Geochemistry at DSDP Site 76-533

Bulk X-ray mineralogy of 47 hemipelagic mud and clay samples from the Blake Outer Ridge has revealed that the sediments contain low magnesian calcite, calcian dolomite, ferroan dolomite, and magnesian siderite. Dolomite and siderite are authigenic and occur as rhombohedrons scattered through the sediments, whereas calcite is mostly biogenic. Pliocene dolomitic lenses are made up of interlocking polyhedral grains of ferroan dolomite. The contents of authigenic dolomite and siderite are 3 to 8% in carbonate sediments and 70 to 89% in dolomitic lenses. Dolomite occurs largely in the cores above 192 m sub-bottom depth, whereas siderite occurs in the cores below 87 m. The distribution and occurrence of dolomite and siderite have determined the diagenetic zonation of carbonates as Zone I (dolomitic zone, top-90 m), Zone II (transition zone, 90-180 m), and Zone III (sideritic zone, 180 m-bottom). Measurements of major and minor elements in the untreated total sediment samples and the insoluble residues after digestion in acid-reducing solution have revealed that the soluble fraction concentrates carbonates and ferromanganese associations (Ca, Mg, Sr, Fe, and Mn). Typical "hydrogenous elements" (Co, Cu, Ni, and V) are more concentrated in the insoluble residues rather than in the soluble fraction; the concentrations of these four elements are low and comparable to modern offshore mud, probably because the Site 533 sediments were deposited at a high rate of sedimentation. The contents of Fe2O3 and MnO are somewhat high for rapidly accumulated mud, particularly in the Pliocene sediments (8.09 and 0.26%, respectively, on a Carbonate-free basis). The high Fe and Mn contents are mainly due to the high contribution of the leacheable nonlithogenous fraction; leacheable Fe and Mn originate in the ferromanganese oxide accumulated on the seafloor. Only a small amount of ferric oxide was converted to iron sulfide in the surficial part of Zone I. Most ferromanganese oxide was reduced and precipitated as ferroan dolomite and magnesian siderite in Zones II and III under high alkalinity and high pH conditions in the organic-matter-rich sediments. Fe2+ and Mn2+ in the deeper sediments beneath Zone III possibly migrated upward and concentrated as siderite in Zone III, hence resulting in high contents of Fe and Mn in the Pliocene sediments. Analysis of carbonate zonation on the Blake Outer Ridge has revealed that the zonation is subparallel to the bedding plane rather than to the present seafloor. The sediments at Site 103 on the flank region of the Ridge are lacking Zone I and most of Zone II, probably the result of erosion of the most of the Pleistocene and Pliocene sediments by the enhanced bottom currents during the Pleistocene.

Composition of bioclastic sands, carbonates and pyroclastic rocks of the Great Meteor and Josephine Seamounts, eastern North Atlantic

