Application of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for determining the thickness of articular cartilage

The determination of the characteristics of articular cartilage such as thickness, stiffness and swelling, especially in the form that can facilitate real-time decisions and diagnostics is still a matter for research and development. This paper correlates near infrared spectroscopy with mechanically measured cartilage thickness to establish a fast, non-destructive, repeatable and precise protocol for determining this tissue property. Statistical correlation was conducted between the thickness of bovine cartilage specimens (n = 97) and regions of their near infrared spectra. Nine regions were established along the full absorption spectrum of each sample and were correlated with the thickness using partial least squares (PLS) regression multivariate analysis. The coefficient of determination (R2) varied between 53 and 93%, with the most predictive region (R2 = 93.1%, p < 0.0001) for cartilage thickness lying in the region (wavenumber) 5350–8850 cm−1. Our results demonstrate that the thickness of articular cartilage can be measured spectroscopically using NIR light. This protocol is potentially beneficial to clinical practice and surgical procedures in the treatment of joint disease such as osteoarthritis.

Polarized infrared absorption spectrum of matrix-isolated methylperoxyl radicals, CH3OO (X)over-tilde 2A ''

We have used a tandem pair of supersonic nozzles to produce clean samples of CH3OO radicals in cryogenic matrices. One hyperthermal nozzle decomposes azomethane (CH3NNCH3) to generate intense pulses of CH3 radicals, While the second nozzle alternately fires a burst Of O-2/Ar at the 20 K matrix. The CH3/O-2/20 K argon radical sandwich acts to produce target methylperoxyl radicals: CH3 + O-2 --> CH3OO. The absorption spectra of the radicals are monitored with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. We report 10 of the 12 fundamental infrared bands of the methylperoxyl radical CH3OO, (X) over tilde (2)A", in an argon matrix at 20 K. The experimental frequencies (cm(-1)) and polarizations follow: the a' modes are 3032, 2957, 1448, 1410, 1180, 1109, 90, 492, while the a" modes are 3024 and 1434. We cannot detect the asymmetric CH3 rocking mode, nu(11), nor the torsion, nu(12). The infrared spectra of (CH3OO)-O-18-O-18, (CH3OO)-C-13, and CD3OO have been measured as well in order to determine the isotopic shifts. The experimental frequencies, {nu}, for the methylperoxyl radicals are compared to harmonic frequencies, {omega}, resulting from a UB3LYP/6-311G(d,p) electronic structure calculation. Linear dichroism spectra were measured with photooriented radical samples in order to establish the experimental polarizations of most vibrational bands. The methylperoxyl radical matrix frequencies listed above are within +/-2% of the gas-phase vibrational frequencies. A final set of vibrational frequencies for the H radical, are recommended. See also http://ellison.colorado.edu/methylperoxyl.

Raman and infrared spectroscopic studies of phurcalite from Red Canyon, Utah, USA – Implications for the molecular structure

Raman and infrared spectra of the uranyl mineral phurcalite, Ca2(UO2)3O2(PO4)2⋅7H2O, from Red Canyon, Utah, USA, were studied and tentatively interpreted. Observed bands were assigned to the stretching and bending vibrations of (UO2)2+ and (PO4)3− units and to the stretching and bending vibrations and libration modes of water molecules. Approximate lengths of U–O in (UO2)2+ and O–H⋯O hydrogen bond lengths were inferred from observed stretching vibrations. The presence of structurally nonequivalent U6+ and P5+ was inferred from the number of corresponding stretching bands of (UO2)2+ and (PO4)3− units observed in the Raman and infrared spectra..

Effective intercalation of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) into hydrocalumite: Mechanism discussion via near-infrared and mid-infrared investigations

The intercalation of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), into hydrocalumite (CaAl-LDH-Cl) was investigated in this study. To understand the intercalation behavior, X-ray diffraction (XRD), mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR), near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were undertaken. The near-infrared spectra indicated a special spectral range from 6000 to 5600cm-1and prominent bands of CaAl-LDH-Cl intercalated with SDS around 8388cm-1. This band was assigned to the second overtone of the first fundamental of CH stretching vibrations of SDS, and it could be used to determinate the result of CaAl-LDH-Cl modified by SDS. Moreover, the results revealed that different adsorption behaviors were observed at different (high and low) concentrations of SDS. When the SDS concentration was around 0.2molL-1, anion exchange intercalation occurred and the interlayer distance expanded to about 3.25nm. When SDS concentration was 0.005molL-1, the surface adsorption of DS- was the major anion exchange event.

