Pozolanicidade dos resíduos industriais, lã de vidro e lã cerâmica

As fibras cerâmicas se caracterizam por ser um material leve, com alto grau de pureza, baixo armazenamento de calor, baixa condutividade térmica, resistência a choque térmico e alta resistência à corrosão em altas temperaturas. Essas características levam a uma grande procura das indústrias mínero-metalúrgicas e de outros setores para revestimentos de distribuidores, muflas, fornos de aquecimentos, entre outros. Após utilização no processo, por perderem sua capacidade de isolamento, os resíduos gerados precisam de destinação. Esse trabalho enfoca, especificamente, resíduos de lã cerâmica e lã de vidro. Pelo fato de a composição das fibras cerâmicas ser rica em sílica e alumina, efetuou-se uma investigação acerca da atividade pozolânica das mesmas com a cal e o cimento, especificamente CPV ARI, CPII E32 e CPIII 32RS, para avaliação da perspectiva de reciclagem em possível incorporação no concreto.

Caracterização de resíduos industriais visando a seu aproveitamento na fabricação de aço

Esse trabalho consiste na caracterização do resíduo de mármore, lama fina de aciaria e borra de alumínio, para averiguar a viabilidade técnica da utilização de tais resíduos na dessulfuração e desfosforação de ferro-gusa líquido. A caracterização desses resíduos foi feita através de análises químicas, granulométricas, difração de raios X e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) com micro análise por Espectroscopia por Energia Dispersiva de Raios X (EDS). A lama fina de aciaria apresenta um teor de FeO de 84,90%, o resíduo de mármore apresentou um teor de 61,5% de CaO e 33,9% de MgO e a borra de alumínio apresentou 36,5% de Al metálico e 62% de Al2O3. A granulometria do resíduo de mármore apresentou um tamanho de grão médio igual 42,810 µm. Já, na borra de alumínio, o tamanho médio foi de 101,803 µm. A lama fina de aciaria LD apresentou, em torno de 54,7% de sua granulometria, entre 0,15 e 0,075mm. Esses resultados apontam para a viabilidade técnica da utilização desses materiais na dessulfuração e desfosforação do ferro-gusa.

Production and action of an Aspergillus phoenicis enzymatic pool using different carbon sources

Aspergillus phoenicis is an interesting heat tolerant fungus that can synthesize enzymes with several applications in the food industry due to its great hydrolytic potential. In this work, the fungus produced high enzymatic levels when cultivated on inexpensive culture media consisting of flakes from different origins such as cassava flour, wheat fibre, crushed soybean, agro-industrial wastes, starch, glucose or maltose. Several enzymatic systems were produced from these carbon sources, but amylase was the most evident, followed by pectinase and xylanase. Traces of CMCases, avicelase, lipase, β-xylosidase, β-glucosidase and α-glucosidase activities were also detected. Amylases were produced on rye flakes, starch, oat flakes, corn flakes, cassava flour and wheat fibre. Significant amylolytic levels were produced in the culture medium with glucose or when this sugar was exhausted, suggesting an enzyme in the constitutive form. Cassava flour, rye, oats, barley and corn flakes were also used as substrates in the hydrolytic reactions, aiming to verify the liberation potential of reducing sugars. Corn flakes induced greater liberation of reducing sugars as compared to the others. Thin layer chromatography of the reaction end products showed that the hydrolysis of cassava flour liberated maltooligosaccharides, but cassava flour and corn, rye, oats and barley flakes were hydrolyzed to glucose. These results suggested the presence of glucoamylase and α-amylase as part of the enzymatic pool of A. phoencis.

Messa a punto di processi biotecnologici per la produzione di biocombustibili da matrici organiche di rifiuto