1. Great Meteor Seamount (GMS) is a very large (24,000 km**3) guyot with a flat summit plateau at 330-275 m; it has a volcanic core, capped by 150-600 m of post-Middle-Miocene carbonate and pyroclastic rocks, and is covered by bioclastic sands. The much smaller Josephine Seamount (JS, summit 170- 500 m w. d.) consists mainly of basalt which is only locally covered by limestones and bioclastic sands. 2. The bioclastic sands are almost free of terrigenous components, and are well sorted, unimodal medium sands. (1) "Recent pelagic sands" are typical of water depths > 600 m (JS) or > 1000 m (GMS). (2) "Sands of mixed relict-recent origin" (10-40% relict) and (3) "relict sands" (> 40% relict) are highly reworked, coarse lag deposits from the upper flanks and summit tops in which recent constituents are mixed with Pleistocene or older relict material. 3. From the carbonate rocks of both seamounts, 12 "microfacies" (MF-)types were distinguished. The 4 major types are: (1) Bio(pel)sparites (MF 1) occur on the summit plateaus and consist of magnesian calcite cementing small pellets and either redeposited planktonic bioclasts or mixed benthonic-planktonic skeletal debris ; (2) Porous biomicrites (MF 2) are typical of the marginal parts of the summit plateaus and contain mostly planktonic foraminifera (and pteropods), sometimes with redeposited bioclasts and/or coated grains; (3) Dense, ferruginous coralline-algal biomicrudites with Amphistegina sp. (MF 3.1), or with tuffaceous components (MF 3.2); (4) Dense, pelagic foraminiferal nannomicrite (MF 4) with scattered siderite rhombs. Corresponding to the proportion and mineralogical composition of the bioclasts and of the (Mgcalcitic) peloids, micrite, and cement, magnesian calcite (13-17 mol-% MgCO3) is much more abundant than low-Mg calcite and aragonite in rock types (1) and (2). Type (3) contains an "intermediate" Mg-calcite (7-9 mol-X), possibly due to an original Mg deficiency or to partial exsolution of Mg during diagenesis. The nannomicrite (4) consists of low-Mg calcite only. 4. Three textural types of volcanic and associated gyroclastic rocks were distinguished: (1) holohyaline, rapidly chilled and granulated lava flows and tuffs (palagonite tuff breccia and hyaloclastic top breccia); (2) tachylitic basalts (less rapidly chilled; with opaque glass); and (3) "slowly" crystallized, holocrystalline alkali olivine basalts. The carbonate in most mixed pyroclastic-carbonate sediments at the basalt contact is of "post-eruptive" origin (micritic crusts etc.); "pre-eruptive" limestone is recrystallized or altered at the basalt contact. A deuteric (?hydrothermal) "mineralX", filling vesicles in basalt and cementing pyroclastic breccias is described for the first time. 5. Origin and development of GMS andJS: From its origin, some 85 m. y. ago, the volcano of GMS remained active until about 10 m. y. B. P. with an average lava discharge of 320 km**3/m. y. The volcanic origin of JS is much younger (?Middle Tertiary), but the volcanic activity ended also about 9 m. y. ago. During L a t e Miocene to Pliocene times both volcanoes were eroded (wave-rounded cobbles). The oldest pyroclastics and carbonates (MF 3.1, 3.2) were originally deposited in shallow-water (?algal reef hardground). The Plio (-Pleisto) cene foraminiferal nannomicrites (MF 4) suggest a meso- to bathypelagic environment along the flanks of GMS. During the Quaternary (?Pleistocene) bioclastic sands were deposited in water depths beyond wave base on the summit tops, repeatedly reworked, and lithified into loosely consolidated biopelsparites and biomicrites (MF 1 and 2; Fig. 15). Intermediate steps were a first intragranular filling by micrite, reworking, oncoidal coating, weak consolidation with Mg-calcite cemented "peloids" in intergranular voids and local compaction of the peloids into cryptocrystalline micrite with interlocking Mg-calcite crystals up to 4p. The submarine lithification process was frequently interrupted by long intervals of nondeposition, dissolution, boring, and later infilling. The limestones were probably never subaerially exposed. Presently, the carbonate rocks undergo biogenic incrustation and partial dissolution into bioclastic sands. The irregular distribution pattern of the sands reflects (a) the patchy distribution of living benthonic organisms, (b) the steady rain of planktonic organism onto the seamount top, (c) the composition of disintegrating subrecent limestones, and (d) the intensity of winnowing and reworking bottom current

Mineralogy of Hawaiian Arch sediments

The mineralogy of both bulk- and clay-sized (<2 µm) fractions of sediments from Holes 842A and 842B of Ocean Drilling Program Leg 136 was determined by X-ray diffraction. The sediments consist of a combination of terrigenous (quartz, plagioclase, smectite, illite, kaolinite, and chlorite), volcaniclastic (augite, plagioclase, and volcanic glass), and diagenetic minerals (smectite, phillipsite, clinoptilolite, and opal-CT). Although biogenic silica (radiolarians and diatoms) is common in near-seafloor (<10 mbsf) sediments, biogenic calcite is rare. Variations with depth in abundances of the terrigenous minerals reflect temporal changes in the flux of eolian material to the site. Volcanogenic material derived from the Hawaiian Islands is present in lithologic Unit 1 (0-19.9 meters below seafloor) both as discrete layers and as finely disseminated silt- and clay-sized material. Volcanic glass is present only in the upper 10 m of the sediment column. In Unit 2 (19.9-35.7 mbsf), increased smectite and zeolite abundances with depth as well as indurated, zeolite-rich layers are thought to be the alteration products of volcanogenic material. The source of this older (late Oligocene to middle Miocene) volcanogenic detritus may be continental volcanism. Microfabrics imaged using back-scattered electron imaging reflect the effects of compaction and diagenesis on sediment porosity and matrix structure. As porosity decreases during burial, the matrix changes from an open, floc-like fabric, to an interlocking network of clay mineral domains, and finally to a dense intergrowth of clay minerals and zeolites. Despite the substantial changes in sediment microfabric and mineralogy, correlations between physical and acoustic properties and mineralogy are weak or absent. The sediment has maintained high porosity (>70%), and water content appears to dominate the sediment's physical character and acoustic response.

Microstructural and mechanical characterization of annealed tungsten (W) and potassium-doped tungsten foils

Here we show that potassium-doped tungsten foil should be preferred to pure tungsten foil when considering tungsten laminate pipes for structural divertor applications. Potassium-doped tungsten materials are well known from the bulb industry and show an enhanced creep and recrystallization behaviour that can be explained by the formation of potassium-filled bubbles that are surrounding the elongated grains, leading to an interlocking of the microstructure. In this way, the ultra-fine grained (UFG) microstructure of tungsten foil can be stabilized and with it the extraordinary mechanical properties of the foil in terms of ductility, toughness, brittle-to-ductile transition, and radiation resistance. In this paper we show the results of three-point bending tests performed at room temperature on annealed pure tungsten and potassium-doped tungsten foils (800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000, 2200, and 2400 °C for 1 h in vacuum). The microstructural assessment covers the measurement of the hardness and analyses of fractured surfaces as well as a comparison of the microstructure by optical microscopy. The results show that there is a positive effect of potassium-doped tungsten foils compared to pure tungsten foil and demonstrate the potential of the doped foil

