Microclimate under different shading screens in greenhouses cultivated with bromeliads

This study had as its objective the evaluation of the influence of shading screens of different colors on the different microclimate variables in a greenhouse covered with transparent low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The experiment was conducted with five treatments: thermo-reflective screen (T1); a control - without screen (T2); red screen (T3); blue screen (T4); and black screen (T5), all of them with 70% of shading. An automatic micrometeorological station was installed in each treatment, measuring air temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), incoming solar radiation (Rg), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and net radiation (Rn) continuously. The control (T2) and red screen (T3) treatments promoted the highest solar radiation transmissivity, respectively 56.3 and 27%. The black screen (T5) had the lowest solar radiation transmissivity (10.4%). For PAR and Rn the same tendency was observed. The highest temperature was observed under blue screen (T4) treatment, which was 1.3 °C higher than external condition. Blue screen (T4) treatment also presented the highest relative humidity difference between inside and outside conditions.

A molecular dynamics study of the influence of chain branching on the properties of polymer systems

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Einfluß von Kettenverzweigungen unterschiedlicher Topologien auf die statischen Eigenschaften von Polymeren. Diese Untersuchungen werden mit Hilfe von Monte-Carlo- und Molekular-Dynamik-Simulationen durchgeführt.Zunächst werden einige theoretische Konzepte und Modelle eingeführt, welche die Beschreibung von Polymerketten auf mesoskopischen Längenskalen gestatten. Es werden wichtige Bestimmungsgrößen eingeführt und erläutert, welche zur quantitativen Charakterisierung von Verzweigungsstrukturen bei Polymeren geeignet sind. Es wird ebenso auf die verwendeten Optimierungstechniken eingegangen, die bei der Implementierung des Computerprogrammes Verwendung fanden. Untersucht werden neben linearen Polymerketten unterschiedliche Topolgien -Sternpolymere mit variabler Armzahl, Übergang von Sternpolymeren zu linearen Polymeren, Ketten mit variabler Zahl von Seitenketten, reguläre Dendrimere und hyperverzweigte Strukturen - in Abhängigkeit von der Lösungsmittelqualität. Es wird zunächst eine gründliche Analyse des verwendeten Simulationsmodells an sehr langen linearen Einzelketten vorgenommen. Die Skalierungseigenschaften der linearen Ketten werden untersucht in dem gesamten Lösungsmittelbereich vom guten Lösungsmittel bis hin zu weitgehend kollabierten Ketten im schlechten Lösungsmittel. Ein wichtiges Ergebnis dieser Arbeit ist die Bestätigung der Korrekturen zum Skalenverhalten des hydrodynamischen Radius Rh. Dieses Ergebnis war möglich aufgrund der großen gewählten Kettenlängen und der hohen Qualität der erhaltenen Daten in dieser Arbeit, insbesondere bei den linearen ketten, und es steht im Widerspruch zu vielen bisherigen Simulations-Studien und experimentellen Arbeiten. Diese Korrekturen zum Skalenverhalten wurden nicht nur für die linearen Ketten, sondern auch für Sternpolymere mit unterchiedlicher Armzahl gezeigt. Für lineare Ketten wird der Einfluß von Polydispersität untersucht.Es wird gezeigt, daß eine eindeutige Abbildung von Längenskalen zwischen Simulationsmodell und Experiment nicht möglich ist, da die zu diesem Zweck verwendete dimensionslose Größe eine zu schwache Abhängigkeit von der Polymerisation der Ketten besitzt. Ein Vergleich von Simulationsdaten mit industriellem Low-Density-Polyäthylen(LDPE) zeigt, daß LDPE in Form von stark verzweigten Ketten vorliegt.Für reguläre Dendrimere konnte ein hochgradiges Zurückfalten der Arme in die innere Kernregion nachgewiesen werden.

