Efeito da época de suspensão da irrigação na produção e qualidade de frutos de tomate para processamento.

Este estudo, realizado nas condições do Cerrado do Planalto Central, teve porobjetivo avaliar o efeito da época de suspensão das irrigações por aspersão naprodução, qualidade de frutos e uso de água do tomateiro para processamento. Ostratamentos consistiram de quatorze épocas de suspensão, espaçadas de 7 dias,desde o florescimento até a colheita. A maior produtividade de frutos foi obtidaquando as irrigações foram suspensas 21 dias antes da colheita, com 10% dos frutosmaduros. Houve aumento linear do teor de sólidos solúveis totais a uma taxa de0,34 oBrix para cada 10 dias de antecipação da última irrigação. O máximorendimento de polpa foi obtido suspendendo as irrigações 34 dias antes da colheita,ou seja, quando 20% das plantas apresentaram pelo menos um fruto maduro. A maioreficiência de uso de água, relativa à produtividade de frutos e rendimento de polpa,foi observada quando a última irrigação ocorreu aos 37 e 45 dias após oflorescimento, respectivamente

Caracterização de isolados de Phytophthora infestans obtidos de tomateiro.

O tomateiro (Solanum lycopersicum L. = Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) é uma das plantas oleráceas mais cultivadas no Brasil e o seu fruto, o tomate, é uma das olerícolas mais consumidas na mesa do brasileiro e muito usado pela agroindústria. Uma das doenças do tomateiro mais temidas pelos produtores é a requeima, causada pelo fungo Phytophtora infestans, que provoca grande destruição na cultura em pouco tempo. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de caracterizar isolados de P. infestans, coletados de tomateiros, quanto ao grupo de compatibilidade, à virulência e à resistência ao fungicida mefenoxan. Vinte e seis isolados foram caracterizados quanto ao grupo de compatibilidade; 24 foram caracterizados quanto à resistência ao mefenoxan; e determinou-se o espectro de virulência de 14 isolados. Todos os 26 isolados testados foram classificados como do grupo A1 de compatibilidade. Em relação à virulência, todos os isolados foram virulentos à cultivar de tomate 'IPA-5'. A maioria foi virulenta em plantas de tomate com os genes Ph1 (92,86%) ou Ph2 (78,57%) e uma pequena parte dos isolados foram virulentos em plantas com o gene Ph3 (21,43%). Quanto à resistência ao mefenoxan, a freqüência de isolados sensíveis, intermediários e resistentes foram de 16,67%, 16,67% e 66,66%, respectivamente. Há evidências da não-reprodução sexuada e formação de oósporos nos campos de tomate do país, retardando o aparecimento da doença. Devido a um maior número de isolados resistentes ao mefenoxan, o controle da requeima com este fungicida pode ser ineficiente em campo. Uma vez que o patógeno apresentou um amplo espectro de virulência, a utilização de cultivares com resistência vertical a requeima não é recomendada. O manejo integrado da requeima é a forma mais eficaz de se controlar a doença.

Caracterização de isolados de Phytophthora nicotianae obtidos de tomate, berinjela e jiló.

O gênero Phytophthora apresenta várias espécies patogênicas a hortaliças, entre elas P. nicotianae destaca-se como agente causal de podridões de frutos em tomate, berinjela e jiló. É importante gerar conhecimento sobre o quão agressivo determinado organismo é, a qual grupo de compatibilidade ele pertence e seu nível de sensibilidade aos fungicidas empregados no seu controle, no sentido obter o máximo de informações sobre o patógeno, a fim de buscar formas eficientes no manejo das doenças. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de caracterizar isolados de P. nicotianae, obtidos de frutos de tomate berinjela e jiló. Para isto foram realizados três experimentos distintos no Laboratório de Fitopatologia da Embrapa Hortaliças, com os marcadores biológicos grupos de compatibilidade, agressividade e resistência ao metalaxyl. Dos 39 isolados, caracterizados quanto ao grupo de compatibilidade, 23 apresentaram o grupo A1 e 16 o grupo A2, sendo que em apenas de um campo de cultivo (localizado em Cristalina - GO) ocorreram isolados de ambos os grupos. Quanto à agressividade foi verificado neste trabalho que P. nicotianae não demonstrou especificidade por nenhum dos seus hospedeiros de origem. Foram testados 32 isolados de P. nicotianae para verificar a resistência ao metalaxyl e, destes, apenas um apresentou resistência, oito foram intermediários e os outros 23 foram sensíveis à ação do fungicida. Tais resultados demonstraram uma alta eficiência do metalaxyl no controle de P. nicotianae fato que pode ser explicado pelo não uso deste fungicida em doenças causadas por este patógeno.

