Variations interindividuelles dans l’utilisation d’information publique et le niveau d’impulsivité : expériences chez le diamant mandarin (Taeniopygia guttata)

Il y a de plus en plus de preuves que les animaux diffèrent de façon constante dans leur tendance à se servir de l’information sociale et de l’information personnelle, et ces différences interindividuelles sont corrélées avec des traits de personnalité tels que l’hardiesse et l’exploration. Le lien entre la personnalité et l’utilisation d’information sociale serait attribué au fait que les performances cognitives des individus affectent non seulement leur personnalité, mais aussi leur habileté à acquérir de l’information personnelle fiable. La présente étude cherchait à déterminer si les femelles diamant mandarin qui ont tendance à se fier à l’information sociale dans des contextes de choix de partenaire et d’alimentation démontrent également un niveau de contrôle de soi plus faible, une mesure que nous avons utilisée pour évaluer leur capacité à discriminer entre deux alternatives. Nous avons observé que les femelles plus impulsives ont une plus grande tendance à se servir de l’information sociale que celles qui démontrent un degré de contrôle de soi plus élevé. Ainsi, nos résultats suggèrent fortement que les différences individuelles dans les capacités cognitives auraient contribué à l'émergence et au maintien des personnalités animales.

Développement, mise à l'essai et évaluation d'une intervention de pratique réflexive avec des infirmières oeuvrant auprès de personnes âgées hospitalisées

Cette recherche visait à développer, mettre à l’essai et évaluer les effets d’une intervention de pratique réflexive (IPR) avec des infirmières œuvrant auprès d’aînés hospitalisés. Fondée sur la théorie du Human Caring de Watson (1979) et sur le modèle de réflexion structurée de Johns (2006), l’étude a été réalisée au moyen d’un devis mixte. Le développement et la mise à l’essai de l’IPR ont été réalisés au moyen d’une approche qualitative de type recherche-action. L’évaluation de l’intervention a été effectuée à l’aide d’une approche qualitative et d’une approche quantitative de type quasi-expérimental avec groupe de comparaison (GC). Au terme de l’IPR, les infirmières étaient invitées à décrire les retombées perçues de cette intervention, soit les habiletés et les savoirs infirmiers développés suite à une pratique réflexive (PR), ainsi que leur perception de la PR comme moyen d’amélioration de leur pratique professionnelle. De plus, comparativement à un GC, trois hypothèses étaient formulées : les infirmières du groupe expérimental (GE) ayant bénéficié d’une IPR amélioreraient significativement leurs attitudes et leurs connaissances à l’égard des aînés; identifieraient davantage d’interventions infirmières adaptées à la clientèle âgée hospitalisée, et obtiendraient un niveau de réflexion supérieur. L’étude a été effectuée auprès de 43 infirmières (GE = 22; GC = 21) travaillant dans un centre hospitalier universitaire. L’IPR s’est déroulée sur une période de 22 semaines. Elle comprenait huit ateliers thématiques d’une durée de 75 minutes chacun, dispensés aux trois semaines, combinés à des lectures et à des exercices individuels. L’IPR portait sur trois thèmes centraux du séjour hospitalier des aînés : la médication, la mobilisation et la planification du congé. Des données qualitatives et quantitatives ont été colligées par le biais de questionnaires ouverts (vignettes, écrit réflexif) et standardisés (Kogan’s Attitudes Toward Old People Scale, Palmore’s Facts on Aging Quiz) pré et post intervention pour les deux groupes. Les infirmières du GE ont également complété un questionnaire sur l’expérience de la PR et certaines d’entre elles ont participé à des groupes de discussion focalisée. Une analyse de contenu thématique, selon l’approche de Miles et Huberman (2003), a été réalisée sur les données qualitatives, alors que des tests de classement de Wilcoxon ont été effectués sur les données quantitatives. Les résultats soulignent que les infirmières ont développé différentes habiletés nécessaires à une PR telles que l’introspection, l’ouverture aux autres et l’analyse critique. Les participantes reconnaissent que l’IPR leur a notamment permis de développer des savoirs empirique, éthique, esthétique, personnel et émancipatoire. De plus, elles perçoivent que l’IPR est un moyen d’amélioration de la pratique professionnelle puisqu’elle peut, entre autres, contrer la routinisation des soins. Par ailleurs, comparativement au GC, les infirmières du GE ont amélioré significativement leurs attitudes et leurs connaissances à l’égard des aînés. Cependant, aucune différence significative entre le GE et le GC n’a été révélée suite à l’IPR quant au nombre d’interventions adaptées aux situations vécues par les aînés hospitalisés et au niveau de réflexion atteint. Les hypothèses de recherche ont ainsi été partiellement soutenues. Cette étude démontre le potentiel d’une IPR comme approche de développement professionnel novateur qui valorise l’expérience des infirmières, tout en leur permettant de modifier positivement leurs attitudes à l’égard des aînés et d’ajuster leurs connaissances aux besoins de cette clientèle hautement fragile et vulnérable.

