Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009: epidemiological analysis of cases in a tropical/semi-arid region of Brazil

IntroductionThe year 2009 marked the beginning of a pandemic caused by a new variant of influenza A (H1N1). After spreading through North America, the pandemic influenza virus (H1N1) 2009 spread rapidly throughout the world. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of cases of pandemic influenza in a tropical/semi-arid region of Brazil.MethodsA retrospective study analyzed all suspected cases of pandemic influenza (H1N1) 2009 reported in the Ceará State through the National Information System for Notifiable Diseases during the pandemic period between 28 April, 2009 and November 25, 2010.ResultsA total of 616 suspected cases were notified, 58 (9.4%) in the containment phase and 558 (90.6%) in the mitigation phase. Most cases were of affected young people resident in the City of Fortaleza, the largest urban center in the State of Ceará. The most frequent symptoms presented by the cases with confirmed infection were fever, cough, myalgia, arthralgia, and nasal congestion. Mortality rate was 0.0009/1,000 inhabitants and lethality was 5.6%. Deaths were observed only in the mitigation phase. Mortality rates were similar for both sexes but were higher in the age group under 5 years.ConclusionsThe study suggests that the influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in this tropical/semi-arid region had a lower magnitude when compared to states in the Southern and Southeastern regions of Brazil.

Spontaneous reporting of adverse events following pandemic influenza A (H1N1) immunization in a reference center in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil

Introduction This paper describes adverse events (AEs) temporally associated to the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) vaccine observed in a reference center in São Paulo, Brazil, during a 2010 mass vaccination campaign. Methods A retrospective study involving persons who sought medical care for AEs following influenza vaccination. Data were retrieved from medical records, vaccine AE notification forms, and a computerized system for immunobiological registration. Results Sixty-six vaccinees sought medical care for AEs after immunization. The most frequent AEs were fever, headache, myalgia, and pain at the injection site. No serious AEs were reported. Conclusions Few vaccinees spontaneously reported AEs to influenza A (H1N1) vaccine at this center.

Influenza infection and Kawasaki disease

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to investigate the possible link between influenza (Flu) infection and Kawasaki disease (KD). METHODS: We examined the medical records of 1,053 KD cases and 4,669 influenza infection cases hospitalized at our institute from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2013. Cases of KD with concomitant influenza infection formed the KD + Flu group. Each KD + Flu case was matched with 2 KD cases and 2 influenza infection cases, and these cases were assigned to the KD group and Flu group, respectively. The differences in the principal clinical manifestations, course of disease, incomplete KD rate, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) resistance rate, and echocardiographic detection results between the KD + Flu group and KD group were compared. The fever durations and laboratory test results of these three groups were compared. RESULTS: 1) The seasonal variations of the KD + Flu group, KD group and Flu group were similar. 2) The morbidity rate of incomplete KD was higher in the KD + Flu group compared with the KD group. 3) Patients in the KD + Flu group exhibited a longer time to KD diagnosis compared with patients in the KD group. 4) The KD + Flu group exhibited the longest fever duration among the three groups. 5) The CRP and ESR values in the KD + Flu group were higher those in the Flu or KD groups. CONCLUSIONS: Concomitant influenza infection affects the clinical manifestations of KD and can impact the laboratory test results and the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. However, it remains unclear whether influenza contributes to KD etiology.

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following inactivated influenza vaccination in the Brazilian Amazon: a case report

AbstractHere, we describe a case of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) that occurred during a plausible risk interval following inactivated influenza vaccination in a previously healthy 27-year-old man from Manaus, Brazil. He was treated with intravenous methylprednisolone and immunoglobulin. One-month follow-up revealed resolution of the brain lesions, but not of the spinal cord lesions. No recurrence or progression of the main neurological symptoms was observed. After two years of monitoring, the patient continues to experience weak lower limbs and urinary retention. Thus, we recommend that ADEM should be considered in a patient presenting with neurological symptoms after influenza vaccination.

Comparative study of lymphocytes from individuals that were vaccinated and unvaccinated against the pandemic 2009-2011 H1N1 influenza virus in Southern Brazil

ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION:While no single factor is sufficient to guarantee the success of influenza vaccine programs, knowledge of the levels of immunity in local populations is critical. Here, we analyzed influenza immunity in a population from Southern Brazil, a region with weather conditions that are distinct from those in the rest of country, where influenza infections are endemic, and where greater than 50% of the population is vaccinated annually.METHODS:Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from 40 individuals. Of these, 20 had received the H1N1 vaccine, while the remaining 20 were unvaccinated against the disease. Cells were stimulated in vitro with the trivalent post-pandemic influenza vaccine or with conserved major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I) peptides derived from hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. Cell viability was then analyzed by [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide)]-based colorimetric assay (MTT), and culture supernatants were assayed for helper T type 1 (Th1) and Th2-specific cytokine levels.RESULTS:Peripheral blood lymphocytes from vaccinated, but not unvaccinated, individuals exhibited significant proliferation in vitro in the presence of a cognate influenza antigen. After culturing with vaccine antigens, cells from vaccinated individuals produced similar levels of interleukin (IL)-10 and interferon (IFN)-γ, while those from unvaccinated individuals produced higher levels of IFN-γ than of IL-10.CONCLUSIONS:Our data indicate that peripheral blood lymphocytes from vaccinated individuals are stimulated upon encountering a cognate antigen, but did not support the hypothesis that cross-reactive responses related to previous infections can ameliorate the immune response. Moreover, monitoring IL-10 production in vaccinated individuals could comprise a valuable tool for predicting disease evolution.