Structure and properties of composite polyolefin materials

This thesis is based on three main studies, all dealing with structure-property investigation of semicrystalline polyolefin-based composites. Low density poly(ethylene) (LDPE) and isotactic poly(propylene) (iPP) were chosen as parts of the composites materials and they were investigated either separately (as homoploymers), either in blend systems with the composition LDPE/iPP 80/20 or as filled matrix with layered silicate (montmorillonite). The beneficial influence of adding ethylene-co-propylene polymer of amorphous nature, to low density poly(ethylene)/isotactic poly(propylene) (80/20) blend is demonstrated. This effect is expressed by the major improvement of mechanical properties of ternary blends as examined at a macroscopic size scale by means of tensile measurements. The structure investigation also reveals a clear dependence of the morphology on adding ethylene-copropylene polymer. Both the nature and the content of ethylene-co-propylene polymer affect structure and properties. It is further demonstrated that the extent of improvement in mechanical properties is to be related to the molecular details of the compatibilizer. Combination of high molecular weight and high ethylene content is appropriate for the studied system where the poly(ethylene) plays the role of matrix. A new way to characterize semicrystalline systems by means of Brillouin spectroscopy is presented in this study. By this method based on inelastic light scattering, we were able to measure the high frequency elastic constant (c11) of the two microphases in the case where the spherulites size is exhibit size larger than the size of the probing phonon wavelength. In this considered case, the sample film is inhomogeneous over the relevant length scales and there is an access to the transverse phonon in the crystalline phase yielding the elastic constant c44 as well. Isotactic poly(propylene) is well suited for this type of investigation since its morphology can be tailored through different thermal treatment from the melt. Two distinctly different types of films were used; quenched (low crystallinity) and annealed (high crystallinity). The Brillouin scattering data are discussed with respect to the spherulites size, lamellae thickness, long period, crystallinity degree and well documented by AFM images. The structure and the properties of isotactic poly(propylene) matrix modified by inorganic layered silicate, montmorillonite, are discussed with respect to the clay content. Isotactic poly(propylene)-graft-maleic anhydride was used as compatibilizer. It is clearly demonstrated that the property enhancement is largely due to the ability of layered silicate to exfoliate. The intimate dispersion of the nanometer-thick silicate result from a delicate balance of the content ratio between the isotactic poly(propylene)-graft-maleic anhydride compatibilizer and the inorganic clay.

Efecto del estado de madurez y atmósferas modificadas sobre la calidad de cerezas cv. Sweetheart

Se estudió el efecto de cosechar cerezas en dos estados de madurez, así como el uso de atmósferas modificadas empleando PBD y PVC, sobre la calidad de fruta almacenada a 0 °C durante 21 y 42 días, respectivamente. La calidad fue evaluada en base a pérdida de peso (%), color (ángulo hue), firmeza, contenido de sólidos solubles, aspecto de los pedicelos y presencia de podredumbres. La fruta cosechada más madura presentó color, sólidos solubles y firmeza adecuados durante los 21 días a 0 °C, pero el almacenamiento estuvo limitado por la deshidratación de los pedicelos, que mantuvieron aspecto comercial sólo durante una semana. Para ambos estados de madurez, la pérdida de peso fue importante y se registró aumento del contenido de sólidos solubles y firmeza. Sin embargo, la fruta cosechada más inmadura no alcanzó en ningún momento la coloración ni contenido de azúcares de la fruta cosechada en estado de madurez más avanzado. Mediante el uso de las bolsas PBD se logró minimizar la deshidratación y mantener las características organolépticas de la fruta, así como un alto porcentaje de pedicelos con buen aspecto y color durante los 42 días de conservación en frío. El uso de PVC se vio limitado por el deterioro de los pedicelos que afectó alrededor del 50 % de la fruta analizada al término de la primera semana.