Investigación y análisis sobre la idoneidad de la práctica del tenis de mesa en la Educación Primaria

Esta investigación surge a raíz de la experiencia profesional del autor, maestro especialista de Educación Física en el C.E.I.P. “Alhambra” de Madrid, cuando de manera progresiva, aprecia que el tenis de mesa puede ser un deporte muy interesante de desarrollar en las sesiones de Educación Física y de promover dentro de los tiempos de recreo. El autor cree que este deporte desarrolla una serie de objetivos motrices, afectivos, cognitivos y sociales que pueden contribuir a la adquisición de las competencias básicas y al desarrollo integral de los alumnos. Es entonces cuando recibe formación sobre el deporte de tenis de mesa y busca los medios necesarios de financiación para que se dote al centro del material necesario. Así la Junta municipal del distrito de Fuencarral-El Pardo instala en el patio del colegio tres mesas de exterior y, con los recursos del colegio y la ayuda de la Asociación de padres y madres (AMPA), se consiguen cinco mesas de interior plegables y todo el material necesario (redes, raquetas, pelotas, etc.). Tras introducir este deporte desde 3º a 6º de Educación Primaria promueve un campeonato en el colegio cuyo índice de participación ronda el 90% del alumnado, estos resultados crean al autor ciertas incertidumbres que son la motivación y punto de partida para realizar esta investigación que analice si la práctica del tenis de mesa puede resultar idónea en la etapa de Educación Primaria. Introducción La legislación actual en materia de educación, Ley Orgánica 2/2006, de 3 de mayo, de Educación (LOE) modificada por la Ley Orgánica 8/2013, de 9 de diciembre, para la mejora de la calidad educativa. (LOMCE), otorga una gran relevancia al deporte en general. "El deporte es una actividad saludable, divertida y formativa que puede tener profundos beneficios no sólo para su salud y su bienestar sino también para el desarrollo personal integral físico, psicológico y psicosocial del niño, además de sobre su desarrollo deportivo" (Pradas, 2009, p. 151), es pues, un momento idóneo para analizar qué deportes se practican en los colegios o por qué se practican unos más que otros. "El tenis de mesa además de ser un deporte para todos, se presenta como un juego atractivo, en donde su práctica resulta muy divertida a cualquier edad, tanto para niños como para adultos, principalmente porque presenta unas reglas de juego simples, no encerrando peligro alguno para la integridad física de sus practicantes durante su juego" (Pradas, 2009, p. 83). Es un deporte que "está abierto a todos, sin distinción de edad o sexo, tanto como deporte de alto nivel como de práctica familiar o social" (Gatien, 1993, p. 16). No obstante, "son escasas las obras sobre tenis de mesa. Pocos libros, tanto de divulgación como de reflexión sobre el tenis de mesa, adornan los estantes de las librerías y las bibliotecas" (Erb, 1999, p.14) y añade “así pues, el medio escolar padece de falta de obras explicativas y pedagógicas referidas a este tema" (Erb, 1999, p.14 ) En particular, se pretenden conseguir cinco objetivos divididos en tres categorías (el centro, el profesorado y el deporte. • A nivel de Centro: - Conocer el porcentaje de colegios que disponen de espacios y materiales adecuados para la práctica del tenis de mesa, así como identificar, de las distintas Direcciones de Área Territoriales (DAT), cuál tiene los colegios mejor dotados tanto en instalaciones como en materiales para desarrollar programas de promoción del tenis de mesa. - Averiguar las posibles causas por las que el tenis de mesa no se practica tanto como otros deportes, analizando los impedimentos que limitan la implantación del tenis de mesa como un deporte habitual en los centros de Educación Primaria. Analizar la opinión del profesorado en cuanto a los materiales y las instalaciones necesarios para el tenis de mesa. • A nivel de profesorado: - Analizar el nivel de conocimiento que tienen los profesionales que imparten la asignatura de Educación Física sobre el tenis de mesa, así como sus necesidades para incluir unidades didácticas de tenis de mesa en sus programaciones didácticas. - Conocer el perfil de profesor ideal que recomienda la utilización del tenis de mesa y averiguar el interés del profesorado por recibir formación específica del tenis de mesa. • A nivel de deporte: - Analizar la opinión de los profesionales sobre la idoneidad del tenis de mesa en la Educación Primaria atendiendo a los objetivos que persigue, a las competencias que desarrolla, a los contenidos, criterios de evaluación y estándares de aprendizaje que se pueden trabajar y a las lesiones que se producen. Metodología La investigación se caracterizó por utilizar una metodología inductiva, al surgir de la experiencia profesional del autor, también fue transversal al analizar la realidad en un momento concreto y de tipo cuantitativa. La población objeto de estudio fue la totalidad de los colegios públicos de la Comunidad de Madrid, siendo los profesores de Educación Física los encargados de facilitar los datos solicitados. Estos datos se obtuvieron utilizando como instrumento de toma de datos el cuestionario auto administrado con preguntas cerradas de opción múltiple previamente validado por un panel de 5 expertos. Las variables indirectas fueron: el género del profesorado, la edad del profesorado, la experiencia profesional y el tipo de destino. El proceso de la toma de datos supuso un lapso de tiempo de 3 meses, desde mayo de 2015 hasta julio de 2015, en este tiempo hubo dos fases de recogida de datos, una online a través del correo electrónico institucional de los colegios públicos de la Comunidad de Madrid y otra “in situ” con cuestionarios de lápiz y papel. En cuanto a los datos que se obtuvieron, sobre una población de 798 colegios, se consiguió una muestra de 276, esto supuso una tasa de respuesta del 34,59%, asumiendo la situación más desfavorable posible (p=q) y un nivel de confianza del 95%, para el total de los 276 cuestionarios cumplimentados, el error máximo fue del ±4,78%. Resultados En cuanto a los resultados obtenidos, se establecieron de acuerdo a tres dimensiones: A nivel de Centro, a nivel de Profesorado y a nivel del Deporte y pretendieron averiguar si se alcanzaron los cinco objetivos planteados. Tras el análisis de los resultados, se apreció que los colegios públicos de la Comunidad de Madrid disponían de las suficientes instalaciones para el tenis de mesa, en cambio, faltaban materiales específicos y formación por parte del profesorado, así como recursos didácticos y un programa de promoción del tenis de mesa. Se apreció un manifiesto interés por parte del profesorado en recibir formación específica de tenis de mesa pues la mayoría recomendaba la utilización del tenis de mesa dentro de la asignatura de Educación Física en Educación Primaria. Por último, los resultados mostraron la cantidad de objetivos motrices, afectivos, cognitivos y sociales que desarrolla el tenis de mesa así como su contribución a la adquisición de las competencias básicas y al objetivo “k” de la Educación Primaria, que indica “Valorar la higiene y la salud, conocer y respetar el cuerpo humano, y utilizar la Educación Física y el deporte como medios para favorecer el desarrollo personal y social”, además, se mostró el bajo índice de lesiones que provoca. Discusión y conclusiones El tenis de mesa es un deporte idóneo para ser practicado y enseñado en la asignatura de Educación Física en la etapa de Educación Primaria debido a la gran cantidad de contenidos que son susceptibles de ser trabajados a través de este deporte y debido a la gran cantidad de valores, individuales y sociales que se pueden fomentar con