Círculo de hospedeiras de isolados de Verticillium dahliae obtidos de tomteiro, quiabeiro e morangueiro.

O gênero Verticillium apresenta duas importantes espécies de fitopatógenos (V. dahliae e V. albo-atrum). A capacidade de produção de microescleródios dos isolados de V. dahliae em cultura tem sido empregada como a principal característica para distinção destas duas espécies. Verticillium dahliae é um fungo bastante polífago, amplamente disseminado no território brasileiro, causando murcha vascular em tomate, berinjela, jiló, algodão, morango, cacau, quiabo, dentre outras hospedeiras. Verticillium dahliae apresenta especialização fisiológica em tomateiro tendo sido descritas duas raças. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo investigar a capacidade de isolados de V. dahliae em infectar e causar doença em plantas de diversas famílias botânicas. Para avaliação da gama de hospedeiros, quatro isolados do fungo foram inoculados em 62 acessos de 54 espécies em 40 gêneros e 18 famílias botânicas. A maioria dos acessos mostrou-se susceptível ao patógeno. Foram classificadas como plantas não-hospedeiras todas as gramíneas avaliadas, as solanáceas Datura stramonium, Nicandra physaloides e Physalis ?oridana, couve-flor (linhagem CNPH-003), melancia (cv. Crimson Sweet), melão (cv. Eldorado 300) alface (cvs. Regina e Robinson), cenoura, feijão, soja-verde, beterraba, maracujá azedo (Passi?ora edulis), capuchinha (Trapaeolum majus) e cariru (Talinum triangulare). Foram identificadas 27 novas hospedeiras experimentais de V. dahliae.

Dinâmica populacional da mosca-branca, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, 1889 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), em tomate plantado sob sistema de cultivo orgânico e convencional.

2007

Tensões-limite de água no solo para o cultivo do tomateiro para processo irrigado por gotejamento.

A irrigação por gotejamento é uma tecnologia poupadora de água e mitigadora de problemas fitossanitários que começa a ser adotada na produção de tomate para processamento em áreas de cerrado de Minas Gerais e Goiás. Visando estabelecer estratégia de manejo de água durante os estádios vegetativo, de frutificação e de maturação do tomateiro, quatro experimentos foram conduzidos na Embrapa Hortaliças, Brasília, DF. Avaliou-se tensões-limite de água no solo entre 5 e 120 kPa. Plantas submetidas a maior déficit hídrico, durante o estádio vegetativo, apresentaram sistema radicular até 10 cm mais profundo que aquelas irrigadas mais freqüentemente. Maior produtividade de frutos foi atingida quando as irrigações foram realizadas de forma a não permitir tensões de água no solo superiores a 35, 12 e 15 kPa durante os estádios vegetativo, de frutificação e de maturação, respectivamente. O teor de sólidos solúveis totais não foi afetado pelos regimes de irrigação avaliados durante os estádios vegetativo e de frutificação, mas aumentou quanto maior o déficit hídrico durante o estádio de maturação.

Determinação de espécies e de raças de isolados de Verticillium oriundos de diferentes Estados do Brasil.

2007

Hacia una horticultura sustentable : el cultivo de tomate cherry

p.83-86

Presencia y fluctuación poblacional de artrópodos perjudiciales al cultivo de tomate

p.105-109

Utilización de un residuo mineral de baja ley en fósforo como fertilizante

p.43-49

pcDNA3.1tdTomato is superior to pDsRed2-N1 for optical fluorescence imaging in the F344/AY-27 rat model of bladder cancer

PURPOSE: Animal models are important for pre-clinical assessment of novel therapies in metastatic bladder cancer. The F344/AY-27 model involves orthotopic colonisation with AY-27 tumour cells which are syngeneic to F344 rats. One disadvantage of the model is the unknown status of colonisation between instillation and sacrifice. Non-invasive optical imaging using red fluorescence reporters could potentially detect tumours in situ and would also reduce the number of animals required for each experiment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: AY-27 cells were stably transfected with either pDsRed2-N1 or pcDNA3.1tdTomato. The intensity and stability of fluorescence in the resultant AY-27/DsRed2-N1 and AY-27/tdTomato stable cell lines were compared using Xenogen IVIS®200 and Olympus IX51 systems.

