Research progress on high-enthalpy and hypersonic flows

The research progress on high-enthalpy and hypersorlic flows having been achieved in the Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, is reported in this paper. The paper consists of three main parts: The first part is on the techniques to develop advanced hypersonic test facilities, in which the detonation-driven shock-reflected tunnel and the detonation-driven shock-expanded tube are introduced. The shock tunnel can be used for generating hypersonic flows of a Mach number ranging from 10 to 20, and the expansion tube is applicable to simulate the flows with a speed of 7 similar to 10km/s. The second part is dedicated to the shock tunnel nozzle flow diagnosis to examine properties of the hypersonic flows thus created. The third part is on experiments and numerical simulations. The experiments include measuring the aerodynamic pitching moment and heat transfer in hypersonic flows, and the numerical work reports nozzle flow simulations and flow non-equilibrium effects on the possible experiments that may be carried out on the above-mentioned hypersonic test facilities.

Receptivity to free-stream disturbance waves for blunt cone axial symmetry hypersonic boundary layer

Based on high-order compact upwind scheme, a high-order shock-fitting finite difference scheme is studied to simulate the generation of boundary layer disturbance waves due to free-stream waves. Both steady and unsteady flow solutions of the receptivity problem are obtained by resolving the full Navier-Stokes equations. The interactions of bow-shock and free-stream disturbance are researched. Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of receptivity to free-stream disturbances for blunt cone hypersonic boundary layers is performed.

Un modelo de simulación de presupuestos y planes financieros para proyectos de creación de empresas

Este artículo tiene su origen en la experiencia obtenida con la participación durante varias ediciones en el curso "De la idea al plan empresarial" organizado conjuntamente por el Centro Europeo de Empresas e Innovación Bic Berrilan y la Universidad del País Vasco. Este curso tiene como objetivo dotar al alumno de criterios para valorar su idea empresarial, de conocimientos para desarrollarla y de asistencia técnica para hacerla realidad.

La música en la educación primaria y en las escuelas de música : la necesario coordinación. Análisis para futuros planes de intervención educactiva en la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca

V.I: 491 p. y V.II: 335 p.

Experimental Demonstration Of A New Concept Of Drag Reduction And Thermal Protection For Hypersonic Vehicles

A new idea of drag reduction and thermal protection for hypersonic vehicles is proposed based on the combination of a physical spike and lateral jets for shock-reconstruction. The spike recasts the bow shock in front of a blunt body into a conical shock, and the lateral jets work to protect the spike tip from overheating and to push the conical shock away from the blunt body when a pitching angle exists during flight. Experiments are conducted in a hypersonic wind tunnel at a nominal Mach number of 6. It is demonstrated that the shock/shock interaction on the blunt body is avoided due to injection and the peak pressure at the reattachment point is reduced by 70% under a 4A degrees attack angle.

Direct numerical simulation of hypersonic boundary layer transition over a blunt cone with a small angle of attack

The direct numerical simulation of boundary layer transition over a 5° half-cone-angle blunt cone is performed. The free-stream Mach number is 6 and the angle of attack is 1°. Random wall blow-and-suction perturbations are used to trigger the transition. Different from the authors’ previous work [Li et al., AIAA J. 46, 2899(2008)], the whole boundary layer flow over the cone is simulated (while in the author’s previous work, only two 45° regions around the leeward and the windward sections are simulated). The transition location on the cone surface is determined through the rapid increase in skin fraction coefficient (Cf). The transition line on the cone surface shows a nonmonotonic curve and the transition is delayed in the range of 0° ≤ θ ≤ 30° (θ = 0° is the leeward section). The mechanism of the delayed transition is studied by using joint frequency spectrum analysis and linear stability theory (LST). It is shown that the growth rates of unstable waves of the second mode are suppressed in the range of 20° ≤ θ ≤ 30°, which leads to the delayed transition location. Very low frequency waves VLFWs� are found in the time series recorded just before the transition location, and the periodic times of VLFWs are about one order larger than those of ordinary Mack second mode waves. Band-pass filter is used to analyze the low frequency waves, and they are deemed as the effect of large scale nonlinear perturbations triggered by LST waves when they are strong enough.The direct numerical simulation of boundary layer transition over a 5° half-cone-angle blunt cone is performed. The free-stream Mach number is 6 and the angle of attack is 1°. Random wall blow-and-suction perturbations are used to trigger the transition. Different from the authors’ previous work [ Li et al., AIAA J. 46, 2899 (2008) ], the whole boundary layer flow over the cone is simulated (while in the author’s previous work, only two 45° regions around the leeward and the windward sections are simulated). The transition location on the cone surface is determined through the rapid increase in skin fraction coefficient (Cf). The transition line on the cone surface shows a nonmonotonic curve and the transition is delayed in the range of 20° ≤ θ ≤ 30° (θ = 0° is the leeward section). The mechanism of the delayed transition is studied by using joint frequency spectrum analysis and linear stability theory (LST). It is shown that the growth rates of unstable waves of the second mode are suppressed in the range of 20° ≤ θ ≤ 30°, which leads to the delayed transition location. Very low frequency waves (VLFWs) are found in the time series recorded just before the transition location, and the periodic times of VLFWs are about one order larger than those of ordinary Mack second mode waves. Band-pass filter is used to analyze the low frequency waves, and they are deemed as the effect of large scale nonlinear perturbations triggered by LST waves when they are strong enough.