la práctica del tenis de mesa. Las causas de que hasta ahora, el tenis de mesa no sea un deporte practicado de forma habitual en los colegios públicos de la Comunidad de Madrid a pesar de trabajar muchos contenidos específicos de la asignatura de Educación Física puede deberse a factores externos al deporte del tenis de mesa y susceptibles de ser solucionados con una adecuada inversión en materiales específicos, formación del profesorado y recursos didácticos. Si se dota a los centros de los materiales y recursos didácticos necesarios y dando formación al profesorado, éste introduciría unidades didácticas de tenis de mesa dentro de sus programaciones anuales. La federación española y madrileña de tenis de mesa, deberían desarrollar un programa de promoción dotando de materiales y recursos a los centros, tal y como lo han hecho otras federaciones como la de voleibol, bádminton o de baloncesto, entre otras. ABSTRACT This research arises from the professional experience of the author, specialized teacher of physical education in the CEIP "Alhambra" in Madrid, where progressively, appreciates that table tennis can be a very interesting sport to develop in physical education sessions and promote within the playtimes. The author believes that this sport develops a range of motor, affective, cognitive and social objectives that can contribute to the acquisition of basic skills and the integral development of students. It is then when receives training on the sport of table tennis and seeks ways of funding in order to outfit the center with necessary equipment. The Municipal District of Fuencarral-El Pardo installed three outdoor tables in the schoolyard and with the resources of the school and the support of the Association of Parents (AMPA), five indoor folding tables are achieved as well as all the necessary material (nets, rackets, balls, etc.). After introduce the sport from 3rd to 6th grade of primary education, promotes a championship in the school where the participation rate is around 90% of students, these results create the uncertainties to the author that are the motivation and starting point for this research to analyze whether the practice of table tennis can be ideal at the stage of primary education. Introduction The current legislation on education, Organic Law 2/2006 of 3 May, on Education (LOE) as amended by Organic Law 8/2013, of December 9, to improve educational quality (LOMCE), attaches great importance to the sport in general, "Sport is a healthy, funny and educational activity that can have great benefits not only for their health and well-being but also for the physical, psychological and psychosocial comprehensive personal child development besides on their sports development "(Pradas, 2009, p. 151), is therefore an ideal moment to analyze which sports are practiced in schools or why are practiced some more than others. "The table tennis as well as being a sport for everyone, is presented as an attractive game, where its practice is funny at any age, both children and adults, mainly because it has simple game rules, not enclosing danger for the physical integrity of its practitioners during their game" (Pradas, 2009, p. 83). It is a sport that is "open to all, regardless of age or sex, as high-level sport, as family or social practice" (Gatien, 1993, p. 16). However, "there are few books on table tennis. Few books, both reflexion or popularization about table tennis, adorn the shelves of bookstores and libraries." (Erb, 1999, p.14) and add "So, the school environment suffers from lack of explanatory and educational work related to this issue." (Erb, 1999, p.14) In particular, it is intended to achieve the following objectives within the Community of Madrid: • To determine the percentage of schools that have spaces and materials suitable for practicing table tennis and identify, from the different Directorates of Land Area (DAT), which has the best equipped schools in both facilities and materials to develop programs to promote table tennis. • Find out the possible causes that explained why table tennis is not practiced as much as other sports, analyzing impediments that limit the implementation of table tennis as a regular sport in primary schools. Analyze the opinion of teachers in terms of materials and facilities needed for table tennis. • Analyze the level of knowledge about table tennis among professionals who teach the subject of Physical Education and their needs to include teaching units about table tennis in their teaching programs. • Knowing the profile of the ideal teacher who recommends the use of table tennis and figure out the interest of teachers to receive specific training of table tennis. • Analyze the professional opinion on the suitability of table tennis in Primary Education taking into account the objectives pursued, to develop the skills, content, evaluation criteria and learning standards that can work and injuries involved. Methodology The investigation was characterized by using an inductive methodology, arising from the professional experience of the author, was also transverse to analyze reality in a particular time and quantitative type. The population under study were all the state schools in Madrid region, being the physical education teachers responsible for providing the requested data. These data were obtained using as data collection instrument a self-administered questionnaire with multiple choice questions, because it facilitates the analysis thereof. In terms of obtained data, on a population of 798 schools, a sample of 276 was achieved, this represented a response rate of 34.59%, assuming the worst case scenario (p = q) and a level 95% confidence for the total of the 276 completed questionnaires, the maximum error was ± 4.78%. Results In terms of the results, they were set according to three dimensions: center level, professorate level and Sport level and trying to find out whether the five objectives were achieved. After analyzing the results, it was found that schools possessed sufficient facilities for table tennis, however, lacked specific materials and training by teachers, as well as teaching resources and a program to promote table tennis. A clear interest was noticed by teachers in order to receive specific training in table tennis since most recommended the use of table tennis in the subject of physical education in primary education. Finally, the results proved the number of motor, affective, cognitive and social objectives developed by table tennis and its contribution to the acquisition of basic skills and the objective "k" of primary education, in addition to the low rate of injury it causes. Discussion and conclusions Table tennis is an ideal sport to be practiced and taught in the subject of Physical Education in Primary Education due to the large amount of content that are likely to be worked through this sport and due to the large number of individual and social values that can foster the practice of table tennis. The causes of that so far, table tennis is not a sport practiced regularly in schools despite working many specific contents of the subject of Physical Education may be due to factors outside the sport of table tennis and subject to solved with adequate investment in specific materials, teacher training and educational resources. By endowing the centers with the necessary teaching materials and resources and providing training to teachers, they would introduce teaching units of table tennis within their annual programs. Madrid and the Spanish Federation of table tennis should develop a promotional program by endowing materials and resources to the centers, as did other federations such as badminton and basketball, among others.