The bioproduction of materials and energy from renewable sources (industrial biotechnology) is getting more and more interest in order to improve environmental sustainability of chemical industrial processes and to decrease their dependence from oil. Anaerobic digestion of organic waste matrices (agricultural and industrial wastes, organic fraction of municipal wastes, sewage sludges etc.) may play an important role in the implementation of industrial biotechnology being a well developed strategy in the valorization of complex matrices, as it can mineralize them while producing bioenergy in the form of a biogas rich in methane. In this research the potential of anaerobic digestion in the treatment of polluted sewage sludge was studied by developing three set of anaerobic microcosms with sludges differently contaminated by xenobiotic compounds. The effect of different incubating temperatures and of exogenous carbon and vitamine sources was investigated along with the role of the occurring microbial populations in the pollutant degradation activity. So, while confirming the potential of anaerobic digestion for the biomethanization of sewage sludges, this work proved the effectiveness of this technology in the removal of pollutants too. Moreover, since the degradation of lignocellulose appears to be a limiting step in the anaerobic treatment of a wide range of biomass, the possibility of optimizing anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic substrates was also studied. To this aim a research was carried out at the BOKUUniversity of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Department for Agrobiotechnology, IFA - Tulln, where mixed cellulolytic cultures were isolated from biogas plants while assessing the metabolic pathway leading to cellulose degradation and verifying their capability to grow on lignocellulose too, proving that on the long term such bacterial cultures could be used as inoculum in order to improve the hydrolysis of lignocellulose in anaerobic digestion plants.

Development of a biorefinery scheme for the valorization of olive mill wastewaters and grape pomaces

In the Mediterranean area, olive mill wastewater (OMW) and grape pomace (GP) are among the major agro-industrial wastes produced. These two wastes have a high organic load and high phytotoxicity. Thus, their disposal in the environment can lead to negative effects. Second-generation biorefineries are dedicated to the valorization of biowaste by the production of goods from such residual biomasses. This approach can combine bioremediation approaches to the generation of noble molecules, biomaterials and energy. The main aim of this thesis work was to study the anaerobic digestion of OMW and GP under different operational conditions to produce volatile fatti acids (VFAs) (first stage aim) and CH4 (second stage aim). To this end, a packed-bed biofilm reactor (PBBR) was set up to perform the anaerobic acidogenic digestion of the liquid dephenolized stream of OMW (OMWdeph). In parallel, the solid stream of OMW (OMWsolid), previously separated in order to allow the solid phase extraction of polyphenols, was addressed to anaerobic methanogenic digestion to obtain CH4. The latter experiment was performed in 100ml Pyrex bottles which were maintained at different temperatures (55-45-37°C). Together with previous experiments, the anaerobic acidogenic digestion of fermented GP (GPfreshacid) and dephenolized and fermented GP (GPdephacid) was performed in 100ml Pyrex bottles to estimate the concentration of VFAs achievable from each aforementioned GPs. Finally, the same matrices of GP and not pre-treated GP (GPfresh) were digested under anaerobic methanogenic condition to produce CH4. Anaerobic acidogenic and methanogenic digestion processes of GPs lasted about 33 days. Instead, the anaerobic acidogenic and methanogenic digestion process of OMWs lasted about 121 and 60 days, respectively. Each experiment was periodically monitored by analysing volume and composition of produced biogas and VFA concentration. Results showed that VFAs were produced in higher concentrations in GP compared to OMWdeph. The overall concentration of VFAs from GPfreshacid was approximately 39.5 gCOD L-1, 29 gCOD L-1 from GPdephacid, and 8.7 gCOD L-1 from OMWdeph. Concerning the CH4 production, the OMWsolid reached a high biochemical methane potential (BMP) at a thermophilic temperature (55°) than at mesophlic ones (37-45°C). The value reached was about 358.7 mlCH4 gSVsub-1. In contrast, GPfresh got a high BMP but at a mesophilic temperature. The BMP was about 207.3 mlCH4 gSVsub-1, followed by GPfreshacid with about 192.6 mlCH4 gSVsub-1 and lastly GPdephacid with about 102.2 mlCH4 gSVsub-1. In summary, based on the gathered results, GP seems to be a better carbon source for acidogenic and methanogenic microrganism compared to OMW, because higher amount of VFAs and CH4 were produced in AD of GP than OMW. In addition to these products, polyphenols were extracted by means of a solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure by another research group, and VFAs were utilised for biopolymers production, in particular polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), by the same research group in which I was involved.