RESULTS: AY-27/tdTomato fluorescence intensity was 60-fold brighter than AY-27/DsRed2-N1 and was sustained in AY-27/tdTomato cells following freezing and six subsequent sub-cultures. After sub-cutaneous injection, fluorescence intensity from AY-27/tdTomato cells was threefold stronger than that detected from AY-27/DsRed2-N1 cells. IVIS®200 detected fluorescence from AY-27/tdTomato and AY-27/DsRed2-N1 cells colonising resected and exteriorised bladders, respectively. However, the deep-seated position of the bladder precluded in vivo imaging. Characteristics of AY-27/tdTomato cells in vitro and in tumours colonising F344 rats resembled those of parental AY-27 cells. Tumour transformation was observed in the bladders colonised with AY-27/DsRed2-N1 cells.

CONCLUSIONS: In vivo whole-body imaging of internal red fluorescent animal tumours should use pcDNA3.1tdTomato rather than pDsRed2-N1. Optical imaging of deep-seated organs in larger animals remains a challenge which may require proteins with brighter red or far-red fluorescence and/or alternative approaches.

Changes of traditional farming systems and their effects on land degradation and socio-economic conditions in the Inle Lake region, Myanmar

At many locations in Myanmar, ongoing changes in land use have negative environmental impacts and threaten natural ecosystems at local, regional and national scales. In particular, the watershed area of Inle Lake in eastern Myanmar is strongly affected by the environmental effects of deforestation and soil erosion caused by agricultural intensification and expansion of agricultural land, which are exacerbated by the increasing population pressure and the growing number of tourists. This thesis, therefore, focuses on land use changes in traditional farming systems and their effects on socio-economic and biophysical factors to improve our understanding of sustainable natural resource management of this wetland ecosystem. The main objectives of this research were to: (1) assess the noticeable land transformations in space and time, (2) identify the typical farming systems as well as the divergent livelihood strategies, and finally, (3) estimate soil erosion risk in the different agro-ecological zones surrounding the Inle Lake watershed area. GIS and remote sensing techniques allowed to identify the dynamic land use and land cover changes (LUCC) during the past 40 years based on historical Corona images (1968) and Landsat images (1989, 2000 and 2009). In this study, 12 land cover classes were identified and a supervised classification was used for the Landsat datasets, whereas a visual interpretation approach was conducted for the Corona images. Within the past 40 years, the main landscape transformation processes were deforestation (- 49%), urbanization (+ 203%), agricultural expansion (+ 34%) with a notably increase of floating gardens (+ 390%), land abandonment (+ 167%), and marshlands losses in wetland area (- 83%) and water bodies (- 16%). The main driving forces of LUCC appeared to be high population growth, urbanization and settlements, a lack of sustainable land use and environmental management policies, wide-spread rural poverty, an open market economy and changes in market prices and access. To identify the diverse livelihood strategies in the Inle Lake watershed area and the diversity of income generating activities, household surveys were conducted (total: 301 households) using a stratified random sampling design in three different agro-ecological zones: floating gardens (FG), lowland cultivation (LL) and upland cultivation (UP). A cluster and discriminant analysis revealed that livelihood strategies and socio-economic situations of local communities differed significantly in the different zones. For all three zones, different livelihood strategies were identified which differed mainly in the amount of on-farm and off-farm income, and the level of income diversification. The gross margin for each household from agricultural production in the floating garden, lowland and upland cultivation was US$ 2108, 892 and 619 ha-1 respectively. Among the typical farming systems in these zones, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) plantation in the floating gardens yielded the highest net benefits, but caused negative environmental impacts given the overuse of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and spatial analysis within GIS were applied to estimate soil erosion risk in the different agricultural zones and for the main cropping systems of the study region. The results revealed that the average soil losses in year 1989, 2000 and 2009 amounted to 20, 10 and 26 t ha-1, respectively and barren land along the steep slopes had the highest soil erosion risk with 85% of the total soil losses in the study area. Yearly fluctuations were mainly caused by changes in the amount of annual precipitation and the dynamics of LUCC such as deforestation and agriculture extension with inappropriate land use and unsustainable cropping systems. Among the typical cropping systems, upland rainfed rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation had the highest rate of soil erosion (20 t ha-1yr-1) followed by sebesten (Cordia dichotoma) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) plantation in the UP zone. This study indicated that the hotspot region of soil erosion risk were upland mountain areas, especially in the western part of the Inle lake. Soil conservation practices are thus urgently needed to control soil erosion and lake sedimentation and to conserve the wetland ecosystem. Most farmers have not yet implemented soil conservation measures to reduce soil erosion impacts such as land degradation, sedimentation and water pollution in Inle Lake, which is partly due to the low economic development and poverty in the region. Key challenges of agriculture in the hilly landscapes can be summarized as follows: fostering the sustainable land use of farming systems for the maintenance of ecosystem services and functions while improving the social and economic well-being of the population, integrated natural resources management policies and increasing the diversification of income opportunities to reduce pressure on forest and natural resources.

