 pb at m_H=165 GeV, and 0.83 pb at m_H=200 GeV. Assuming the presence of a fourth sequential generation of fermions with large masses, we exclude at the 95% Confidence Level a standard-model-like Higgs boson with a mass between 131 and 204 GeV.

Limit analysis of rectangular R.C. slabs on ground

A method is presented for obtaining lower bound on the carrying capacity of reinforced concrete foundation slab-structures subject to non-uniform contact pressure distributions. Functional approach suggested by Vallance for simply supported square slabs subject to uniform pressure distribution has been extended to simply supported rectangular slabs subject to symmetrical non-uniform pressure distributions. Radial solutions, ideally suited for rotationally symmetric problems, are shown to be adoptable for regular polygonal slabs subject to contact pressure paraboloids with constant edge pressures. The functional approach has been shown to be well suited even when the pressure is varying along the edges.