Near infrared spectroscopy of marble from Chillagoe, Australia and in comparison with other selected natural carbonates

Marble from the Chillagoe deposits was extensively used in the construction of Australia’s parliament house. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been applied to study the quality of marble from the Chillagoe marble deposits and to distinguish between different types of marble in the Chillagoe deposits. A comparison of the NIR spectra of marble with dolomite and monohydrocalcite is made. The spectrum of the marble closely resembles that of monohydrocalcite and is different from that of dolomite. The infrared spectra of the minerals are characterised by OH and water stretching vibrations. Both the first and second fundamental overtones of these bands are observed in the NIR spectra. Marble is characterised by NIR bands at 4005, 4268 and 4340 cm–1, attributed to carbonate combination bands and overtones. Marble also shows NIR bands at 5005, 5106, 5234 and 5334 cm–1 assigned to water combination bands. Finally the NIR spectrum of the marble displays broad low-intensity features centred upon 6905 cm–1 attributed to the water first overtones. It appears feasible to identify marble through the use of NIR spectroscopy.

Near infrared spectroscopy of selected natural magnesium carbonates: implications for geosequestration

The approach to remove greenhouse gases by pumping liquid CO2 several kilometres below the ground implies that many carbonate containing minerals will be formed. Among these minerals, the formation of hydromagnesite, dypingite and nesquehonite are possible, thus necessitating a study of such minerals. These minerals with a hydrotalcite-related formulae have been characterised by a combination of infrared and near infrared spectroscopy. Layered double hydroxides (also known as anionic clays or hydrotalcites) are a group of layered clay minerals described by the general formula: [M1–x2+Mx3+(OH)2]x+[An–]x/n∙mH2O. The infrared spectra of the minerals are characterised by OH and water stretching vibrations. Both the first and second fundamental overtones of these bands are observed in the NIR spectra in the 7030–7235 cm–1 and 10,490–10,570 cm–1 spectral ranges. Intense (CO3)2– symmetrical and anti-symmetrical stretching vibrations confirm the distortion of the carbonate anion. The position of the water bending vibration indicates water is strongly hydrogen-bonded to the carbonate anion in the mineral structure. NIR spectroscopy offers a method for quickly analysing such materials.

Raman and infrared spectroscopic study of turquoise minerals

Raman and infrared spectra of three well-defined turquoise samples, CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O, from Lavender Pit, Bisbee, Cochise county, Arizona; Kouroudaiko mine, Faleme river, Senegal and Lynch Station, Virginia were studied, interpreted and compared. Observed Raman and infrared bands were assigned to the stretching and bending vibrations of phosphate tetrahedra, water molecules and hydroxyl ions. Approximate O–H⋯O hydrogen bond lengths were inferred from the Raman and infrared spectra. No Raman and infrared bands attributable to the stretching and bending vibrations of (PO3OH)2− units were observed.

Raman and infrared spectroscopic characterization of the silicate mineral lamprophyllite

The mineral lamprophyllite is fundamentally a silicate based upon tetrahedral siloxane units with extensive substitution in the formula. Lamprophyllite is a complex group of sorosilicates with general chemical formula given as A2B4C2Si2O7(X)4, where the site A can be occupied by strontium, barium, sodium, and potassium; the B site is occupied by sodium, titanium, iron, manganese, magnesium, and calcium. The site C is mainly occupied by titanium or ferric iron and X includes the anions fluoride, hydroxyl, and oxide. Chemical composition shows a homogeneous phase, composed of Si, Na, Ti, and Fe. This complexity of formula is reflected in the complexity of both the Raman and infrared spectra. The Raman spectrum is characterized by intense bands at 918 and 940 cm−1. Other intense Raman bands are found at 576, 671, and 707 cm−1. These bands are assigned to the stretching and bending modes of the tetrahedral siloxane units.

Molecular conformation of N,N -diarylthioureas: An assessment by 1H NMR and infrared spectroscopy

Several N,N -dipyridyl- and N-phenyl-N -pyridyl-thioureas were examined in different solvents at various temperatures by 1H NMR in order to study their conformational properties. The influence of concentration and the methyl substituent in the pyridine ring on the chemical shifts of the NH and pyridine groups was investigated. The observed chemical shifts are analysed in terms of the conformational properties of the molecules. Free energy barriers to the internal rotation about the C N bonds have been determined. Infrared spectra have been measured to supplement the NMR studies. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding played a major role in the preferred conformation of pyridylthioureas. The data further revealed an interesting dynamic exchange phenomenon occurring in symmetric N,N -dipyridylthioureas between two intramolecularly hydrogen bonded conformers.