Tratamiento de vinazas provenientes de etanol en un reactor de lecho fluidizado inverso

En el estado de Veracruz, al sur de México, se ubican empresas dedicadas a la obtención de etanol a partir de melaza de azúcar de caña. Las más pequeñas, tienen una producción promedio de 20,000 L de alcohol/día. Los efluentes de la producción de etanol incluyen agua de enfriamiento de condensadores, agua del lavado de tanques de fermentación y vinazas, estas últimas son los efluentes más contaminantes en las destilerías, por su concentración de material orgánico biodegradable y no biodegradable. Las vinazas se generan en grandes volúmenes, produciéndose de 12 a 15 litros de vinazas por cada litro de alcohol destilado. Estos efluentes se caracterizan por tener altas temperaturas, pH ácido y una elevada concentración de DQO así como de sólidos totales. La determinación de la biodegradabilidad anaerobia de un agua residual, permite estimar la fracción de DQO que puede ser transformada potencialmente en metano y la DQO recalcitrante que queda en el efluente. Para el desarrollo de una prueba de biodegradabilidad, es importante considerar diversos factores relacionados con la composición del agua a tratar, composición de los lodos y las condiciones bajo las cuales se lleva a cabo la prueba. La digestión anaerobia de aguas residuales industriales es comúnmente usada en todo el mundo, ofrece significativas ventajas para el tratamiento de efluentes altamente cargados. Los sistemas anaerobios de tratamiento de aguas residuales industriales incluyen tecnologías con biopelículas, estos sistemas de tratamiento anaerobio con biopelícula son una tecnología bien establecida para el tratamiento de efluentes industriales. El Reactor de Lecho Fluidizado Inverso Anaerobio (LFI) ha sido diseñado para el tratamiento de aguas residuales de alta carga, teniendo como ventajas el empleo de un soporte que proporciona una gran superficie y un bajo requerimiento de energía para la fluidización del lecho. En el presente trabajo, se lleva a cabo el análisis de un proceso de producción de etanol, identificando a los efluentes que se generan en el mismo. Se encuentra que el efluente final está compuesto principalmente por las vinazas provenientes del proceso de destilación. En la caracterización de las vinazas provenientes del proceso de producción de etanol a partir de melaza de azúcar de caña, se encontraron valores promedio de DQO de 193.35 gDQO/L, para los sólidos totales 109.78 gST/L y pH de 4.64. Así mismo, en esta investigación se llevó a cabo una prueba de biodegradabilidad anaerobia, aplicada a la vinaza proveniente de la producción de etanol. En la caracterización de los lodos empleados en el ensayo se obtiene una Actividad Metanogénica Especifica de 0.14 g DQO/gSSV.d. El porcentaje de remoción de DQO de la vinaza fue de 62.7%, obteniéndose una k igual a 0.031 h-1 y una taza de consumo de sustrato de 1.26 gDQO/d. El rendimiento de metano fue de 0.19 LCH4/g DQOremovida y el porcentaje de biodegradabilidad de 54.1%. El presente trabajo también evalúa el desempeño de un LFI, empleando Extendospher® como soporte y tratando efluentes provenientes de la producción de etanol. El reactor se arrancó en batch y posteriormente se operó en continuo a diferentes Cargas Orgánicas Volumétricas de 0.5, 1.0, 3.3, 6.8 y 10.4 g DQO/L.d. Además, se evaluaron diferentes Tiempos de Residencia Hidráulica de 10, 5 y 1 días. El sistema alcanzó las siguientes eficiencias promedio de remoción de DQO: 81% para la operación en batch; 58, 67, 59 y 50 % para las cargas de 0.5, 1.0, 3.3, 6.8 g DQO/L.d respectivamente. Para la carga de 10.4 g DQO/L.d, la eficiencia promedio de remoción de DQO fue 38%, en esta condición el reactor presentó inestabilidad y disminución del rendimiento de metano. La generación de metano inició hasta los 110 días de operación del reactor a una carga de 1.0 g DQO/L.d. El sistema alcanzó un rendimiento de