From The Hague to Geneva: The protection of civilians and refugees in the perspective of legal history, 1899-1951

The presentation proposed here shall focus on international (and as far as possible some cases of national) legal protection of civilians and refugees between the first Hague Convention of 1899 and the Geneva Convention for the Protection of Refugees in 1951. An analysis of international legal texts as well as, if possible, some exemplary national constitutions will form the core of the presentation, which will try to find out, to what extent not only the civilian population remaining close to front-line fighting, but also under occupation was supposed to be protected by legal norms, but also to what extent the issue of forcing civilian to leave their homes became part of the international legal discourse as well as of international legal norms.

Worte der Erinnerung an den am 22. Juni 1918 aus dem Leben geschiedenen Rabbiner der Israelitischen Kultusgemeinde München Professor Dr. Cossmann Werner : gesprochen bei den am 25. Juni 1918 stattgefundenen Trauerfeierlichkeiten

Aus der Sammlung des Leo Baeck Institute, digitalisiert in Kooperation mit dem Center for Jewish History, NY

Festpredigt zur gottesdienstlichen Feier der goldenen Hochzeit des bayer. Königspaares am 20. Februar 1918

von A. Eckstein

Zum Gedächtnis an Dr. Meier Appel : Stadt- und Konferenzrabbiner in Karlsruhe, gest. 8. Februar 1919 und seine Gattin Anna Appel, geb. Willstätter, gest. 31. Dez. 1918

Digitalisiert in Kooperation mit dem YIVO Institute for Jewish Research am Center for Jewish History, NY

History of health, a valuable tool in public health

The aim of this article is to highlight the importance of the history of public health for public health research and practice itself. After summarily reviewing the current great vitality of the history of collective health oriented initiatives, we explain three particular features of the historical vantage point in public health, namely the importance of the context, the relevance of a diachronic attitude and the critical perspective. In order to illustrate those three topics, we bring up examples taken from three centuries of fight against malaria, the so called “re-emerging diseases” and the 1918 influenza epidemic. The historical approach enriches our critical perception of the social effects of initiatives undertaken in the name of public health, shows the shortcomings of public health interventions based on single factors and asks for a wider time scope in the assessment of current problems. The use of a historical perspective to examine the plurality of determinants in any particular health condition will help to solve the longlasting debate on the primacy of individual versus population factors, which has been particularly intense in recent times.

Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History.

7 (1904 - 1909)

Wage earning women and girls in Baltimore: a study of the cost of living in 1918

by Josephine A. Roche.