铬（VI）对海湾扇贝早期发育的影响

本文在23 ℃和31.6S条件下系统地研究了六价铬离子对海弯扇贝Argopecten irradians胚胎和不同发育阶段的幼虫的影响。海弯扇贝胚胎，早期D形幼早（刚孵化出的平均壳长为91μm的D形幼虫）和壳顶幼早对Cr~(8+)的敏感性各不相同。Cr~(6+)对胚胎孵化45hr的半数影响浓度EC_(50)为2614.57μg/L；对早期D形幼虫和壳顶幼虫48hr的半致死浓度LC_(50)分别为4343.26和2323.27μg/L。因此，其敏感性大小依次为：壳顶幼早 ＞ 胚胎 ＞ D形幼虫。眼点的幼虫在变态的过程中对Cr~(6+)的反应尤为敏感，低浓度（＜200μg/L）的Cr~(6+)对其变态则有很强的抑制作用，在831.19μg/L的Cr~(6+)作用下眼点幼虫的变态率仅为对照组的50％。Cr~(6+)对海湾贝D形幼虫的生长发育具有明显的抑制作用，随着Cr~(6+)浓度的升高，幼虫的生长速度逐渐减慢，死亡率逐渐升高，同一浓度的Cr~(6+)作用越长，毒性越大。Cr~(6+)对D形幼虫生长96hr和192hr的EC_(50)分别为1395.40和710.56μg/L。被Cr~(6+)污染的铒料（等鞭金藻Isochrysis galbana）亦可对海湾扇贝幼虫产生毒性影响，说明Cr~(6+)的性可通过铒料传递。AAS法分析表明Cr~(6+)在D形幼虫体内的累积随着外界Cr~(6+)浓度的升高而逐渐增多。根据海湾扇贝最敏感期－－壳顶幼虫期对Cr~(6+)的起始反应浓度，建议在海湾扇贝人工育苗过程中水质控制Cr~(6+)浓度应低于14μg/L。