metano desde 0.15 hasta 0.34 LCH4/g DQO. Durante la operación del reactor a una carga constante de 6.4 g DQO/L.d, y un TRH de 1 día, se alcanzó una eficiencia promedio de remoción de DQO de 52%. In the state of Veracruz, to the south of Mexico, there are located companies dedicated to the production of ethanol from molasses of cane sugar. The smallest, have a average production of 20,000 L ethanol/day. The effluent of production of ethanol include water of condensers, water originated from the cleanliness of tanks of fermentation and vinasses, the above mentioned are more effluent pollutants in the distilleries, for the poor organic matter degradability. The vinasses are generated in high volumes, producing from 12 to 15 L of vinasses per every liter of distilled ethanol. These effluent are characterized by its high temperature, pH acid and a high concentration of DQO as well as high concentration of TS. The determination of the anaerobic degradability of a waste water, it allows to estimate the fraction of DQO that can be transformed potentially into methane and the recalcitrant DQO that stays in the effluent. For the development of degradability test, it is important to consider factors related to the composition of the water to be treated, composition of the sludge and the conditions under which the test is carried out. The anaerobic digestion of industrial wastes water is used commonly in the whole world, it offers significant advantages for the treatment of effluent highly loaded. The anaerobic treatment of industrial wastes water include technologies with biofilms, this anaerobic treatment whit biofilms systems, is a well-established technology for treatment of industrial effluents. The Anaerobic Inverse Fluidized Bed Reactor (IFBR) has been developed to provide biological treatment of high strength organic wastewater for their large specific surface and their low energy requirements for fluidization. In this work, there is carried out the analysis of a process of production of ethanol, identifying the effluent ones that are generated in the process. One determined that the effluent end is composed principally by the vinasses originated from the process of distillation. In the characterization of the vinasses originated from the process of production of ethanol from cane sugar molasses, there were average values of DQO of 193.35 gDQO/L, average values of solid of 109.78 gST/L and pH of 4.64. In this investigation there was carried out a anaerobic degradability test of the vinasses generated in the production of ethanol. In the characterization of the sludge used in the essay, the specific methanogenic activity (SMA) was 0.14 gDQO/gSSV.d. The average removal of DQO of the vinasses was 62.7 %, k equal to 0.031 h-1 was obtained one and a rate of removal substrate of 1.26 gDQO/d. The methane yield was 0.19 LCH4/gDQO removed and the anaerobic biodegradability was a 54.1 %. This study describes the performance of IFBR with Extendospher®, for the treatment of vinasses. The start-up was made in batch, increasing gradually the Organic Load Rate (OLR): 0.5, 1.0, 3.3, 6.8 and 10.4 g COD/L.d. Different Hydraulic Retention Times (HRT) were evaluated: 10, 5 and 1 days. During the operation in batch, the COD removal obtained was of 81 %, and for OLR of 0.5, 1.0, 3.3, 6.8 g COD/L.d the removal obtained was 58, 67, 59 and 50 % respectively. For a maximum OLR of 10.4 g COD/L.d, the COD removal was 38 %, and the system presented instability and decrease of the yield methane. The methane production initiated after 110 days of the start-up of the IFBR, to organic load rate of 1.0 g COD/L.d. The system reached values in the methane yield from 0.15 up to 0.34 LCH4/g CODremoved, for the different organic load rates. During the operation to a constant OLR of 6.4 g COD/L.d, and a HRT of 1 day, the Anaerobic Inverse Fluidized Bed Reactor reached a maximum efficiency of removal of 52 %.