Hacia un análisis cuantitativo de la Ciudad Informal: una aproximación desde la Habitabilidad Básica y la experiencia en Makeni (Sierra Leona)

La importantísima expansión urbana que sufren las principales ciudades de los países en vías de desarrollo, es el mayor reto que afronta la habitabilidad a nivel mundial. Dentro de la teoría general de la Habitabilidad Básica (HaB-ETSAM-UPM, 1995) la ordenación del territorio y el planeamiento urbanístico son las herramientas determinantes para orientar coherentemente los procesos de urbanización, como se reconoce también desde las principales esferas técnicas a nivel internacional. Pero tales herramientas deben enfocarse a una construcción eficiente del territorio, actuando desde una aproximación multidisciplinar, flexible y directa, que incida en las prioridades específicas de cada contexto. Para ello, resulta fundamental comprender a fondo las realidades específicas de estos ámbitos. La ciudad es un fenómeno complejo en esencia. El tejido construido, en constante proceso de cambio, es el caparazón visible que alberga una maravillosa mezcla entrelazada de espacios, funciones, flujos, personas.... Cada ciudad, diferente y única, se integra en su medio, se adapta a geografías, contextos y climas distintos, evoluciona según dinámicas propias, en incomprensibles (o casi) procesos evolutivos. El estudio de la ciudad, supone siempre una simplificación de la misma. La realidad urbana, por detallado que sea nuestro análisis, siempre contendrá indescifrables relaciones que se nos escapan. En cambio, necesitamos de métodos analíticos que nos ayuden a comprender algo esa complejidad. Acercarnos en ese análisis, es un paso previo fundamental para la formulación de respuestas. En este plano, de avance en la comprensión del hecho urbano, se sitúa este trabajo. Se pone el acento en el enfoque cuantitativo, profundizando en datos básicos concretos, siempre aceptando de partida que esta información es una componente mínima, pero esperamos que sustantiva, de un fenómeno inabordable. Y es esta búsqueda de comprensión material y cuantitativa de la ciudad, el objetivo esencial de la investigación. Se pretende proporcionar una base detallada de aquéllos aspectos fundamentales, que pueden ser medidos en los entornos urbanos y que nos proporcionan información útil para el diagnóstico y las propuestas. Para ello, se aportan rangos y referencias deseables, a través de una herramienta para la comprensión y la valoración de cada contexto, la Matriz de Indicadores. Esta herramienta se concibe desde la reflexión a la aplicación práctica, a la utilidad directa, al aporte concreto para quien pueda servir. Ésta es la voluntad decidida con la que se aborda este trabajo, centrado en los entornos urbanos donde el aporte técnico es prioritario: la Ciudad Informal. La Ciudad Informal, entendida aquí como aquélla que se desarrolla sin los medios suficientes (técnicos, económicos e institucionales) que proporciona la planificación, aquélla por donde la habitabilidad precaria se extiende. Es la ciudad que predomina en los países en vías de desarrollo, en los contextos de bajos recursos, allí donde, precisamente, se concentran los principales déficits y necesidades a nivel global. El enfoque nace de la teoría de la Habitabilidad Básica, de la definición de mínimos posibles para, desde allí, construir el espacio necesario para el desarrollo humano. Éste es el ámbito genérico objeto del trabajo que, a su vez, se nutre, de forma muy importante, de la experiencia directa en la ciudad de Makeni, en Sierra Leona. Esta ciudad nos sirve de prototipo experimental en un doble sentido. Por un lado, sirve como espacio empírico en el que chequear la metodología de valoración cuantitativa; y, por otro, el conocimiento de esta ciudad de tamaño medio africana, que se ha ido adquiriendo en los últimos cinco años, es una base directa para el desarrollo teórico de la propia metodología, que ayuda a atisbar lo esencial en contextos similares. El encaje de todo este recorrido se ha articulado desde una experiencia académica que, como docente, he coordinado directa e intensamente. Experiencia muy enriquecedora, que ha sumado muchas manos y mucho aprendizaje en este tiempo. Teoría y práctica en planeamiento urbano se alternan en el trabajo, nutriéndose la una de la otra y a la inversa. Trabajo que nace desde la pasión por la ciudad y el urbanismo. Desde la búsqueda por comprender y desde la vocación de actuar, de intentar mejorar y hacer más habitables los entornos urbanos. Especialmente allí donde las dificultades se agolpan y el camino se alarga, se llena de polvo. Acumular preguntas a cada paso. Cada vez más preguntas. Las respuestas, si existen, aparecen entrelazadas en dinámicas indescifrables de las que queremos formar parte. Fundirnos por momentos en la misma búsqueda, acompañarla. Sentirnos cerca de quiénes comienzan de cero casi cada día. Y otra vez, arrancar. Y