Almacenamiento refrigerado de cerezas : efecto de madurez y atmósfera modificada

Se estudió el efecto de cosechar cerezas en dos estados de madurez: rojo pálido y rojo maduro y la utilización de atmósferas modificadas, empleando PBD de 11 y 40 m, sobre la calidad de fruta almacenada a 0 °C y después de 3 días a temperatura ambiente. La calidad fue evaluada en términos de pérdida de peso (%), color (ángulo hue), firmeza, contenido de sólidos solubles, aspecto de los pedicelos y presencia de podredumbres. La fruta cosechada más madura presentó color, sólidos solubles y firmeza adecuados durante 21 días a 0 °C pero el almacenamiento prolongado estuvo limitado por la deshidratación de los pedicelos, que mantuvieron aspecto comercial sólo durante una semana. Para ambos estados de madurez se registró importante pérdida de peso; disminución del valor de °hue y aumentos de sólidos solubles y de firmeza. Durante la simulación comercial la fruta experimentó ablandamiento, pérdida de peso, oscurecimiento de la piel y deshidratación de los pedicelos. Con el uso del PBD no se detectaron cambios significativos para ninguno de los parámetros estudiados, permitiendo además reducir la deshidratación y mantener el aspecto comercial de los pedicelos, independientemente del espesor de la película.

Refinery Nonconventional Feedstocks: Influence of the Coprocessing of Vacuum Gas Oil and Low Density Polyethylene in Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit on Full Range Gasoline Composition

Gasoline coming from refinery fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit is a major contributor to the total commercial grade gasoline pool. The contents of the FCC gasoline are primarily paraffins, naphthenes, olefins, aromatics, and undesirables such as sulfur and sulfur containing compounds in low quantities. The proportions of these components in the FCC gasoline invariable determine its quality as well as the performance of the associated downstream units. The increasing demand for cleaner and lighter fuels significantly influences the need not only for novel processing technologies but also for alternative refinery and petrochemical feedstocks. Current and future clean gasoline requirements include increased isoparaffins contents, reduced olefin contents, reduced aromatics, reduced benzene, and reduced sulfur contents. The present study is aimed at investigating the effect of processing an unconventional refinery feedstock, composed of blend of vacuum gas oil (VGO) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) on FCC full range gasoline yields and compositional spectrum including its paraffins, isoparaffins, olefins, napthenes, and aromatics contents distribution within a range of operating variables of temperature (500–700 °C) and catalyst-feed oil ratio (CFR 5–10) using spent equilibrium FCC Y-zeolite based catalyst in a FCC pilot plant operated at the University of Alicante’s Research Institute of Chemical Process Engineering (RICPE). The coprocessing of the oil-polymer blend led to the production of gasoline with very similar yields and compositions as those obtained from the base oil, albeit, in some cases, the contribution of the feed polymer content as well as the processing variables on the gasoline compositional spectrum were appreciated. Carbon content analysis showed a higher fraction of the C9–C12 compounds at all catalyst rates employed and for both feedstocks. The gasoline’s paraffinicity, olefinicity, and degrees of branching of the paraffins and olefins were also affected in various degrees by the scale of operating severity. In the majority of the cases, the gasoline aromatics tended toward the decrease as the reactor temperature was increased. While the paraffins and iso-paraffins gasoline contents were relatively stable at around 5 % wt, the olefin contents on the other hand generally increased with increase in the FCC reactor temperature.

Production and Electrical Characterization of Low Density Polyethylene-based Micro- and Nano-dielectrics containing Graphene Oxide, Functionalized Graphene and Carbon Black additives