双刺纺锤水蚤（Acartia bifilosa）基础生物学与生态学研究

20世纪90年代以来，为了确保日益增长的人口对蛋白质的需求，海洋鱼类养殖在全球范围内日趋发展。然而，许多养殖鱼类的品质如抗病力、口味等与野生种类相比大为降低。饵料对于鱼类品质的好坏起着至关重要的作用。在海洋的自然环境中，浮游动物，特别是数量庞大、种类繁多的桡足类是野生鱼类的天然活饵料。哪些桡足类适于作养殖饵料，如何获得、从何处获得桡足类，人工培养是否可行，能否通过加入桡足类来改善养殖鱼类的品质是长期以来业内人士一直关注的问题，需要大量的基础性探索研究工作。 开展有潜在开发价值种的生物学特性及室内培养的基础研究，进而开展大量生产技术的研究与应用，不仅是开发利用桡足类的一个重要途径，而且可以获得一些重要的生态学参数。 本论文自2003年10月－2004年9月之间，在胶州湾采集不同的桡足类种类，通过室内比较培养实验，选定双刺纺锤水蚤作为具有开发潜力的研究培养对象，对其展开一系列培养条件及生物学特性研究，在此基础上进行了小水体增殖培养，结合现场调查资料对与其生活策略相关的生态学问题进行了初步研究探索。结果如下： 筛选：2003年10月－2004年9月全年不同季节共采集11 种桡足类，在室内自然温度、自然海水（盐度30－32）下长时间培养，粗略筛选出能够经受实验室人工养殖水体生活的种类有：强额拟哲水蚤（Paracalanus. crassirostris）、汤氏长足水蚤（Calanopia thompson）、太平洋真宽水蚤（Eurytemora pacifica）、双刺纺锤水蚤（Acartia bifilosa）。对上述种类的成体和子代幼体分别测定其对不同盐度、温度的耐受能力。培养结果表明：18℃室温下，强额拟哲水蚤幼体在盐度20以上的环境中，存活时间不超过11天；汤氏长足水蚤雌体在培养温度低于20℃时，只能存活10天；25℃室温下，当盐度低于20时，汤氏长足水蚤雌体存活时间不超过9天，子代的存活时间不超过7天；太平洋真宽水蚤不适宜在温度较高的夏秋季培养，幼体在不同盐度的实验条件下存活时间不超过5天，不适宜长期培养；双刺纺锤水蚤在全年8－24℃的室内培养温度范围内保持了24－85％的存活率，雌体和子代在盐度10－35的范围内都能存活，最终结果表明双刺纺锤水蚤是其中最适宜进行人工培养的种类。 繁殖：对双刺纺锤水蚤雌体的培养条件和繁殖生物学的研究结果表明：在本实验所使用的6种微藻饵料：微绿球藻（Nannochloropsis oculata）、小球藻（Chlorella.sp）、等鞭金藻（Isochrysis galbana）、三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)、亚心型扁藻(Platymonas subordiformis)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)中，亚心型扁藻和中肋骨条藻适宜成体培养，亚心型扁藻对雌体存活有利，排粪率也要比中肋骨条藻低得多，亚心型扁藻在高温条件下的饵料利用效率要高于中肋骨条藻，中肋骨条藻对产卵有利，二者混合优势互补；预饥饿处理的双刺纺锤水蚤恢复到最高产卵率需要较长的时间，并且一直保持较低的产卵率；该种繁殖的最适温度范围15－20℃；在10－25℃温度范围内的平均产卵率差异并不显著。 生长及发育：对双刺纺锤水蚤幼体培养条件及发育生物学研究结果表明：在本实验所使用的6种微藻饵料中，微绿球藻是比较理想的开口饵料；粒径小（ 4 m）的微藻——微绿球藻和小球藻不能保证双刺纺锤水蚤后期无节幼体发育至桡足阶段，22℃以下采用微绿球藻 + 亚心型扁藻 + 中肋骨条藻的食物搭配，22℃以上需加入粒径在4m左右的等鞭金藻。 世代时间：通过一系列的温度梯度实验，证明在相同饵料的情况下，温度对双刺纺锤水蚤的发育具有显著的影响，在15－25℃的范围内，随着温度的升高，生长速度加快、世代周期缩短；在温度条件为15、18、20、22、25℃下的世代时间分别为25.5, 18.5, 13, 11.5, 9.5天。 群体培养：研究了适宜的微藻饵料种类搭配比例以及总饵料浓度对种群日均增值率的影响。结果表明：20℃下培养宜采用亚心型扁藻：中肋骨条藻：微绿球藻按含碳量2:1:1的比例组成混合饵料，达到最高增殖率的混合饵料浓度范围在1.0－4.0 μg C ml-1之间；25℃下培养宜采用亚心型扁藻：中肋骨条藻：微绿球藻：等鞭金藻按含碳量2:1:1:2的比例组成混合饵料，日均增殖率在混合饵料总浓度为1.0 μg C ml-1 时最高，低于和高于此浓度都会降低日增值率。 度夏机制：针对野外大面调查发现双刺纺锤水蚤在高温季节的胶州湾内仍然存在的事实（传统观点认为该种在夏季从水体中消失，通过休眠卵度夏），本论文从基础生态学研究出发，根据胶州湾夏季的温度和叶绿素浓度资料，设计实验研究了高温和饵料浓度对成体繁殖和幼体生长发育的影响。实验发现，饵料浓度对高温下雌体的繁殖有着明显的影响，15g Chla l-1浓度下的雌体在28℃都可以保持产卵状态，而且卵的孵化率也在50％以上；各处理中的卵都很快孵化，并保持了60％以上的孵化率；高浓度组15 g Chla l-1和10 g Chla l-1，无节幼体都能发育至成体，低浓度5 g Chla l-1处理组中，28℃下，不能发育至桡足阶段，而25℃下也只能发育至C4期。在本实验中没有发现双刺纺锤水蚤产生休眠卵。在胶州湾自然环境中发现该种全年存在。胶州湾中的双刺纺锤水蚤在夏季能够在不产生休眠卵的情况下安全度夏。