Arsenic, antimony and selenium in urban soils: potential risks for human health in urban gardening

The benefits of urban agriculture are many and well documented, ranging from health improvement to community betterment, more sustainable urban development and environment protection. On the negative side, urban soils are commonly enriched in toxic trace elements that have accumulated over time through the deposition of atmospheric particles (generated by automotive traffic, heating systems, historical industrial activities and resuspended street dust), and the uncontrolled disposal of domestic, commercial and industrial wastes. This in turn has given rise to concerns about the level of exposure of urban farmers to these elements and the potential health hazards associated with this exposure. Research efforts in this field have started relatively recently and have almost systematically omitted the influence of Sb and Se, and to a lesser extent of As, although all three have proven toxic effects.

Estudo da durabilidade de painéis de partículas de bagaço de cana de açúcar e resina poliuretana a base de óleo de mamona para aplicação na construção civil

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o desempenho físico-mecânico e a durabilidade de painéis de partículas de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar com resina bicomponente a base de mamona (BCP) e compará-los com painéis de partículas de madeira comerciais (Medium Density Particleboard - MDP). Os painéis de bagaço de cana de açúcar foram fabricados com um teor de resina poliuretana a base de óleo de maona de 15%. O desempenho físico e mecânico dos painéis particulados foi analisado com base nas prescrições dos documentos normativos vigentes. Ambos os materiais foram revestidos superficialmente com resina poliuretana bicomponente à base de óleo de mamona. Avaliou-se a influência do tratamento das bordas na deterioração e no desempenho dos painéis. O acompanhamento das propriedades físico-mecânicas foi realizado antes e após os ensaios de envelhecimento por exposição natural durante 3, 6 e 12 meses, envelhecimento acelerado e de intemperismo artificial. Foi feita a avaliação, da suscetibilidade ao crescimento gerada pelo ataque de fungos emboloradores e apodrecedores nos materiais durante o envelhecimento natural e no ensaio acelerado. Foi realizada a análise colorimétrica para a identificação de mudanças de cor e brilho nos materiais após os ensaios de deterioração. Foram utilizadas as técnicas de densitometria de raios X, espectroscopia por infravermelho próximo (NIR). Os resultados obtidos indicaram a selagem lateral permitiu avaliar a superfície exposta do material permitindo a entrada da água pela superfície avaliando o efeito dos agentes de deterioração. A porcentagem de retenção para o Módulo de ruptura após o ensaio de envelhecimento por imersão em agua e secagem (APA D1) foi de 87% e 3% para BCP e MDP sem revestimento respectivamente e de 90% e 3% para BCP e MDP com revestimento. A porcentagem de retenção das propriedades mecânicas em ambos os submetidos à exposição natural diminuiu em função do tempo. Entretanto o porcentagem de retenção para os materiais BCP e MDP com revestimento superficial foi de 76% e 60% para MOR. A exposição natural mostrou que os fungos emboloradores foram predominantes em ambos os materiais. Ambos os materiais com revestimento superficial apresentaram entre 1-10% de colonização com um 70% de probabilidade. Revestimento de resina de óleo de mamona reduz o crescimento de fungos em ambos os materiais no ensaio acelerado. O perfil de densitometria permitiu analisar o processo de fabricação dos painéis e permitiu identificar a deterioração gradativa do ambos os materiais após os ensaios de envelhecimento. A intepretação mediante a analise de componentes principais (ACP) na aplicação do NIR comportou a classificação das características relacionadas a cada ensaio de deterioração de ambos os materiais sem revestimento superficial. Com base nos resultados deste trabalho, foram propostas contribuições para ajustes de metodologias para a avaliação da durabilidade e do desempenho físico e mecânico dos painéis particulados, tendo em vista a sua viabilidade técnica, em sistemas construtivos da construção civil.

Denitrification Enzymes-Based Biosensors: the Case of Haloarchaeal Enzymes

In the last two decades, the increase in the use of artificial fertilizers and the disposal of industrial wastes have been the main factors responsible for the progressive increase in nitrate and nitrite levels in groundwater and soil. A variety of analytical strategies have been developed for nitrate and nitrite detection but electrochemical biosensors, which are simple, cheap, easily miniaturized and suitability for real-time detection, are proved to be a powerful tool. Various types of biosensors based on the use of whole cells or on the immobilization of denitrification enzymes have been developed, but their use is limited in environmental analysis under extreme conditions such as brines, acidic or basic wastewaters, salted soils, etc. Extremophilic denitrifying microorganism are good candidates for the development of new nitrate and nitrite biosensors and, in particular, haloarchaeal based biosensors would have advantages over bacterial based biosensors since the microorganisms and the purified denitrifying enzymes tolerate a wide range of temperature and salinity. This work summarizes new highlights on the potential uses of denitrifying haloarchaeal enzymes to make enzyme-based biosensors.

Safety in wastewater works.

1st ed. (1944) published under title: Occupational hazards in the operation of sewage works.

Water & sewage works.

Vols. 76 include Reference and data section for 1929 (1929- called Water works and sewerage data section)

Dam break wave of thixotropic fluid

Thixotropy is the characteristic of a fluid to form a gelled structure over time when it is not subjected to shearing, and to liquefy when agitated. Thixotropic fluids are commonly used in the construction industry (e.g., liquid concrete and drilling fluids), and related applications include some forms of mud flows and debris flows. This paper describes a basic study of dam break wave with thixotropic fluid. Theoretical considerations were developed based upon a kinematic wave approximation of the Saint-Venant equations down a prismatic sloping channel. A very simple thixotropic model, which predicts the basic theological trends of such fluids, was used. It describes the instantaneous state of fluid structure by a single parameter. The analytical solution of the basic flow motion and theology equations predicts three basic flow regimes depending upon the fluid properties and flow conditions, including the initial degree of jamming of the fluid (related to its time of restructuration at rest). These findings were successfully compared with systematic bentonite suspension experiments. The present work is the first theoretical analysis combining the basic principles of unsteady flow motion with a thixotropic fluid model and systematic laboratory experiments.