Vacina contra o vírus da influenza e mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares na cidade de São Paulo

FUNDAMENTO: A influência da vacinação contra o vírus da gripe na mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) é controversa. OBJETIVO: Analisar a mortalidade por DCV antes e depois do início da vacinação contra a gripe na cidade de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Analisou-se a mortalidade por doenças isquêmicas do coração (DIC), doenças cerebrovasculares (DCbV) e por causas externas (CE) na população da região metropolitana de São Paulo com idade > 60 anos, antes e depois do programa de vacinação contra a gripe. As estimativas da população e os dados de mortalidade foram, respectivamente, obtidos do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE; www.ibge.gov.br) e do Ministério da Saúde (www.datasus.gov.br) para o período entre 1980 e 2006. O risco de morte foi ajustado pelo método direto, em que se utilizou a população padrão (mundial) referente a 1960. RESULTADOS: As comparações entre as inclinações das linhas de regressão foram semelhantes para as DCbV (p = 0,931) e CE (p = 0,941), porém, para as DIC (p = 0,022), observou-se significativa redução da linha do período pós-vacina quando comparada com a linha do período pré-vacina. Mudança na tendência da mortalidade após 1996 foi significativa somente para as DIC (p = 0,022), permanecendo inalterada para as DCbV (p = 0,931) e CE (p = 0,941). CONCLUSÃO: A vacinação contra a gripe associou-se a significativa redução da mortalidade por DIC.

Pneumonia por Influenza A(H1N1) em paciente imunossuprimido após transplante cardíaco

O papel da resposta imunológica durante a infecção pelo vírus Influenza H1N1 não está totalmente estabelecido, mas acredita-se que atue de forma decisiva no agravamento do quadro e no aparecimento da síndrome de desconforto respiratório agudo. O papel de terapias imunomoduladoras no controle de infecções virais também não é consensual e faltam dados de literatura para se definir as indicações de seu uso. Neste relato de caso, apresentamos, segundo nosso conhecimento, pela primeira vez, o relato de um paciente transplantado cardíaco que apresentou infecção pelo vírus H1N1 e evoluiu de forma favorável, trazendo um questionamento sobre o real papel da terapia imunossupressora como fator de risco para a forma grave da doença.

Vacinação contra influenza e pneumococo na insuficiência cardíaca: uma recomendação pouco aplicada

FUNDAMENTO: A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) cursa com frequentes descompensações e admissões ao serviço de emergência. Vacinação contra Influenza (INF) e Pneumococo (PNM) são recomendadas nas diretrizes, entretanto, as infecções respiratórias são a terceira causa de hospitalização na IC. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a frequência da vacinação contra INF e PNM em pacientes com IC na rede pública. MÉTODOS: Em estudo observacional realizado em Teresópolis, região serrana fluminense, foram utilizadas três estratégias: (I) estudo das requisições para vacina contra INF e/ou PNM na Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, entre 2004 e 2006; (II) inquérito direto a 61 pacientes com IC atendidos na atenção básica sobre sua situação vacinal contra INF e PNM; (III) inquérito direto sobre situação vacinal contra INF e PNM a 81 pacientes com IC crônica descompensada atendidos na única emergência aberta à rede pública. RESULTADOS: Na estratégia I, a vacinação contra INF e/ou PNM foi de 15,3% daqueles com indicações por doenças cardiovasculares e respiratórias. A mediana do tempo entre a indicação e a vacinação foi de 32 dias. Na estratégia II, o percentual de vacinados contra INF, com idade > 60 anos, foi de 23,1%, e de 24,6% contra PMN em todas as idades. Na estratégia III, o percentual de pacientes vacinados contra INF foi de 35,8% e contra PNM foi de 2,5%. CONCLUSÃO: A taxa de vacinação contra INF e PNM em pacientes com IC é muito baixa e ainda menor naqueles descompensados atendidos em serviço de emergência.

Molecular biological analysis of dynamic interactions between influenza viruses and host cells : host cell proteomes and viral replication dynamics

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Verfahrens- und Systemtechnik, Diss., 2011

Mathematische Modellierung von Influenza Virus Replikation in Säugerzellen

Virus dynamics, mathematical modeling, influenza virus, mammalian cells, vaccines, antiviral strategies

Downstream processing of influenza whole-virions for vaccine production

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Verfahrens- und Systemtechnik, Diss., 2009

Etablierung und Anwendung einer analytischen Methode zur Untersuchung der N-Glykosylierung des Influenza-Virus Hämagglutinin

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Verfahrens- und Systemtechnik, Diss., 2013

Impact of cultivation conditions on N-glycosylation of influenza A virus hemagglutinin, on quasispecies composition, and on immunogenicity of virus preparations

Magdeburg, Univ., Fak. für Verfahrens- und Systemtechnik, Diss., 2014