铁对几种不同代谢类型微藻的生长和油脂积累的影响

由于化石能源储量的日益减少及其燃烧带来的环境污染问题，生物柴油的开发和应用受到广泛关注。微藻因其生长迅速，油脂含量高，被认为是制备生物柴油的理想原料，另外，同陆生油料植物相比，微藻，尤其海洋微藻培养还具有不与农业争耕地和淡水、不影响食物安全保障和破坏生境的优势。然而，由于生产成本较高，微藻生物柴油至今尚未实现商业化生产。大量研究表明，微藻油脂含量和干物质产量受环境条件调控。为优化培养条件，提高微藻的油脂产量，并探索与脂积累相关的某些代谢调控因子，本文研究了铁对三种微藻油脂积累和生长的影响。 首先建立了尼罗红染色、荧光分光光度法测定微藻油脂积累的简单、快速的方法，优化了染色后的小球藻C3和C7（Chlorella vulgaris）、球等鞭金藻（Isochrysis galbana）、三角褐枝藻（Phaeodactylum tricornutum）和莱茵衣藻（Chlamydomonas reinhardtii）脂积累的测量条件。 海洋微藻小球藻C7属于绿藻门，以积累淀粉为主。在指数生长后期向培养基中补加Fe3+，可延长小球藻指数生长期，提高细胞终密度。处于指数生长后期的小球藻经离心收集、重新接种于新的高铁培养基中后，总脂含量能提高到干物质重的56.6%，是低铁培养基中小球藻的3至7倍。 球等鞭金藻属于金藻门，油脂是其贮藏物质的主要形式。在指数生长后期向培养基中补加Fe3+ 后，指数生长期延长，细胞终密度提高。将指数生长后期的球等鞭金藻重新接种于新的培养基中后，在高铁培基中的藻的总脂含量和细胞生长均高于在低铁培养基中的。 最后，研究了铁对淡水藻莱茵衣藻脂积累和生长的影响。指数生长后期的衣藻接种于无铁TAP培养基中后，利用荧光分光光度法测得的中性脂的积累量增加，生长速度下降；而重新接种于高铁培养基中后，脂积累量下降，生长加速。乙酰辅酶A羧化酶（ACCase）催化脂合成的第一步反应，是调节脂合成速度的关键酶。本实验研究结果表明，生长在不同铁浓度条件下的衣藻ACCase基因的表达水平与细胞的分裂、生长相关。

Acreditação de ensaios do Laboratório de Análise de Sementes da Embrapa Milho e Sorgo pela ISO/IEC 17025:2005 e obtenção do Renasem.

2009

Impacto da certificação NP EN ISO 9001 na satisfação dos clientes

Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Gestão da Qualidade

Feeding rates and prey selectivity of planktonic decapod larvae in the Western English Channel

Meroplankton are seasonally important contributors to the zooplankton, particularly at inshore sites, yet their feeding ecology is poorly known relative to holoplankton. While several studies have measured feeding in decapod larvae, few studies have examined the feeding rates of decapod larvae on natural prey assemblages throughout the reproductive season. We conducted 8 feeding experiments with Necora puber, Liocarcinus spp. and Upogebia spp. zoea larvae collected from the L4 monitoring site off Plymouth (50°15.00′N, 4°13.02′W) during spring–summer 2009 and 2010. This period spanned moderate-to-high food availability (0.5–1.6 µg chl-a L−1), but a great range in food composition with small cells <20 µm dominating in 2010. Daily rations averaged 17, 60 and 22 % of body C for the 3 respective decapod species. Clearance rates differed according to prey type, and all 3 decapod genera showed evidence of selection of dinoflagellates. Importantly, small cells including nano- and pico-plankton were ingested, this being demonstrated independently by flow cytometric analysis of the feeding experiments and molecular analysis. PCR-based analysis of the haptophyte portion of the diet revealed ingestion of Isochrysis galbana by decapod larvae in the bottle incubations and Isochrysis galbana and Phaeocystis globosa by decapod larvae collected directly from the field. This study has shown that pico- and nano-sized plankton form an important supplement to the diverse and variable diet of decapod larvae.

ISO-SWS observations of CO2 and H2O in R cassiopeiae

We present ISO-SWS spectra of the O-rich Mira variable R Gas, showing CO2 in absorption and emission, and H2O in absorption. The CO2 absorption feature is the 01(1)0 - 00(0)0 ro-vibrationaI band at 14.97 mu m. The emission features are the 10(0)0-01(1)0 and 11(1)0 - 02(2)0 re-vibrational transitions at 13.87 and 13.48 mu m respectively. The water absorption spectrum shows the nu(1) and nu(3) re-vibrational bands in the 2.75 - 3 mu m region. Using LTE models, we derive physical parameters for the features. We find the CO2 emission temperature to be similar to 1100 K. We discuss the nature of the CO2 feature at 15 mu m and show that it can be modeled as an emission/absorption band by deviating front thermal equilibrium for the population of the 01(1)0 vibrational level. The H2O absorption spectrum is shown to arise from gas at different temperatures, but can be fit reasonably well with two components at T = 950 K and T = 250 K. The CO2 emission and hut H2O absorption temperatures an similar, suggesting chat these features probe the same region of the inner envelope. We discuss the inner envelope chemistry using molecular equilibrium calculations and recent modeling work by Duari et al. (1999), and find our observations consistent with the results.