Shape Optimization for Hypersonic Arc-Wing Missiles

National Natural Science Foundation of China (NO.90916013)

Configuration optimization of hypersonic vehicles under transitional flow conditions

The rarefied gas effects on several configurations are investigated under hypersonic flow conditions using the direct simulation Mont Carlo method. It is found that the Knudsen number, the Mach number, and the angle of attack all play a mixed role in the aerodynamics of a flat plate. The ratio of lift to drag decreases as the Knudsen number increases. Studies on 3D delta wings show that the ratio of lift to drag could be increased by decreasing the wing thickness and/or by increasing the wing span. It is also found that the waveriders could produce larger ratio of lift to drag as compared with the delta wing having the same length, wing span, and cross section area.

De Planes de Cuidados Estandarizados a Individualización de cuidados: Alzheimer fase moderada

Las personas con demencia tipo Alzheimer, sufren una patología incapacitante, que cursa con deterioro cognitivo, y cuyo nivel de dependencia aumenta a medida que la enfermedad sigue su curso. Por ello, y por el incremento de la esperanza de vida, se estima que a nivel mundial la prevalencia de la misma se triplique en un intervalo de 30 a 40 años. Cuando las enfermeras adoptan en su trabajo profesional modelos de enfermería, y aplican taxonomías propias utilizando una herramienta como el proceso de atención de enfermería, trasladan a la práctica los conocimientos de su disciplina. De ahí que sean inseparables si se quieren proporcionar cuidados eficaces y seguros. Los profesionales de enfermería juegan un papel crucial en el cuidado de los pacientes con esta patología crónica e irreversible, ya que a pesar de no existir tratamiento curativo para ella, si pueden establecerse planes de cuidados con intervenciones de enfermería independientes y de colaboración que potencien y ayuden a mantener las capacidades (cognitivas, instrumentales, relacionales) que todavía posee la persona, con el fin de retrasar en la medida de lo posible el deterioro de ellas. Por ello, los planes de cuidados estandarizados basados en evidencias científicas como referentes, que confirmen las intervenciones planteadas, facilitan su modificación transformándolos a individualizados y centrados en las respuestas del individuo, ajustándolos también al ámbito de aplicación: hospitalario, domiciliario y /o centro socio – sanitario. (Castellano)

Comidas preparadas sin gluten : APPCC y planes de apoyo

La enfermedad celíaca es una intolerancia permanente al gluten, proteína que forma parte de algunos cereales como trigo,cebada, centeno, triticale, kamut, espelta y probablemente, avena. Esta proteína puede producir una lesión severa en la mucosa del intestino de los individuos celiacos que influye en la adecuada absorción de los nutrientes de los alimentos (proteínas, grasas, hidratos de carbono, sales minerales y vitaminas), provocando en ocasiones desequilibrios nutricionales. Los síntomas más habituales de la enfermedad son diarrea, malnutrición, distensión abdominal, rechazo alimentario, anemia, osteoporosis y en niños, retraso en el crecimiento. En España la prevalencia de la enfermedad celíaca es del 1% aunque hay que tener en cuenta que según estudios recientes el 75% de los celíacos están sin diagnosticar. En la actualidad el único tratamiento posible es mantener de por vida una alimentación libre de gluten. Cuando se sigue una dieta estricta sin gluten, las personas celíacas recuperan la estructura normal del intestino y desaparecen los síntomas descritos. El enfermo celíaco debe retirar de su dieta habitual los cereales que contienen gluten y todos los derivados de éstos. Algunos alimentos se identifican fácilmente, como por ejemplo, harinas, pastas alimenticias, productos de bollería y pastelería, panes, etc. Sin embargo, otros derivados forman parte de los alimentos como ingredientes y no se reconocen fácilmente. Dentro de este grupo se encuentran féculas, malta, sémolas, aditivos espesantes, etc.