Political economy of low sulfurization and air pollution control policy in Japan : SOx emission reduction by fuel conversion

In the early stages of the development of Japan’s environmental policy, sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions, which seriously damage health, was the most important air pollution problem. In the second half of the 1960s and the first half of the 1970s, the measures against SOx emissions progressed quickly, and these emissions were reduced drastically. The most important factor of the reduction was the conversion to a low-sulfur fuel for large-scale fuel users, such as the electric power industry. However, industries started conversion to low-sulfur fuel not due to environmental concerns, but simply to reduce costs. Furthermore, the interaction among the various interests of the electric power industry, oil refineries, the central government, local governments, and citizens over the energy and environmental policies led to the measures against SOx emissions by fuel conversion.

Critical review of estimating benefits of air and water pollution control /

Contract no. 68-01-2821.

National accomplishments in pollution control, 1970-1980 : some case histories /

Mode of access: Internet.

Environmental pollution control alternatives : drinking water treatment for small communities.

Mode of access: Internet.

Conventional and advanced sewer design concepts for dual purpose flood and pollution control : a preliminary case study, Elizabeth, New Jersey /

Mode of access: Internet.

Bibliography of storm and combined sewer pollution control R&D program documents /

Mode of access: Internet.

Effectiveness of soil and water conservation practices for pollution control /

Mode of access: Internet.

Environmental pollution control alternatives : municipal wastewater /

Mode of access: Internet.

Industrial noise control manual /

Mode of access: Internet.

Intermedia aspects of air and water pollution control,

Prepared for Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under contract 68-01-0729, program element 1H1093.

Proceedings of the State and interstate water pollution control administrators in joint meeting with the Conference of State Sanitary Engineers; a summary.

Mode of access: Internet.