EMAS and ISO 14001 in the German industry – complements or substitutes?

The two environmental management system (EMS) standards EMAS and ISO 14001 have been available in Europe for the last 15 years. ISO 14001 has been taken up at a much larger scale but many firms in the German automotive and engineering industry have certified their EMSs according to both standards. Two research questions are addressed: (i) What explains why companies adopt both EMAS and ISO 14001? (ii) Are EMAS and ISO 14001 complements or substitutes? Based on 21 interviews with industrial and institutional representatives, this study finds that, first, the two standards are adopted for completely different reasons: while ISO 14001 is often done as a response to external pressure, EMAS tends to be motivated internally. Second, it is argued that EMAS and ISO 14001 are likely in a situation of direct competition at present which may well turn into complementarity in the future.

Hardware Comparison of the ISO/IEC 29192-2 Block Ciphers

As ubiquitous computing becomes a reality, sensitive information is increasingly processed and transmitted by smart cards, mobile devices and various types of embedded systems. This has led to the requirement of a new class of lightweight cryptographic algorithm to ensure security in these resource constrained environments. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has recently standardised two low-cost block ciphers for this purpose, Clefia and Present. In this paper we provide the first comprehensive hardware architecture comparison between these ciphers, as well as a comparison with the current National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard, the Advanced Encryption Standard.

Partial purification of lymphokine activities by iso-electric focusing

A continuous cell-line has been shown to be adaptable to preparation of supernatants containing lymphokine activities. Separation and partial purification of migration inhibiting, colony stimulating and interferon activities from such preparations has been achieved by the use of density gradient iso-electric focusing.

Evaluating Asymmetric Multicore Systems-on-Chip using Iso-Metrics

The end of Dennard scaling has pushed power consumption into a first order concern for current systems, on par with performance. As a result, near-threshold voltage computing (NTVC) has been proposed as a potential means to tackle the limited cooling capacity of CMOS technology. Hardware operating in NTV consumes significantly less power, at the cost of lower frequency, and thus reduced performance, as well as increased error rates. In this paper, we investigate if a low-power systems-on-chip, consisting of ARM's asymmetric big.LITTLE technology, can be an alternative to conventional high performance multicore processors in terms of power/energy in an unreliable scenario. For our study, we use the Conjugate Gradient solver, an algorithm representative of the computations performed by a large range of scientific and engineering codes.

Overview of the current ISO tests for photocatalytic materials

The current eight published ISO standards associated with semiconductor photocatalysis are considered. These standards cover: (1) air purification (specifically, the removal of NO, acetaldehyde and toluene), (2) water purification (the photobleaching of methylene blue and oxidation of DMSO) (3) self-cleaning surfaces (the removal of oleic acid and subsequent change in water droplet contact angle), (4) photosterilisation (specifically probing the antibacterial action of semiconductor photocatalyst films) and (5) UV light sources for semiconductor photocatalytic ISO work. For each standard, the background is first considered, followed by a brief discussion of the standard particulars and concluding in a discussion of the pros and cons of the standard, with often recommendations for their improvement. Other possible standards for the future which would either compliment or enhance the current ones are discussed briefly. 

Iso-Quality of Service: Fairly Ranking Servers for Real-Time Data Analytics

We present a mathematically rigorous Quality-of-Service (QoS) metric which relates the achievable quality of service metric (QoS) for a real-time analytics service to the server energy cost of offering the service. Using a new iso-QoS evaluation methodology, we scale server resources to meet QoS targets and directly rank the servers in terms of their energy-efficiency and by extension cost of ownership. Our metric and method are platform-independent and enable fair comparison of datacenter compute servers with significant architectural diversity, including micro-servers. We deploy our metric and methodology to compare three servers running financial option pricing workloads on real-life market data. We find that server ranking is sensitive to data inputs and desired QoS level and that although scale-out micro-servers can be up to two times more energy-efficient than conventional heavyweight servers for the same target QoS, they are still six times less energy efficient than high-performance computational accelerators.