compartir, desde el conocimiento, si acaso es que se puede. Y la ciudad. Brutal, imponente, asfixiante, maravillosa, imposible. Creación colectiva insuperable, de energías sumadas que se cosen sin patrón aparente. O sin más razón que la del propio pulso de la vida. Así se siente Makeni. ABSTRACT The important urban growth suffering major cities of developing countries, is the biggest challenge facing the global habitability. Within the general theory of Basic Habitability (HAB-ETSAM-UPM, 1995) spatial planning and urban planning are the crucial tools to consistently guide the urbanization process, as also recognized from the main technical areas worldwide. But such tools should focus on an efficient construction of the territory, working from a multidisciplinary, flexible and direct approach, that affects the specific priorities of each context. To do this, it is essential to thoroughly understand the specific realities of these areas. The city is essentially a complex phenomenon. The urban fabric in constant flux, is the visible shell that houses a wonderful mixture interlocking spaces, functions, flows, people.... Every city, different and unique, is integrated into its environment, adapted to geographies, contexts and climates, it evolves according to its own dynamics, along (almost) incomprehensible evolutionary processes. The study of the city, is always a simplification of it. The urban reality, even studied from a detailed analysis, always contain undecipherable relationships that escape us. Instead, we need analytical methods that help us understand something that complexity. Moving forward in this analysis is an essential first step in formulating responses. At this level, progressing in understand the urban reality, is where this work is located. The emphasis on the quantitative approach is placed, delving into specific basic data, starting always accepting that this information is just a minimal component, but we hope that substantive, of an intractable phenomenon. And it is this search for materials and quantitative understanding of the city, the main objective of the research. It is intended to provide a detailed basis of those fundamental aspects that can be measured in urban environments that provide us useful information for the diagnosis and proposals. To do this, desirable ranges and references are provided, through a tool for understanding and appreciation of each context, the Indicator Matrix. This tool is conceived from reflection to practical application, to a direct utility, concrete contribution to who can serve. This is the firm resolve with which this work is addressed, centered in urban environments where the technical contribution is a priority: the Informal City. The Informal City, understood here as the urban areas developed without the sufficient resources (technical, economic and institutional) which planning provides, where it is extended the precarious habitability. It is the city that prevails in developing countries, in low-resource settings, where, precisely, the main gaps and needs in the global context are concentrated. The approach stems from the theory of Basic Habitability, the definition of possible minimum, to build the necessary space for human development. This is the generic scope of the work object, that is also based in the direct experience in the town of Makeni, Sierra Leone. This city serves as an experimental prototype in two ways. On the one hand, it serves as a space where empirically check the quantitative assessment methodology; and, secondly, the knowledge of this African city of medium size, which has been acquired in the last five years, is a direct basis for the theoretical development of the methodology itself, which helps to glimpse the essence in similar contexts. The engagement of this whole journey has been articulated from an academic experience, directly and intensely coordinated as teacher. Enriching experience that has added many hands and much learning at this time. Theory and practice in urban planning are mixed at work, enriching the one of the other and vice versa. Work is born from the passion for the city and urbanism. From the search for understanding and from the vocation of acting, trying to improve and make more livable urban environments. Especially where the difficulties are crowded and the road is so long, full of dust. To accumulate questions at every turn. More and more questions. The answers, if do exist, appears inside indecipherable dynamics in which we want to be involved. Merge at times in the same search. Feel close to those who start from scratch almost every day. And again, move forward. And share, from knowledge, if possible. And the city. Brutal, impressive, suffocating, wonderful, impossible. Unsurpassed collective creation, combined energy mix that are sewn with no apparent pattern. Or for no reason other than the pulse of life itself. As it feels the city of Makeni.