Oggigiorno la ricerca di nuovi materiali per gradatori di campo da impiegarsi in accessori di cavi ha iniziato a studiare alcuni materiali nano dielettrici con proprietà elettriche non lineari con la tensione ed aventi proprietà migliorate rispetto al materiale base. Per questo motivo in questo elaborato si sono studiati materiali nanostrutturati a base di polietilene a bassa densità (LDPE) contenenti nano polveri di grafene funzionalizzato (G*), ossido di grafene (GO) e carbon black (CB). Il primo obiettivo è stato quello di selezionare e ottimizzare i metodi di fabbricazione dei provini. La procedura di produzione è suddivisa in due parti. Nella prima parte è stata utilizzatala tecnica del ball-milling, mentre nella seconda un pressa termica (thermal pressing). Mediante la spettroscopia dielettrica a banda larga (BDS) si sono misurate le componenti reali e immaginarie della permettività e il modulo della conducibilità del materiale, in tensione alternata. Il miglioramento delle proprietà rispetto al provino di base composto dal solo polietilene si sono ottenute quando il quantitativo delle nanopolveri era maggiore. Le misure sono state effettuate sia a 3 V che a 1 kV. Attraverso misurazioni di termogravimetria (TGA) si è osservato l’aumento della resistenza termica di tutti i provini, soprattutto nel caso quando la % di nanopolveri è maggiore. Per i provini LDPE + 0.3 wt% GO e LDPE + 0.3 wt% G* si è misurata la resistenza alle scariche parziali attraverso la valutazione dell’erosione superficiale dei provini. Per il provino contenente G* è stato registrato una diminuzione del 22% del volume eroso, rispetto al materiale base, mentre per quello contenente GO non vi sono state variazioni significative. Infine si è ricercata la resistenza al breakdown di questi ultimi tre provini sopra citati. Per la caratterizzazione si è fatto uso della distribuzione di Weibull. Lo scale parameter α risulta aumentare solo per il provino LDPE + 0.3 wt% G*.

The antioxidant role of vitamin E in polyolefins

Polymers are subject to oxidation throughout their lifecycle. Antioxidants are generally incorporated in polymers to inhibit or minimise oxidative degradation. Hindered phenolic antioxidants are important stabilisers for polyolefins. However, hindered phenols undergo chemical transformations while performing their antioxidant function during processing and fabrication. In addition, antioxidants are subject to loss from polymers during processing, or subsequently in-service. Migration of antioxidants is a major concern in applications involving polymers in direct contact with food and human environment. This concern is compounded by the realisation that very little is known about the nature and the migration behaviour of antioxidant transformation products. In this work, the antioxidant role of the biological antioxidant -tocopherol (Vitamin E) , which is structurally similar to many synthetic hindered phenols, is investigated in low density polyethylene (LDPE) and polypropylene (PP). The melt stabilising effectiveness of -tocopherol (Toc) was found to be very high, higher than that of commercial hindered phenol antioxidants, such as Irganox 1076 (Irg 1076) and Irganox 1010 (Irg 1010), after multiple extrusions, especially at very low concentrations. The high antioxidant activity of Toc was shown to be due, at least in part, to the formation of transformation products during processing. The main products formed are stereoisomers of dimers and trimers, as well as aldehydes and a quinone - the relative concentration of each was shown to depend on the processing severity, the initial antioxidant concentration and oxygen availability. These transformation products are shown to impart better, similar or lower melt stability to the polymer than the parent antioxidant. The nature of the products formed from Toc during processing was compared with those formed during processing of Irg 1076 and Irg 1010 with LDPE and a mechanism for the melt stabilisation of Toc was proposed and compared with the stabilisation mechanisms of the synthetic antioxidants Irg 1076 and Irg 1010.

Environmental degradation of polyethylene-based plastics

The criteria involved in the degradation of polyethylene-based degradable polymer samples have been investigated, with a view to obtaining a clearer mechanism of photo-biodegradation. The compatibility of degradable polymer samples during materials recycling was also studied. Commercial and laboratory prepared degradable polymer samples were oxidised in different environments and the oxidation products formed were studied using various analytical chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques such as HPLC, FT-IR and NMR. It was found that commercial degradable polymer samples which are based on the ECO systems, degrade predominantly via the Norrish II process, whereas the other degradable systems studied (starch-filled polyethylene systems, transition metal systems, including metal carboxylate based polyethylene systems and the photoantioxidant-activator systems) photodegrade essentially via the Norrish I process. In all cases, the major photoxidation products extracted from the degradable polymer samples were found to be carboxylic acids, although, in the polymer itself a mixture of carbonyl containing products such as esters, lactones, ketones and aldehydes was observed. The study also found that the formation of these hydrophilic carbonyl products causes surface swelling of the polymer, thus making bioerosion possible. It was thus concluded that environmental degradation of LDPE is a two step process, the initiation stage being oxidation of the polymer which gives rise to bioassimilable products, which are consequently bioeroded in the second stage, (the biodegradation step). Recycling of the degradable polymer samples as 10% homogeneous and heterogeneous blends was carried out using a single screw extruder (180°C and 210°C) and an internal mixer (190°C). The study showed that commercial degradable polymer samples may be recycled with a minimal loss in their properties.