Distribution of nutrients in the root zone affects yield, quality and blossom end rot of tomato fruits

Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. 'DRK') were grown hydroponically in two experiments to determine the effects of nutrient concentration and distribution in the root zone on yield, quality and blossom end rot (BER). The plants were grown in rockwool with their root systems divided into two portions. Each portion was irrigated with nutrient solutions with either the same or different electrical conductivity (EC) in the range 0 to 6 dS m(-1). In both experiments, fruit yields decreased as EC increased from moderate to high when solutions of equal concentration were applied to both portions of the root system. However, higher yields were obtained when a solution with high EC was applied to one portion of the root system and a solution of low EC to the other portion. For example, the fresh weight of mature fruits in the 6/6 treatment was only 20% that of the 3/3 treatment but the 6/0 treatment had a yield that was 40% higher. The reduction in yield in the high EC treatments was due to an increase in the number of fruits with BER and smaller fruit size. BER increased from 12% to 88% of total fruits as EC increased from 6/0 to 6/6 and fruit length decreased from 67 mm to 52 mm. Fruit quality (expressed as titratable acidity and soluble solids) increased as EC increased. In summary, high yields of high quality tomatoes with minimal incidence of BER were obtained when one portion of the root system was supplied with a solution of high EC and the other portion with a solution of moderate or zero EC.

Distribution of salinity in the root zone affects the yield, quality of tomato fruit

Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. DRK) were grown with a split root system to determine the effect of an unequal distribution of salinity in the root zone on yield and quality. The roots of the plant were divided into two portions and each portion was irrigated with nutrient solutions differing in EC levels achieved by adding Na or K. The maximum yield was observed in treatments with unequal EC when one portion of the roots received only water and the lowest in the high EC treatments. The reduced yield in the high EC treatment was due to the incidence of blossom-end rot and reduced fruit size. Fruit size in the treatments receiving solutions of unequal EC was up to 12% greater than that in the control. No significant differences were found in soluble solids and acidity between control and all other unequal EC treatments. Ca concentration was significantly higher in the treatments where one portion of the root system received water. It was concluded that high salinity had positive effects on yield and quality provided that one portion of the root system were placed in low EC or only water.

Uneven distribution of nutrients in the root zone affects the incidence of blossom end rot and concentration of calcium and potassium in fruits of tomato

Tomato plants ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. DRK) were grown hydroponically to determine the effect of an uneven distribution of nutrients in the root zone on blossomend rot (BER) and Ca and K concentrations in the fruits. The plants were grown in rockwool with their root system divided into two portions. Each portion was irrigated with nutrient solutions with either the same or the different electrical conductivity (EC) in the range 0 to 6 dS m(-1). Solutions with high EC supplied to both sides of the root system significantly increased the incidence of BER. However, when only water or a solution of low EC was supplied to one portion, BER was reduced by 80%. Fruit yields were significantly higher ( P < 0.01) for plants that received solutions of the uneven EC treatments (6/0 or 4.5/0 EC treatment). Plants supplied with solutions of uneven EC generally had higher leaf and fruit concentrations of Ca but lower concentrations of K than those supplied with solutions of high EC. There was no difference in Ca concentration at the distal end of young fruits of the uneven EC treatment but it was reduced in the high EC treatments. The concentration of K in the mature fruits of the uneven EC treatments was lower than that of the high EC treatments and higher or similar that of the 3/3 or 2.5/2.5 EC treatments ( controls). A clear relationship was found between the incidence of BER and the exudation rate. High rate of xylem exudation was observed in the uneven EC treatments. Reduction of BER in the uneven EC treatments is most likely to be the effect of high exudation rate on Ca status in the young fruits. It was concluded that high EC of solution had positive effects on Ca concentration and incidence of BER provided that nutrient solution with low EC or water is supplied to the one portion of the root system.