Feasibility and utility of population-level geospatial injury profiling : prospective, national cohort study

The Health Services Research Unit receives funding from the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors alone. The GEOS study was funded by the North of Scotland Planning Group.

KDIGO-based acute kidney injury criteria operate differently in hospitals and the community—findings from a large population cohort

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We acknowledge the data management support of Grampian Data Safe Haven (DaSH) and the associated financial support of NHS Research Scotland, through NHS Grampian investment in the Grampian DaSH. S.S. is supported by a Clinical Research Training Fellowship from the Wellcome Trust (Ref 102729/Z/13/Z). We also acknowledge the support from The Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research. The Farr Institute is supported by a 10-funder consortium: Arthritis Research UK, the British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, the Economic and Social Research Council, the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, the Medical Research Council, the National Institute of Health Research, the National Institute for Social Care and Health Research (Welsh Assembly Government), the Chief Scientist Office (Scottish Government Health Directorates) and the Wellcome Trust (MRC Grant Nos: Scotland MR/K007017/1).

Copy Number Variations in DISC1 and DISC1-Interacting Partners in Major Mental Illness

Acknowledgements We would like to thank all of the patients, relatives and control individuals who participated in the study. We are indebted to the late Prof. Walter Muir, Chair of Developmental Psychiatry and Honorary Consultant in Learning Disability Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, who initiated these studies and whose work was dedicated to the welfare of the patients who generously participated. We are also grateful to Mrs. Pat Malloy for her assistance with DNA collection and MAQ assays screening of the Scottish samples. The Scottish sample collection was supported by a grant from the Chief Scientist Office (CSO), part of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates. This research was funded by grants from the CSO to B.S.P. (grant CZB/4/610), The Academy of Medical Sciences/Wellcome Trust to M.J. (grant R41455) and The RS Macdonald Charitable Trust (grant D21419 together with J.H.), the Swedish Research Council (grants 2003-5158 and 2006-4472), the Medical Faculty, Umeå University, and the County Councils of Västerbotten and Norrbotten, Sweden, as well as by grants from the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO-F), the Industrial Research Fund (IWT) and the Special Research Fund of the University of Antwerp, Belgium. M.J. is funded by a Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Fellowship for MB PhD graduates (R42811). We acknowledge the contribution of the personnel of the VIB Genetic Service Facility (http://www.vibgeneticservicefacility.be/) for the genetic analysis of the Swedish samples. Research nurses Gunnel Johansson, Lotta Kronberg, Tage Johansson and Lisbeth Bertilsson are thankfully acknowledged for their help and expertise. The Betula Study was funded by the Swedish Research Council (grants 345-2003-3883 and 315-2004-6977). We also acknowledge the contribution by the staff in the Betula project

Exome-wide analysis of rare coding variation identifies novel associations with COPD and airflow limitation in MOCS3, IFIT3 and SERPINA12