An Investigation of the destruction of ion exchange resins

Ion exchange resins are used for many purposes in various areas of science and commerce. One example is the use of cation exchange resins in the nuclear industry for the clean up of radioactively contaminated water (for example the removal of 137Cs). However, during removal of radionuclides, the resin itself becomes radioactively contaminated, and must be treated as Intermediate Level Waste. This radioactive contamination of the resin creates a disposal problem. Conventionally, there are two main avenues of disposal for industrial wastes, landfill burial or incineration. However, these are regarded as inappropriate for the disposal of the cation exchange resin involved in this project. Thus, a method involving the use of Fenton's Reagent (Hydrogen Peroxide/soluble Iron catalyst) to destroy the resin by wet oxidation has been developed. This process converts 95% of the solid resin to gaseous CO2, thus greatly reducing the volume of radioactive waste that has to be disposed of. However, hydrogen peroxide is an expensive reagent, and is a major component of the cost of any potential plant for the destruction of ion exchange resin. The aim of my project has been to discover a way of improving the efficiency of the destruction of the resin thus reducing the cost involved in the use of hydrogen peroxide. The work on this problem has been concentrated in two main areas:-1) Use of analytical techniques such as NMR and IR to follow the process of the hydrogen peroxide destruction of both resin beads and model systems such as water soluble calixarenes. 2) Use of various physical and chemical techniques in an attempt to improve the overall efficiency of hydrogen peroxide utilization. Examples of these techniques include UV irradiation, both with and without a photocatalyst, oxygen carrying molecules and various stirring regimes.

The durability of cement bound minestone

The demand for road making materials continues to pressurise the supply of traditional good quality aggregates. Over the years, therefore, consideration has been given to alternative materials including industrial wastes. This thesis is concerned with potential use of Minestone, the by-product of coal mining, for the lower structural layers of pavement construction. Because of their clay like nature, Minestones do not merit consideration for such applications in an unbound state and, therefore, some form of stabilisation is necessary. Previous research has demonstrated that certain cement bound minestones, containing between 5 and 10 per cent cement, satisfy current Department of Transport requirements for use in pavement construction and, furthermore, they are not frost susceptible. However, doubts concerning the durability of cement bound minestones still remain. The thesis includes a review of both the cement and lime stabilisation techniques and also traces the origin and development of the methods used to assess the quality and durability of stabilised materials. An experimental study is described in which cement bound minestone specimens were subjected to a programme of tests which examined compressive strength, resistance to immersion, and resistance to freezing and thawing. The results of the tests were related to the properties of the raw materials. It was discovered that the response to cement stabilisation was governed mainly by the source of the minestone and, to a lesser degree, the cement content. It was also found that resistance in the durability tests was generally improved when the initial moisture content was raised above the optimum value. The result suggest that current methods for assessing cement stabilised materials are not appropriate to cement bound minestones. Alternative methods and criteria, based on volume change and retained strength following immersion and freeze-thaw tests, have been proposed. It is believed that these methods and criteria should also apply to other cement bound materials.

Business case development

Today, focus is shifting to creation of bio-energy, biofuel and bioproducts from cellulosic biomass derived from various sources, including existing and new crops and their residues, trees and forest residues, and municipal or industrial wastes. At present, biomass co-firing in modern coal power plants with efficiencies up to 45% is the most cost-effective biomass use for power generation. Due to feedstock availability issues, dedicated biomass plants for combined heat and power (CHP), are typically of smaller size and lower electrical efficiency compared to coal plants. The financial model discussed in the chapter is suitable for all countries both in the West and in the developing world. From the economic analysis given in the chapter it can be concluded that intermediate pyrolysis technology proves to be very effective in terms of product qualities of the oil produced and also the return on investment is around 4 to 5 years.