Migration of additives from thermoplastic polymers

A homologous series of ultra-violet stabilisers containing 2-hydroxybenzophenone (HBP) moiety as a uv absorbing chromophore with varying alkyl chain lengths and sizes were prepared by known chemical synthesis. The strong absorbance of the HBP chromophore was utilized to evaluate the concentration of these stabilisers in low density polyethylene films and concentration of these stabilisers in low density polyethylene films and in relevant solvents by ultra-violet/visible spectroscopy. Intrinsic diffusion coefficients, equilibrium solubilities, volatilities from LDPE films and volatility of pure stabilisers were studied over a temperature range of 5-100oC. The effects of structure, molecular weight and temperature on the above parameters were investigated and the results were analysed on the basis of theoretical models published in the literature. It has been found that an increase in alkyl chain lengths does not change the diffusion coefficients to a significant level, while attachment of polar or branched alkyl groups change their value considerably. An Arrhenius type of relationship for the temperature dependence of diffusion coefficients seems to be valid only for a narrow temperature range, and therefore extrapolation of data from one temperature to another leads to a considerable error. The evidence showed that increase in additive solubility in the polymer is favoured by lower heat of fusions and melting points of additives. This implies the validity of simple regular solution theory to provide an adequate basis for understanding the solubility of additives in polymers The volubility of stabilisers from low density polyethylene films showed that of an additive from a polymer can be expressed in terms of a first-order kinetic equation. In addition the rate of loss of stabilisers was discussed in relation to its diffusion, solubility and volatility and found that all these factors may contribute to the additive loss, although one may be a rate determining factor. Stabiliser migration from LDPE into various solvents and food simulants was studied at temperatures 5, 23, 40 and 70oC; from the plots of rate of migration versus square root time, characteristic diffusion coefficients were obtained by using the solution of Fick's diffusion equations. It was shown that the rate of migration depends primarily on partition coefficients between solvent and the polymer of the additive and also on the swelling action of the contracting media. Characteristic diffusion coefficients were found to approach to intrinsic values in non swelling solvents, whereas in the case of highly swollen polymer samples, the former may be orders of magnitude greater than the latter.

Time controlled photo-oxidation of polyolefins by polymer bound additives

A variety of iron compounds containing vinyl or thiol functional groups (used as photoactivators) have been synthesised and some of these were successfully bound to both polyethylene and polypropylene backbones during processing in the presence of peroxide and interlinking agent. Concentrates (masterbatches) of the photoactivators in PP and PE were prepared and the pro-oxidant effect of the diluted masterbatches in absence and presence of an antioxidant was evaluated. An antioxidant photoactivator (FeDNC ) was found to sensitise the photoactivity of pro-oxidants (Metone A / Metone M) whereas an antioxidant (ZnDNC) was found to stabilise the polymer (PP and PE) containing both of these combinations. It was observed that the lower concentration of FeDNC sensitises the stability of the polymer containing very small concentration of NiDNC whereas higher concentration of FeDNC stabilises the polymer (LDPE) containing same amount of NiDNC compared to FeDNC alone. The photostability of unstabilised PP containing FeAc could be varied by varying the concentration of ZnDEC. Both the induction period and the UV - life time of the polymer increased by increasing concentration of ZnDEC. It is suggested that ligand exchange reaction may take place between FeAc and ZnDNC. A polymer bound UV stabiliser (HAEB) and a thermal stabiliser (DBBA) were used with a non extractable photoactivator (FeAc) in PP. Small concentrations of the stabilisers (HAEB and DBBA) in combination with the photoactivator (FeAc) sensitise the polymer. The antioxidant present in commercial polymer (LDPE and PP) was found to be of a hindered phenol type, which was found to antagonise with ZnDNC when used in combination with the photoactivators.