Vibrational spectra of imidazoline-2-thione and imidazoline-2-one

Raman and infrared spectra of imidazoline-2-thione (IMZT) and imidazoline-2-one (IMZO) have been recorded. Normal coordinate analyses have been performed for all the fundamental vibrations of IMZT, IMZT-d2 and IMZO employing a Urey—Bradley potential function supplemented with valence type force constants for the out of plane modes. The results of the vibrational analyses are discussed in relation to the assignments in related molecules. The vibrational assignments for IMZT and IMZO have been compared with those in structurally similar molecules and the need to obtain more reliable band assignments for some of the molecules considered is emphasised.

Vibrational and 1H NMR spectra of N-(2-pyridyl)-thioformamide and N-(2-pyridyl)thioacetamide

The Raman and infrared spectra of N-(2-pyridyl) thioformamide and N-(2-pyridyl)-thioacetamide have been measured. The assignment of the bands is aided by the complete normal coordinate treatment for all the vibrations of N-(2-pyridyl)thioformamide and its N-deuterated molecule using a Urey—Bradley force function for the in-plane vibrations and a valence force function for the out of plane vibrations. Variable temperature 1H NMR study of the two pyridylthionamides has also been performed. It is inferred that while N-(2-pyridyl)thioformamide favours a cis —CSNH— group, the other compound favours a trans —CSNH— grouping at ambient temperature.

Infrared and Mössbauer spectroscopic study of the metal-insulator transition in some oxides of perovskite structure

The IR spectra of some LaNi1−xBxO3 (B = Cr, Fe, and Co) compounds having perovskite structure have been studied in the range 1000−300 cm−1. An investigation of the changes in the metal-oxygen stretching frequency as x → xc from the insulating side has been carried out. An important feature is that as x → xc the vibrational features in the infrared spectra disappear when the resistivity is not, vert, similar10−1 Ω cm which is of two orders of magnitude more than the value of varrho0 at which the temperature coefficient of resistance changes sign. Mössbauer studies on Fe-containing samples with various conductivities show that the isomer shift decreases as conductivity increases which is indicative of larger Fe---O overlap.

Vibrational spectra of hydrazine carbothioamide and its 15N- and D-labelled species

Raman and infrared spectra of hydrazine carbothioamide (HCTA) and its three 15N-labelled molecules (H2N NH CS15NH2, H2 15N15NHCSNH2 and H2 15N15NHCS15NH2) and their deuterated compounds have been obtained. A complete normal coordinate analysis of HCTA has been made and revised assignments are presented. The factor group splittings of HCTA have been interpreted.

Infrared spectrum of ferroelectric lithium hydrazinium sulphate [Li (N2H5) SO4]

Dielectric observations on lithium hydrazinium sulphate have shown earlier that it is ferroelectric over a range of temperatures from below −15° C. to above 80° C. and a new type of hydrogen bond rearrangement which would allow the protons to migrate along the chain has also been suggested by others. The infrared spectrum of LiH z S in the form of mull and as single crystal sections parallel and perpendicular to the ‘C’ axis exhibit about 21 well-defined absorption maxima. The position and the width of the maxima agree with the known structure of the crystal according to which the hydrazine group exists in the form of the hydrazinium ion, NH2·NH3+ and the observed N+-H frequencies agree better with the new correlation curve given by R. S. Krishnan and K. Krishnan (1964). However it has been pointed out that from a comparative study of the new infrared spectra of hydrazonium sulphate and lithium ammonium sulphate that the absorption band at 969 cm.−1 is due to N-N stretching vibration and that the fairly intense band between 2050–2170 cm.−1 is due to the bending vibrations of the NH3+ group.

The C=S stretching frequency and the “-N-C=S bands” in the infrared

A correlation of the infrared spectra of thiocarbonyl derivatives based on the literature data has been carried out. Assignments have also been made in some new systems. Since simple alkyl thioketones are unstable, we have prepared thiofenchone in order to obtain a reference C=S stretching frequency. The C=S stretching frequency in thiofenchone has been found around 1180 cm−1 which is in fair agreement with the value calculated for thioformaldehyde. In the case of the thiocarbonyl derivatives where the C=S group is linked to elements other than nitrogen, the stretching frequency is generally found in the region 1025–1225 cm−1. Strong vibrational coupling is operative in the case of the nitrogen containing thiocarbonyl derivatives and three bands seem to consistently appear in the regions 1395–1570 cm−1, 1260–1420 cm−1, 940–1140 cm−1 due to the mixed vibrations. These bands, which may be tentatively designated as the “-N-C=S I, II and III bands”, could be useful in qualitative analysis.