Portrait of George Louis Wolff (Gerd Ludwig Wolff) holding a mouse in his genetics laboratory; Little Rock, Arkansas.

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Elizabeth Krakauer nee Gottschalk conducting an experiment in a Oberprima (high school) chemistry laboratory; Sophienschule; Hannover, Germany.

This picture was taken during her last year of high school. The chemistry teacher, Professor Schmigielski was one of Elizabeth's favorite teachers.

Elizabeth Krakauer nee Gottschalk seated in a Oberprima (high school) chemistry laboratory; Sophienschule; Hannover, Germany.

This picture was taken during her last year of high school. The chemistry teacher, Professor Schmigielski was one of Elizabeth's favorite teachers.

Effectiveness of Various Artificial Larval Diets for Rearing Bactrocera passiflorae (Froggatt) and B. xanthodes (Broun) in the Laboratory in Fiji

Laboratory colonies of Bactrocera passiflorae (Froggatt) and B. xanthodes (Broun) were established at Koronivia Research Station, Fiji in 1991. Laboratory rearing of the two economically important species was a prerequisite to studies conducted on protein bait spray and quarantine treatment development. To increase the production of laboratory reared fruit flies for this research and also to have a substitute larval diet available, replicated comparisons of the effectiveness of larval diets were carried out using B. passiflorae and B. xanthodes. The diets compared were pawpaw/bagasse, dehydrated carrot and diets used for culturing Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann), Oriental fruit fly (B. dorsalis Hendel), melon fly (B. cucurbitae Coquillett) and B. latifrons (Hendel), pawpaw diet and breadfruit diet. B. passiflorae and B. xanthodes eggs seeded onto the various diets were allowed to develop into larvae, pupae and adults. The percentage egg hatch, number of pupae recovered, percentage pupal mortality, weight of 100 pupae, number of adults and percentage eclosion were used to determine the effectiveness of the diets. Results showed that pawpaw/bagasse and dehydrated carrot diets performed favorably for both species. The pawpaw diet currently used as standard larval diets for both species is the most readily available and easiest to use. Breadfruit diet was tested on B. xanthodes only and showed that it was a suitable substitute for the pawpaw-based diets. Other larval diets, cassava/pawpaw and banana diets, that have been developed and used in the South Pacific areas are also discussed in this paper. When pawpaw or breadfruit are not available, dehydrated carrot diet may be substituted for fruit-based larval diets.

Laboratory-rearing Techniques for Tephritid Fruit Flies in the South Pacific

Laboratory colonies of 15 economically important species of multi-host fruit flies (Diptera:Tephritidae) have been established in eight South Pacific island countries for the purpose of undertaking biological studies, particularly host status testing and research on quarantine treatments. Laboratory rearing techniques are based on the development of artificial diets for larvae consisting predominately of the pulp of locally available fruits including pawpaw, breadfruit and banana. The pawpaw diet is the standard diet and is used in seven countries for rearing 11 species. Diet ingredients are standard proportions of fruit pulp, hydrolysed protein and a bacterial and fungal inhibitor. The diet is particularly suitable for post-harvest treatment studies when larvae of known age are required. Another major development in the laboratory rearing system is the use of pure strains of Enterobacteriaceae bacterial cultures as important adult-feeding supplements. These bacterial cultures are dissected out of the crop of wild females, isolated by sub-culturing, and identified before supply to adults on peptone yeast extract agar plates. Most species are egged using thin, plastic receptacles perforated with 1 mm oviposition holes, with fruit juice or larval diet smeared internally as an oviposition stimulant. Laboratory rearing techniques have been standardised for all of the Pacific countries. Quality control monitoring is based on acceptable ranges in per cent egg hatch, pupal weight and pupal mortality. Colonies are rejuvenated every 6 to 12 months by crossing wild males with laboratory-reared females and vice versa. The standard rearing techniques, equipment and ingredients used in collecting, establishment, maintenance and quality control of these fruit fly species are detailed in this paper.

Susy Glaubach working in a laboratory; Vienna Portraits Women

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Group portrait at the farewell banquet for Dr. William Antopol from the laboratory staff of Mount Sinai Hospital; Ken's Chop House, New York city Portraits Groups

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Students of Willy Marckwald working in laboratory; Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitaet Berlin Institutions; Universities

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Students of Willy Marckwaldeating lunch, still wearing laboratory coats; Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitaet Berlin Institutions; Universities

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Students of Willy Marckwald working in laboratory; Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitaet Berlin Institutions; Universities

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Students of Willy Marckwald working in laboratory; Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitaet Berlin Institutions; Universities

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Students of Willy Marckwald working in laboratory; Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitaet Berlin Institutions; Universities

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Students of Willy Marckwald working in laboratory; Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitaet Berlin Institutions; Universities

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Students of Willy Marckwald working in laboratory; Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitaet Berlin Institutions; Universities

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