The behaviour of antioxidants in polyolefins under conditions of U.V. exposure

The effects of antioxidants and stabilizers on the oxidative degradation of polyolefins (low density polyethylene [LDPE] and polypropylene [PPJ have been studied after subjecting to prior high temperature processing treatments. The changes in the both chemical and physical properties of unstabilized polymers occurring during processing were found to be strongly dependent on the amount of oxygen present in the mixer. Subsequent thermal and photo-oxidation showed very similar characteristics and the chromophore primarily responsible for:both thermo and photooxidative degradation of unstabilized polymers was found to be hydroperoxide formed during processing. Removal of hydroperoxide by heat treatment in an inert atmosphere although increasing ketonic carbonyl concentration, markedly decreased the rate of photo-oxidation, introducing an induction period similar to that of an unprocessed sample. It was concluded that hydroperoxides are the most important initiators in normally processed polymers during the early stages of photo-oxidation. Antioxidants such as metal dithiocarbamates which act by destroying peroxides into non-radica1 products were found to be efficient melt stabilizers for polyolefins and effective UV stabilizers during the initial photo-oxidation stage, whilst a phenolic antioxidant, n-octadecyl-3-(3',5'-di-terbutyl 4'hydroxypheny1) propionate (Irganox 1076) retarded photo-oxidation rate in the later stages. A typical 'UV absorber' 2-hydroxy-4-octyloxy-benzophenone (HOBP) has a minor thermal antioxidant action but retarded photo-oxidation at all stages. A substituated piperidine derivative, Bis [2.2.6.6-tetramethylpiperidlnyl-4] sebacate (Tinuvin 770) behaved as an pro-oxidant during thermal oxidation of polyolefins but was an effective stabilizer against UV light. The UV absorber, HOBP synergised effectively with both peroxide decomposing antioxidants (metal dithiocarbamates) and a chain-breaking antioxidant (Irganox 1076) during photo-oxidation of the poymers studed whereas the combined effect was additive during thermal oxidation. By contrast, the peroxide decornposers and chain-breaking antioxidant (Irganox 1076) which were effective synergists during thermal oxidation of LDPE· were antagonistic during photo-oxidation. The mechanisms of these processes are discussed.

Catalytic supercritical water gasification of plastics with supported RuO2:a potential solution to hydrocarbons-water pollution problem

Here we report on a potential catalytic process for efficient clean-up of plastic pollution in waters, such as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch (CPGP). Detailed catalytic mechanisms of RuO2 during supercritical water gasification of common polyolefin plastics including low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PP), have been investigated in a batch reactor at 450 °C, 60 min. All four plastics gave very high carbon gasification efficiencies (CGE) and hydrogen gasification efficiencies (HGE). Methane was the highest gas component, with a yield of up to 37 mol kg−1LDPE using the 20 wt% RuO2 catalyst. Evaluation of the gas yields, CGE and HGE revealed that the conversion of PS involved thermal degradation, steam reforming and methanation; whereas hydrogenolysis was a possible additional mechanism during the conversion of aliphatic plastics. The process has the benefits of producing a clean-pressurized methane-rich fuel gas as well as cleaning up hydrocarbons-polluted waters.

