947 resultados para International public goods


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This article analyzes if, and to what extent, the public service motivation (PSM) construct has an added value to explain work motivation in the public sector. In order to address the specificity of PSM when studying work motivation, the theoretical model underlying this empirical study compares PSM with two other explanatory factors: material incentives, such as performance-related pay, and team relations and support, such as recognition by superiors. This theoretical model is then tested with data collected in a national survey of 3,754 civil servants at the Swiss municipal level. Results of a structural equations model clearly show the relevance of PSM. They also provide evidence for the importance of socio-relational motivating factors, whereas material incentives play an anecdotal role.

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The role of social safety nets in the form of redistributional transfersand wage subsidies is analyzed using a simple model of criminal behavior. Itis argued that public welfare programs act as a crime--preventing ordisruption--preventing devices because they tend to increase the opportunitycost of engaging in crime or disruptive activities. It is shown that, in thepresence of a leisure choice, wage subsidies may be better than pure transfers. Using a simple growth model, it is shown that it is not optimal for the governmentto try to fully eliminate crime. The optimal size of the public welfare programis found and it is argued that public welfare should be financed with income(not lump--sum) taxes, despite the fact that income taxes are distortionary.The intuition for this result is that income taxes act as a user fee oncongested public goods and transfers can be thought of as {\it productive}public goods {\it subject to congestion}. Finally, using a cross-section of 75 countries, the partial correlation betweentransfers and growth is shown to be significantly positive.

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Asymmetric fiscal decentralization, by which we mean different fiscal arrangements between the central government and different groups of, or individual, lower-level governments, may be justified from an economic efficiency perspective. As argued by Tiebout (1956), Oates (1972) and others, a decentralized system of regional and local governments is better able to accommodate differences in tastes for public goods and services. This efficiency argument calls for decentralization of fiscal authority to regional and local governments, but not necessarily asymmetric decentralization. However, when the differences in tastes for public goods and services arise out of differences in history, culture and language across regions of a country, asymmetric treatment may be justified. History, culture and language may influence how a group of people (a region) views autonomy, independence and fiscal authority. Some regions may have had experience with autonomous government in the past, they may have a culture that is strongly reliant upon (or leery of) the central government, or they may be fearful of losing their separate languages if they do not have special arrangements. To accommodate differences in taste for independence, autonomy, and fiscal authority, it may be necessary to have different fiscal arrangements between the central government and the different regions comprising the country.

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The production of beneficial public goods is common in the microbial world, and so is cheating - the exploitation of public goods by nonproducing mutants. Here, we examine co-evolutionary dynamics between cooperators and cheats and ask whether cooperators can evolve strategies to reduce the burden of exploitation, and whether cheats in turn can improve their exploitation abilities. We evolved cooperators of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, producing the shareable iron-scavenging siderophore pyoverdine, together with cheats, defective in pyoverdine production but proficient in uptake. We found that cooperators managed to co-exist with cheats in 56% of all replicates over approximately 150 generations of experimental evolution. Growth and competition assays revealed that co-existence was fostered by a combination of general adaptions to the media and specific adaptions to the co-evolving opponent. Phenotypic screening and whole-genome resequencing of evolved clones confirmed this pattern, and suggest that cooperators became less exploitable by cheats because they significantly reduced their pyoverdine investment. Cheats, meanwhile, improved exploitation efficiency through mutations blocking the costly pyoverdine-signalling pathway. Moreover, cooperators and cheats evolved reduced motility, a pattern that likely represents adaptation to laboratory conditions, but at the same time also affects social interactions by reducing strain mixing and pyoverdine sharing. Overall, we observed parallel evolution, where co-existence of cooperators and cheats was enabled by a combination of adaptations to the abiotic and social environment and their interactions.

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Neither democracy nor globalization can explain the doubling of the peacetime public share in many Western countries between World Wars I and II. Here we examine two other explanations that are consistent with the timing of the observed changes, namely, (1) a shift in the demand for public goods and (2) the effect of war on the willingness to share. We first model each of these approaches as a contingency-learning phenomenon within Schelling’s Multi-Person Dilemma. We then derive verifiable propositions from each hypothesis. National time series of public spending as a share of GNP reveal no unit root but a break in trend, a result shown to favor explanation (2) over (1).