Funding: British Women’s Heart and Health Study is funded by the Department of Health grant no. 90049 and the British Heart Foundation grant no. PG/09/022. British Regional Heart Study is supported by the British Heart Foundation (grant RG/ 13/16/30528). CB (COPDBEAT) received funding from the Medical Research Council UK (grant no. G0601369), CB (COPDBEAT) and AJW (UKCOPD) were supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Unit). MB (COPDBEAT) received funding from the NIHR (grant no. PDF-2013-06-052). Hertfordshire Cohort Study received support from the Medical Research Council, Arthritis Research UK, the International Osteoporosis Foundation and the British Heart Foundation; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre in Nutrition, University of Southampton; NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford. Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study is funded by the Chief Scientist Office, Scottish Government Health Directorates, grant number CZD/16/6 and the Scottish Funding Council grant HR03006. EU COPD Gene Scan is funded by the European Union, grant no. QLG1-CT-2001-01012. English Longitudinal Study of Aging is funded by the Institute of Aging, NIH grant No. AG1764406S1. GoDARTs is funded by the Wellcome Trust grants 072960, 084726 and 104970. MDT has been supported by MRC fellowship G0902313. UK Biobank Lung Exome Variant Evaluation study was funded by a Medical Research Council strategic award to MDT, IPH, DPS and LVW (MC_PC_12010)

Why do health economists promote technology adoption rather than the search for efficiency? A proposal for a change in our approach to economic evaluation in health care

Acknowledgments Financial Support: HERU and HSRU receive a core grant from the Chief Scientist’s Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates, and the Centre for Clinical epidemiology & Evaluation is funded by Vancouver Coastal Health Authority. The model used for the illustrative case study in this paper was developed as part of a NHS Technology Assessment Review, funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment Program (project number 09/146/01). The views and opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Scottish Government, NHS, Vancouver Coastal Health, NIHR HTA Program or the Department of Health. The authors wish to thank Kathleen Boyd and members of the audience at the UK Health Economists Study Group, for comments received on an earlier version of this paper. We also wish to thank Cynthia Fraser (University of Aberdeen) for literature searches undertaken to inform the manuscript, and Mohsen Sadatsafavi (University of British Columbia) for comments on an earlier draft

Acciones públicas de sensibilización de género: el esfuerzo de la administración regional y local en comunicación publicitaria (1999-2007)

El artículo analiza las iniciativas de comunicación relacionadas con la igualdad de oportunidades entre mujeres y hombres. El objetivo es analizar con enfoque de género las acciones realizadas por parte de las instituciones públicas regionales y locales para sensibilizar y promover la conciliación entre la vida familiar y laboral de seis comunidades autónomas (Andalucía, Cataluña, Comunidad Valenciana, Galicia, Madrid y País Vasco) y de sus capitales, desde 1999 (cuando se aprueba la ley de conciliación) hasta 2007 (se aprueba la ley de igualdad). La información sobre publicidad convencional fue proporcionada por Infoadex. Para la recogida de otro tipo de iniciativas a través de medios menos convencionales se acudió a cuatro fuentes institucionales: 1) Ayuntamientos de las capitales, como fuente estrictamente local, 2) Diputaciones de la capital de la Comunidad Autónoma, como fuente provincial, 3) Direcciones Generales de la Mujer o instituciones análogas como fuente de información a nivel regional o autonómico y, por último, 4) otras concejalías vinculadas al tema de la corresponsabilidad, cuyo radio de acción también es autonómico. Los resultados, aunque con diferencias entre regiones, reflejan carencias en la cobertura de las acciones que llevan a cuestionar la falta de estrategia política en términos de comunicación, pese a la introducción sistemática de estos objetivos en la agenda internacional (ONU y UE) y del gobierno español. En consecuencia, las campañas publicitarias e iniciativas recogidas contribuyen a la visibilización del problema y al empoderamiento, pero no tanto al objetivo de la paridad.

Geological risk assessment of Amtoudi Agadir in southern Morocco: a key case for sustainable cultural heritage

Medieval fortified granaries known as “agadirs” are very common in southern Morocco, being catalogued as world cultural heritage by United Nations. These Berber buildings (made of stones and tree trunks) usually located on rocky promontories, constitute historical testimonials related to the origin of Morocco, and, as tourist attractions, have a positive impact on the local economy. The sustainability of these ancient monuments requires geological-risk evaluations of the massif stability under the agadir with the proposal of stabilization measures, and an architectonic analysis with appropriate maintenance of the structural elements. An interdisciplinary study including climate, seismicity, hydrology, geology, geomorphology, geotechnical surveys of the massif, and diagnosis of the degradation of structural elements have been performed on the Amtoudi Agadir, selected as a case study. The main findings from this study are that the prevalent rocks used for construction (coming from the underlying substratum) are good-quality arkosic sandstones; the SW cliffs under the agadir are unstable under water saturation; some masonry walls are too thin and lack interlocking stones and mortar; and failures in the beams (due to flexure, fracture, and exhaustion in the resistance due to insect attacks or plant roots) are common. The basic risk assessment of ancient buildings of cultural heritage and their geologic substratum are needed especially in undeveloped areas with limited capacity to implement durable conservation policies. Therefore, recommendations have been provided to ensure the stability and maintenance of this important archaeological site.

The Battersea Shield

2 ft. 6 19/32 in.x 1 ft. 2 1/16 in.; repoussé, bronze and glass

The Battersea Shield: detail

Metalwork, Celtic; repoussé, bronze and glass