Extruded colour-based plastic film for the measurement of dissolved CO2

Dissolved CO2 measurements are usually made using a Severinghaus electrode, which is bulky and can suffer from electrical interference. In contrast, optical sensors for gaseous CO2, whilst not suffering these problems, are mainly used for making gaseous (not dissolved) CO2 measurements, due to dye leaching and protonation, especially at high ionic strengths (>0.01 M) and acidity (<pH 4). This is usually prevented by coating the sensor with a gas-permeable, but ion-impermeable, membrane (GPM). Herein, we introduce a highly sensitive, colourimetric-based, plastic film sensor for the measurement of both gaseous and dissolved CO2, in which a pH-sensitive dye, thymol blue (TB) is coated onto particles of hydrophilic silica to create a CO2-sensitive, TB-based pigment, which is then extruded into low density polyethylene (LDPE) to create a GPM-free, i.e. naked, TB plastic sensor film for gaseous and dissolved CO2 measurements. When used for making dissolved CO2 measurements, the hydrophobic nature of the LDPE renders the film: (i) indifferent to ionic strength, (ii) highly resistant to acid attack and (iii) stable when stored under ambient (dark) conditions for >8 months, with no loss of colour or function. Here, the performance of the TB plastic film is primarily assessed as a dissolved CO2 sensor in highly saline (3.5 wt%) water. The TB film is blue in the absence of CO2 and yellow in its presence, exhibiting 50% transition in its colour at ca. 0.18% CO2. This new type of CO2 sensor has great potential in the monitoring of CO2 levels in the hydrosphere, as well as elsewhere, e.g. food packaging and possibly patient monitoring.

Levier synthétique de silice : une approche pour fonctionnaliser les surfaces hydroxylées

La présente recherche couvre les premiers essais d’une nouvelle méthode de fonctionnalisation chimique de surfaces hydroxylées. La méthode consiste à faire réagir ladite surface avec un réactif en excès, le tétrachlorure de silicium (SiCl4), rendant celle-ci chimiquement réactive à n’importe quel alcool externe ajouté par la suite au milieu. L’alcool externe modifie les propriétés de surface du substrat dépendamment de sa composition. Une multitude de fonctionnalités chimiques peuvent être présentes sur l’alcool externe et ce sont elles qui dictent les nouvelles propriétés de surface. Dans l’étude présente, les substrats étudiés ont été la cellulose microcristalline commerciale (MCC), la fibre de chanvre délignifiée et la corde de lin. La MCC est une cellulose fortement hydrolysée et purifiée ayant une structure cristalline la rendant insoluble. L’absence d’impuretés pouvant engendrer des interférences est la raison majeure pour laquelle ce substrat a été employé en premier. Avec des alcools tels que le 1-décanol, le 10-undécènol et le PEG-400, les propriétés de surfaces ont été ajustées et ont permis les premières applications comme substrat fibreux dans des composites de LDPE et de PLA. Une fois modifiés avec le 1-décanol et le 10-undécènol, les substrats ont montré des propriétés surfaciques hydrophobes n’absorbant plus l’eau et montrant des angles de contacts supérieurs à 90o avec celle-ci. Des mélanges à 17 et à 50 % massiques de ces substrats modifiés ont donc été faits avec le LDPE et une caractérisation complète des composites a été effectuée. Les tests mécaniques des composites modifiés de 17 % massique de MCC et de corde ont démontré une claire adhésion substrat-matrice par l’augmentation de la contrainte maximale ainsi que de l’élongation à la rupture. Pour ce qui est des substrats avec PEG-400, la fonctionnalisation a été démontrée et des composites MCC-PLA ont été faits. La modification de la MCC a engendré un changement des propriétés mécaniques sans toutefois surpasser le PLA de départ. Néanmoins, dans tous les cas, l’adhésion substrat-matrice a été améliorée par la réaction et a pu être démontrée par l’étude des fractures et des coupes microtomes au MEB. Finalement, la dispersion et les interactions à l’intérieur des composites de MCC à 17 et à 50 % ont été observées par rhéologie. Les composites modifiés ont montré une meilleure dispersion comparativement aux composites de MCC qui eux engendrent même la formation de réseau substrat-substrat.