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Ce mémoire est structuré en deux parties connexes : la première tente d’établir les fondements de la justice distributive dans le contexte des changements climatiques ; la seconde analyse six principes distributifs susceptibles d’éclairer l’élaboration des politiques internationales d’atténuation de l’effet de serre : les principes d’égalité, de priorité, de contraction & convergence, du « pollueur-payeur », de responsabilité historique, et de capacité. En ce qui concerne les fondements, les paradigmes de biens publics mondiaux et de droits humains fondamentaux semblent offrir de solides assises pour comprendre le caractère obligatoire de la justice climatique. Concernant l’adoption des principes distributifs, une perspective plurielle permet d’apporter un éclairage unique sur différents aspects de la distribution des quotas d’émissions et de rendre compte avec plus de force des raisons pour lesquelles les nations désignées comme étant responsables ont le devoir moral de passer à l’action.

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L’assimilation de la santé à un « droit humain » est-elle véritablement associée à un effort international massif d’aide au développement dans ce domaine ? Nous tentons de montrer que l’aide à la santé repose depuis plusieurs années sur une conception sécuritaire, qui constitue une interprétation restrictive de la notion de bien public mondial et oriente les flux vers des maladies dont l’impact mondial est le plus visible au détriment d’autres secteurs de la santé tout aussi importants pour les populations pauvres. Cette conception pose des problèmes d’efficacité dans l’allocation des fonds et d’éthique de la décision, et nous amène à une réflexion critique sur l’usage du critère économique d’efficience dans ce contexte. Nous proposons enfin quelques pistes pour un cadre théorique renouvelé de l’aide à la santé.

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Thèse par articles. Articles (4) annexés à la thèse en fichiers complémentaires.

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Parmi les critiques visant l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC), il est souvent reproché à celle-ci d’accorder trop peu d’importance aux préoccupations non commerciales des consommateurs et des États, reflet de leurs valeurs sociétales ou culturelles, sous prétexte de lutter contre les entraves au commerce international. Pourtant, dans le domaine du commerce des marchandises, l’article XX du GATT prévoit certaines exceptions générales, permettant éventuellement aux États de justifier une mesure restrictive pour le commerce, notamment pour des raisons de protection de la moralité publique. Or, cette « exception de moralité publique », rarement invoquée à ce jour, est au cœur du différend commercial opposant actuellement le Canada à l’Union européenne, après l’embargo adopté en 2009 par celle-ci sur les produits issus de la chasse au phoque, considérée comme cruelle par de nombreux Européens. Dans ce mémoire, nous avons tenté d’envisager l’issue possible de ce litige. À cette fin, nous avons réalisé une étude préliminaire du concept de moralité publique en droit international public et présenté en détails le contexte, notamment politique, de ce différend; puis nous avons procédé à son analyse par étapes, selon la méthode retenue à ce jour par l’Organe de règlement des différends (ORD). À l’issue de nos réflexions, nous avons conclu que l’ORD devrait constater que la mesure européenne contestée vise à répondre à un réel souci de protection de la moralité publique en Europe; toutefois, il est probable, selon nous, que l’embargo européen ne soit pas considéré comme « nécessaire » à cette fin, au sens de l’article XX du GATT : en effet, l’ORD estimera sans doute que l’Union européenne aurait pu mettre en œuvre des solutions moins incompatibles avec ses obligations au titre du GATT. Nous pensons donc, hélas, que l’issue de ce litige ne satisfera pas ceux qui réclament une plus grande ouverture de l’OMC vis-à-vis de considérations non commerciales légitimes.

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Pour les États récepteurs d’un message diffusé sur le Web, il est difficile d’y faire respecter leur propre ordre public interne. Pour y parvenir, il faudra un réel rapport de puissance ou de contrainte à l’encontre d’un contrevenant sur le Web. L’auteur nous illustre cette idée à travers deux affaires sensiblement identiques pour ce qu’il en est des faits, mais diamétralement opposées pour ce qu’il en est de leur conclusion. Dans l’une (Yahoo! Inc.), l’État français, confronté à plusieurs difficultés, ne réussit aucunement à faire respecter sa législation dans le monde virtuel de l’Internet. Dans l’autre (World Sports Exchange), l’État américain réussit aisément à condamner un homme qui violait sa législation à travers le Web et ce, même si le site Internet de cet homme n’était pas hébergé aux États-Unis. Constatant ces divergences, l’auteur se questionne alors quant à savoir s’il n’y existerait pas une définition commune d’un ordre public international face à Internet. Il souligne l’importance de trouver une réponse rapide à cette question et ce, dans le but d’échapper aux inégalités de fait entre les États et surtout à la prééminence de fait des États-Unis. D’ailleurs, à la lumière de l’analyse de l’Accord PNR (conclu entre l’Europe et les États-Unis), l’auteur nous démontre bien cette prééminence en matière de terrorisme. Il en vient alors à la conclusion que l’internationalisation du droit applicable dans le domaine du cyberespace semble être la seule solution possible pour en arriver à un respect de l’égalité des États dans ce domaine.