Les Déterminants Génétiques de la Pharmacocinétique du Busulfan et les Résultats de la Transplantation

Le busulfan (Bu) est un composé clé de la phase de conditionnement chez les enfants subissant une transplantation des cellules souches hématopoïétiques (TCSH). Les différences inter-individuelles de la pharmacocinétique (PK) du Bu pourraient affecter son efficacité et sa toxicité. Le Bu est principalement métabolisé par la glutathion-S-transférase (GST). Nous avons étudié la relation des génotypes GSTA1, GSTM1 et GSTP1 avec la PK de la première dose de Bu et la relation avec les résultats de la TCSH chez 69 enfants recevant un régime de conditionnement myéloablatif. Le génotype GSTM1 nul a corrélé avec une exposition élevée du Bu et une faible clairance (CL) chez les patients âgés de 4 ans (p ≤ 0,04). Dans le respect du rôle fonctionnel suggéré d’haplotype GSTA1 *A2, il a été associé à des niveaux plus faibles de médicaments et des niveaux élevés de CL (p ≤ 0,03). L’effet Gène-dose a également été observé (p = ≤ 0,007). L’haplotype de GSTA1 était associé avec les résultats de la TCSH. Les porteurs de deux copies d’haplotype *A2 avaient une meilleure survie sans événement (p = 0,03). En revanche, les individus homozygotes pour haplotypes * B et *B1 ont un risque plus élevé d’atteindre la maladie veino-occlusive (MVO) (p = 0,009). Les individus porteurs de GSTM1 nul âgés de 4 ans possèdent un risque plus fréquent d’avoir la maladie du greffon contre l'hôte (GvHD) (p = 0,03). En conclusion, nous avons montré que les variantes génétiques de GST influencent la PK du BU et les résultats de la TCSH chez les enfants. Pour l'ajustement de la posologie, un modèle avec l'inclusion des facteurs génétiques et non génétiques devrait être évalué et validé dans une étude prospective.

The Taxation of Nonrenewable Natural Resources

We provide an analytical overview of the distortionary eff ects of some common forms of taxes faced by the nonrenewable resources sector of the economy. In the category of taxes meant speci fically to capture the resource rent, we look at a speci c severance tax, an 'ad valorem' severance tax, a profi t tax and a 'lump-sum' tax, with emphasis on their e ffects on the extraction decisions over time and on the initial reserves to be developed. In the category of taxes meant for all sectors of the economy, we look at the corporate income tax and its special provision for the resource sector in the form of a depletion allowance, with emphasis on the eff ects on the intra-industry resource extraction decisions and on the inter-industry allocation of investment.

Les macrophages d’ascendance européenne et africaine répondent différemment aux infections bactériennes

Des études antérieures démontrent que les descendants de peuples européens et africains présentent des différences de susceptibilité à certaines maladies infectieuses. Ces différences suggèrent des variations interpopulationnelles de la réponse immunitaire qui résultent probablement de l’adaptation de ces individus aux pathogènes de leur environnement. Nous avons caractérisé la réponse immunitaire chez des descendants de peuples européens et africains à des infections bactériennes. Nous avons infecté des macrophages dérivés de monocytes de 30 Américains d’origine africaine (Africains) et de 31 Américains d’origine européenne (Européens) avec les pathogènes intracellulaires Listeria monocytogenes et Salmonella typhimurium pendant 4 heures, puis nous avons mesuré le niveau d’expression pangénomique des cellules infectées et non infectées par séquençage de l’ARNm. Nous avons estimé le niveau de contrôle de l’infection par les macrophages à 2, 4 et 24 heures post-infection en évaluant le taux de survie des bactéries. Nous avons observé que les Africains présentent significativement moins de bactéries intracellulaires après 4 et 24 heures que les Européens, suggérant que les Africains contrôlent mieux les infections bactériennes. Nous avons identifié des différences interpopulationnelles dans le niveau de sécrétion des cytokines et dans le niveau d’expression de certains gènes, ce qui suggère que les Africains modulent une réponse inflammatoire plus forte que les Européens. Nous avons démontré que plusieurs de ces gènes ont subi des évènements de sélection positive récents seulement chez les Européens. Notre étude a identifié plusieurs gènes candidats susceptibles d’influencer le cours des infections bactériennes chez les humains. Nos résultats indiquent que les différences dans la progression des maladies infectieuses entre les populations européennes et africaines seraient le résultat de la sélection naturelle.

Women Industrial Cooperatives- An Analysis of Its Structure, Performance and Growth in Kannur District

In the present study made an attempt to analyse the structure, performance and growth of women industrial cooperatives in kannur district, Kerala. The study encompasses all women industrial cooperatives registered at the district industries center, kannur and that currently exist. The women industrial cooperatives are classified into two ie; group with network and another group without network. In Kannur there are 54 units working as women industrial cooperatives. One of the main problems the women cooperatives face is the lack of working capital followed marketing problem. The competition between cooperatives and private traders is very high. The variables examined to analyse the performance of women industrial cooperatives in Kannur showed that there exists inter unit differences in almost all the variables. The financial structure structure shows that the short term liquidity of women cooperatives in Kannur favour more the units which have political networks; but the long term financial coverage is seen to be highly geared in this group, not because of a decline is net worth but due to highly proportionate increase in financial liabilities in the form of borrowings. The encouragement given by the government through financial stake and other incentives has been the major factor in the formation and growth of women cooperatives. As a result both productivity and efficiency improves in the cooperatives. In short the present study helped to capture the impact, role and dynamics of networking in general and socio political network in particular in relation to intra and inter unit differences on the structure, growth and performance of women industrial cooperatives societies in Kannur district

Industrial Growth in Madhya Pradesh: Structure and Economic Backwardness

It examine the aspects of Madhya Pradesh’s industrial structure which throw light on the development, viability and the efficiency of not only the over all industrial sector but also some of the selected industries of the state. The major objectives of are to examine the nature and characteristics of economic backwardness in Madhya Pradesh in an inter-state comparative framework and to analyse the pace and pattern of industrial growth in Madhya Pradesh against the backdrop of liberalization. To explore the industrial structure of Madhya Pradesh using the major structural ratios and industry mix. This study has underlined some structural as well as region specific constraints to the accelerated growth of the manufacturing industry in Madhya Pradesh. The industrial structure of Madhya Pradesh is concentrated and lop-sided. This is evidenced by the dominancy of single industry, basic metal and alloys. A diversified industrial structure is essential for promoting interdependent growth of the manufacturing industry based on the inter-industry linkages and agglomeration. The thesis gives a broad spectrum of regional disparities in development and evidence for Madhya Pradesh’s backwardness also portrayed and reflects the changing industrial structure of the state.

Valores del capital humano y las competencias del líder que facilitan la implantación de la estrategia organizacional

La obtención de una ventaja competitiva, el desarrollo, el crecimiento, la perdurabilidad, entre otros, son los aspectos que buscan las organizaciones a través de las estrategias que se definen. Sin embargo, no es suficiente con diseñar las metas y los objetivos que se quieren alcanzar, es necesario aterrizar estos propósitos en planes de acción e involucrar a todos los miembros de la organización, lo cual se consigue a través de la implantación de la estrategia. En este sentido, la etapa de implantación de la estrategia en una organización, da curso al camino establecido en la etapa de formulación de la estrategia, por lo tanto, se relaciona directamente con su éxito o su fracaso. No obstante, este proceso no depende de algunos pocos miembros de la organización, de directivos o de funcionarios, sino que depende de la buena sincronización y armonía de todos aquellos que hacen parte de ella. La presente investigación a través de la revisión teórica y de evidencias empíricas, busca poner de manifiesto la incidencia de dos aspectos clave en la organización sobre la implantación de la estrategia, por un lado, los líderes, a partir de sus competencias interpersonales y por otro el capital humano, a partir de sus valores. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que tanto las competencias del líder como los valores del capital humano son determinantes para la adecuada implantación de la estrategia organizacional.