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This paper discusses the problem of optimal design of a jurisdiction structure from the view point of a utilitarian social planner when individuals with identical utility functions for a non-rival public good and private consumption have private information about their contributive capacities. It shows that the superiority of a centralized provision of a non-rival public good over a federal one does not always hold. Specifically, when differences in individuals’ contributive capacities are large, it is better to provide the public good in several distinct jurisdictions rather than to pool these jurisdictions into a single one. In the specific situation where individuals have logarithmic utilities, the paper provides a complete characterization of the optimal jurisdiction structure in the two-type case.

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In many real world contexts individuals find themselves in situations where they have to decide between options of behaviour that serve a collective purpose or behaviours which satisfy one’s private interests, ignoring the collective. In some cases the underlying social dilemma (Dawes, 1980) is solved and we observe collective action (Olson, 1965). In others social mobilisation is unsuccessful. The central topic of social dilemma research is the identification and understanding of mechanisms which yield to the observed cooperation and therefore resolve the social dilemma. It is the purpose of this thesis to contribute this research field for the case of public good dilemmas. To do so, existing work that is relevant to this problem domain is reviewed and a set of mandatory requirements is derived which guide theory and method development of the thesis. In particular, the thesis focusses on dynamic processes of social mobilisation which can foster or inhibit collective action. The basic understanding is that success or failure of the required process of social mobilisation is determined by heterogeneous individual preferences of the members of a providing group, the social structure in which the acting individuals are contained, and the embedding of the individuals in economic, political, biophysical, or other external contexts. To account for these aspects and for the involved dynamics the methodical approach of the thesis is computer simulation, in particular agent-based modelling and simulation of social systems. Particularly conductive are agent models which ground the simulation of human behaviour in suitable psychological theories of action. The thesis develops the action theory HAPPenInGS (Heterogeneous Agents Providing Public Goods) and demonstrates its embedding into different agent-based simulations. The thesis substantiates the particular added value of the methodical approach: Starting out from a theory of individual behaviour, in simulations the emergence of collective patterns of behaviour becomes observable. In addition, the underlying collective dynamics may be scrutinised and assessed by scenario analysis. The results of such experiments reveal insights on processes of social mobilisation which go beyond classical empirical approaches and yield policy recommendations on promising intervention measures in particular.

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Climate change remains a major challenge for today’s and future societies due to its immense impacts on human lives and the natural environment. This thesis investigates the extent to which individuals are willing and prepared to voluntarily contribute to climate protection and to adjust to new climatic conditions in order to cope with the consequences of climate change and reduce the severity of potential negative impacts. The thesis thereby combines research in the fields of the private provision of environmental public goods and adaptation to climate change, which is still widely unconnected in the existing literature. The six contributions of this thesis mainly focus on microeconometric analyses using data from international surveys in China, Germany, and the USA. The main findings are: (i) A substantial share of individuals is willing to voluntarily contribute to climate protection and to adapt to climatic change. The engagement in both strategies is positively interrelated at the individual level and the analyses reveal hardly any evidence that adaptation activities crowd out individuals’ incentives to engage in climate protection. (ii) The main determinants of individuals’ adaptation activities seem to be the subjective risk perception as well as socio-economic and socio-demographic characteristics like age, gender, education, and income, while their climate protection efforts are found to be broadly motivated by financial advantages from these activities and additional immaterial benefits. (iii) The empirical findings also suggest a significantly positive relationship between certain climate protection activities. Substitutions are found to occur merely if one measure is perceived to be more effective in providing climate protection or if individuals have high environmental preferences. (iv) This thesis further reveals a common understanding of a (normatively) fair burden-sharing in international climate policy across citizens in China, Germany, and the USA. The highest preferences are found for the accountability principle.

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Desde la perspectiva del comercio internacional la prestación de servicios, en particular la de servicios públicos, ha sido un tema reciente. En el caso de la educación este tema se consideraba tradicionalmente como una actividad propia del Estado, asociada al concepto de servicio público. En la actualidad estos conceptos han cambiado y hoy se considera que la educación no sólo puede ser objeto de transacciones comerciales, como cualquier otro servicio, sino que además puede ser exportada. Para Colombia este tema cobra especial importancia de cara a las negociaciones del Tratado de Libre Comercio (TLC) con los Estados Unidos de América, no sólo por la especial situación de Colombia como importador neto de servicios de enseñanza, sino también por los posibles efectos que pueda tener este tratado sobre la educación en el país. El objetivo de este documento es analizar las disciplinas del comercio de servicios y su aplicación a los servicios de enseñanza superior en particular, así como las implicaciones concretas para Colombia de las negociaciones de un TLC que incluya en su ámbito de aplicación el tema de los servicios de educación.