Krakatoa lives: The effect of volcanic eruptions on ocean heat content and thermal expansion

A suite of climate model experiments indicates that 20th Century increases in ocean heat content and sea-level ( via thermal expansion) were substantially reduced by the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa. The volcanically-induced cooling of the ocean surface is subducted into deeper ocean layers, where it persists for decades. Temporary reductions in ocean heat content associated with the comparable eruptions of El Chichon ( 1982) and Pinatubo ( 1991) were much shorter lived because they occurred relative to a non-stationary background of large, anthropogenically-forced ocean warming. Our results suggest that inclusion of the effects of Krakatoa ( and perhaps even earlier eruptions) is important for reliable simulation of 20th century ocean heat uptake and thermal expansion. Inter-model differences in the oceanic thermal response to Krakatoa are large and arise from differences in external forcing, model physics, and experimental design. Systematic experimentation is required to quantify the relative importance of these factors. The next generation of historical forcing experiments may require more careful treatment of pre-industrial volcanic aerosol loadings.

Molecular inventory of faecal microflora in patients with Crohn's disease

Intestinal microbial community is involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease, but knowledge of its potential abnormalities has been limited by the impossibility to grow many dominant intestinal bacteria. Using sequence analysis of randomly cloned bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA, the dominant faecal species from four Crolin's disease patients and four controls were compared. Whereas marked inter-individual differences were observed in the faecal microflora of patients, three remained distantly related to controls on the basis of their operational taxonomic unit composition. Bacteroides vidgatus and closely related organisms represented the only molecular species shared by all patients and exhibited an unusually high rate of occurrence. Escherichia coli clones were isolated only in two patients with ileocolonic Crohn's disease. Moreover, numerous clones belonged to phylogenetic groups or species that are commonly not dominant in the faecal microflora of healthy subjects: Pectinatus, Sutterella, Verritcomicrobium, Fusobacterium, Clostridium disporicum, clostridium glycolicum, Clostridium ramosum, Clostridium innocuum and Clostridium perfringens. (C) 2004 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Circulating triacylglycerol and apoE levels in response to EPA and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in adult human subjects

High doses of n-3 PUFA found in fish oils can reduce the circulating concentration of triacylglycerol (TG), which may contribute to the positive impact of these fatty acids on the risk of CVD. The present study aimed to establish the differential impact of EPA and docosahexaenoic (DHA) on plasma lipids and apo in adults. Forty-two normolipidaemic adult subjects completed a double-blind placebo controlled parallel study, receiving an EPA-rich oil (4.8 g EPA/d), DHA-rich oil (4.9 g DHA/d) or olive oil as control, for a period of 4 weeks. No effects of treatment on total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol or HDL-cholesterol were evident. There was a significant 22% reduction in TG level relative to the control value following the DHA treatment (P=0.032), with the 15% decrease in the EPA group failing to reach significance (P=0-258). There were no significant inter-group differences in response to treatment for plasma apoA1, -C3 or -E levels, although a significant 15% within-group increase in apoE was evident in the EPA (P=0.006) and DHA (P=0.003) groups. In addition, a within-group decrease in the apoAI:HDL-cholesterol ratio was observed in the DHA group, suggesting a positive impact of DHA on HDL particle size. The DHA intervention resulted in a significant increase in the proportion of EPA P=0.000 and DHA P=0.000 in plasma phospholipids, whilst significant increases in EPA P=0.000 and docosapentacnoic acid P=0.002, but not DHA P=0.193, were evident following EPA supplementation (P<0.05). Our present results indicate that DHA may be more efficacious than EPA in improving the plasma lipid profile.

Variability of the accommodation response in early onset myopia

Purpose. Hyperopic retinal defocus (blur) is thought to be a cause of myopia. If the retinal image of an object is not clearly focused, the resulting blur is thought to cause the continuing lengthening of the eyeball during development causing a permanent refractive error. Both lag of accommodation, especially for near targets, and greater variability in the accommodative response, have been suggested as causes of increased hyperopic retinal blur. Previous studies of lag of accommodation show variable findings. In comparison, greater variability in the accommodative response has been demonstrated in adults with late onset myopia but has not been tested in children. This study looked at the lag and variability of accommodation in children with early onset myopia. Methods. Twenty-one myopic and 18 emmetropic children were tested. Dynamic measures of accommodation and pupil size were made using eccentric photorefraction (Power Refractor) while children viewed targets set at three different accommodative demands (0.25, 2, and 4 D). Results. We found no difference in accommodative lag between groups. However, the accommodative response was more variable in the myopes than emmetropes when viewing both the near (4 D) and far (0.25 D) targets. Since pupil size and variability also varied, we analyzed the data to determine whether this could account for the inter-group differences in accommodation variability. Variation in these factors was not found to be sufficient to explain these differences. Changes in the accommodative response variability with target distance were similar to patterns reported previously in adult emmetropes and late onset myopes. Conclusions. Children with early onset myopia demonstrate greater accommodative variability than emmetropic children, and have similar patterns of response to adult late onset myopes. This increased variability could result in an increase in retinal blur for both near and far targets. The role of accommodative variability in the etiology of myopia is discussed.

Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: metrics

The transport sector emits a wide variety of gases and aerosols, with distinctly different characteristics which influence climate directly and indirectly via chemical and physical processes. Tools that allow these emissions to be placed on some kind of common scale in terms of their impact on climate have a number of possible uses such as: in agreements and emission trading schemes; when considering potential trade-offs between changes in emissions resulting from technological or operational developments; and/or for comparing the impact of different environmental impacts of transport activities. Many of the non-CO2 emissions from the transport sector are short-lived substances, not currently covered by the Kyoto Protocol. There are formidable difficulties in developing metrics and these are particularly acute for such short-lived species. One difficulty concerns the choice of an appropriate structure for the metric (which may depend on, for example, the design of any climate policy it is intended to serve) and the associated value judgements on the appropriate time periods to consider; these choices affect the perception of the relative importance of short- and long-lived species. A second difficulty is the quantification of input parameters (due to underlying uncertainty in atmospheric processes). In addition, for some transport-related emissions, the values of metrics (unlike the gases included in the Kyoto Protocol) depend on where and when the emissions are introduced into the atmosphere – both the regional distribution and, for aircraft, the distribution as a function of altitude, are important. In this assessment of such metrics, we present Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) as these have traditionally been used in the implementation of climate policy. We also present Global Temperature Change Potentials (GTPs) as an alternative metric, as this, or a similar metric may be more appropriate for use in some circumstances. We use radiative forcings and lifetimes from the literature to derive GWPs and GTPs for the main transport-related emissions, and discuss the uncertainties in these estimates. We find large variations in metric (GWP and GTP) values for NOx, mainly due to the dependence on location of emissions but also because of inter-model differences and differences in experimental design. For aerosols we give only global-mean values due to an inconsistent picture amongst available studies regarding regional dependence. The uncertainty in the presented metric values reflects the current state of understanding; the ranking of the various components with respect to our confidence in the given metric values is also given. While the focus is mostly on metrics for comparing the climate impact of emissions, many of the issues are equally relevant for stratospheric ozone depletion metrics, which are also discussed.

A metabolic system-wide characterisation of the pig: a model for human physiology

The pig is a single-stomached omnivorous mammal and is an important model of human disease and nutrition. As such, it is necessary to establish a metabolic framework from which pathology-based variation can be compared. Here, a combination of one and two-dimensional (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) NMR was used to provide a systems overview of porcine metabolism via characterisation of the urine, serum, liver and kidney metabolomes. The metabolites observed in each of these biological compartments were found to be qualitatively comparable to the metabolic signature of the same biological matrices in humans and rodents. The data were modelled using a combination of principal components analysis and Venn diagram mapping. Urine represented the most metabolically distinct biological compartment studied, with a relatively greater number of NMR detectable metabolites present, many of which are implicated in gut-microbial co-metabolic processes. The major inter-species differences observed were in the phase II conjugation of extra-genomic metabolites; the pig was observed to conjugate p-cresol, a gut microbial metabolite of tyrosine, with glucuronide rather than sulfate as seen in man. These observations are important to note when considering the translatability of experimental data derived from porcine models.

Time of emergence of climate signals

The time at which the signal of climate change emerges from the noise of natural climate variability (Time of Emergence, ToE) is a key variable for climate predictions and risk assessments. Here we present a methodology for estimating ToE for individual climate models, and use it to make maps of ToE for surface air temperature (SAT) based on the CMIP3 global climate models. Consistent with previous studies we show that the median ToE occurs several decades sooner in low latitudes, particularly in boreal summer, than in mid-latitudes. We also show that the median ToE in the Arctic occurs sooner in boreal winter than in boreal summer. A key new aspect of our study is that we quantify the uncertainty in ToE that arises not only from inter-model differences in the magnitude of the climate change signal, but also from large differences in the simulation of natural climate variability. The uncertainty in ToE is at least 30 years in the regions examined, and as much as 60 years in some regions. Alternative emissions scenarios lead to changes in both the median ToE (by a decade or more) and its uncertainty. The SRES B1 scenario is associated with a very large uncertainty in ToE in some regions. Our findings have important implications for climate modelling and climate policy which we discuss.