Metallicity gradients at large galactocentric radii using the near-infrared Calcium triplet

We describe a new spectroscopic technique for measuring radial metallicity gradients out to large galactocentric radii. We use the DEep Imaging Multi-Object Spectrograph (DEIMOS) on the Keck telescope and the galaxy spectrum extraction technique of Proctor et al. We also make use of the metallicity sensitive near-infrared Calcium ii triplet (CaT) features together with single stellar population models to obtain metallicities. Our technique is applied as a pilot study to a sample of three relatively nearby (< 30 Mpc) intermediate-mass to massive early-type galaxies. Results are compared with previous literature inner region values and generally show good agreement. We also include a comparison with profiles from dissipational disc-disc major merger simulations. Based on our new extended metallicity gradients combined with other observational evidence and theoretical predictions, we discuss possible formation scenarios for the galaxies in our sample. The limitations of our new technique are also discussed.

Probing the 2D kinematic structure of early-type galaxies out to three effective radii

We detail an innovative new technique for measuring the two-dimensional (2D) velocity moments (rotation velocity, velocity dispersion and Gauss-Hermite coefficients h(3) and h(4)) of the stellar populations of galaxy haloes using spectra from Keck DEIMOS (Deep Imaging Multi-Object Spectrograph) multi-object spectroscopic observations. The data are used to reconstruct 2D rotation velocity maps. Here we present data for five nearby early-type galaxies to similar to three effective radii. We provide significant insights into the global kinematic structure of these galaxies, and challenge the accepted morphological classification in several cases. We show that between one and three effective radii the velocity dispersion declines very slowly, if at all, in all five galaxies. For the two galaxies with velocity dispersion profiles available from planetary nebulae data we find very good agreement with our stellar profiles. We find a variety of rotation profiles beyond one effective radius, i.e. rotation speed remaining constant, decreasing and increasing with radius. These results are of particular importance to studies which attempt to classify galaxies by their kinematic structure within one effective radius, such as the recent definition of fast- and slow-rotator classes by the Spectrographic Areal Unit for Research on Optical Nebulae project. Our data suggest that the rotator class may change when larger galactocentric radii are probed. This has important implications for dynamical modelling of early-type galaxies. The data from this study are available on-line.

Discovery of two distinct red clumps in NGC 419: a rare snapshot of a cluster at the onset of degeneracy

Colour-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) star cluster NGC 419, derived from Hubble Space Telescope (HST)/Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) data, reveal a well-delineated secondary clump located below the classical compact red clump typical of intermediate-age populations. We demonstrate that this feature belongs to the cluster itself, rather than to the underlying SMC field. Then, we use synthetic CMDs to show that it corresponds very well to the secondary clump predicted to appear as a result of He-ignition in stars just massive enough to avoid e(-)-degeneracy settling in their H-exhausted cores. The main red clump instead is made of the slightly less massive stars which passed through e(-) degeneracy and ignited He at the tip of the red giant branch. In other words, NGC 419 is the rare snapshot of a cluster while undergoing the fast transition from classical to degenerate H-exhausted cores. At this particular moment of a cluster`s life, the colour distance between the main-sequence turn-off and the red clump(s) depends sensitively on the amount of convective core overshooting, Lambda(c). By coupling measurements of this colour separation with fits to the red clump morphology, we are able to estimate simultaneously the cluster mean age (1.35(-0.04)(+0.11) Gyr) and overshooting efficiency (Lambda(c) = 0.47(-0.04)(+0.14)). Therefore, clusters like NGC 419 may constitute important marks in the age scale of intermediate-age populations. After eye inspection of other CMDs derived from HST/ACS data, we suggest that the same secondary clump may also be present in the Large Magellanic Cloud clusters NGC 1751, 1783, 1806, 1846, 1852 and 1917.

CDM accelerating cosmology as an alternative to Lambda CDM model

A new accelerating cosmology driven only by baryons plus cold dark matter (CDM) is proposed in the framework of general relativity. In this scenario the present accelerating stage of the Universe is powered by the negative pressure describing the gravitationally-induced particle production of cold dark matter particles. This kind of scenario has only one free parameter and the differential equation governing the evolution of the scale factor is exactly the same of the Lambda CDM model. For a spatially flat Universe, as predicted by inflation (Omega(dm) + Omega(baryon) = 1), it is found that the effectively observed matter density parameter is Omega(meff) = 1 - alpha, where alpha is the constant parameter specifying the CDM particle creation rate. The supernovae test based on the Union data (2008) requires alpha similar to 0.71 so that Omega(meff) similar to 0.29 as independently derived from weak gravitational lensing, the large scale structure and other complementary observations.

The imprint of the interaction between dark sectors in galaxy clusters

Based on perturbation theory, we study the dynamics of how dark matter and dark energy in the collapsing system approach dynamical equilibrium when they are in interaction. We find that the interaction between dark sectors cannot ensure the dark energy to fully cluster along with dark matter. When dark energy does not trace dark matter, we present a new treatment on studying the structure formation in the spherical collapsing system. Furthermore we examine the cluster number counts dependence on the interaction between dark sectors and analyze how dark energy inhomogeneities affect cluster abundances. It is shown that cluster number counts can provide specific signature of dark sectors interaction and dark energy inhomogeneities.

The signature of dark energy perturbations in galaxy cluster surveys

Models of dynamical dark energy unavoidably possess fluctuations in the energy density and pressure of that new component. In this paper we estimate the impact of dark energy fluctuations on the number of galaxy clusters in the Universe using a generalization of the spherical collapse model and the Press-Schechter formalism. The observations we consider are several hypothetical Sunyaev-Zel`dovich and weak lensing (shear maps) cluster surveys, with limiting masses similar to ongoing (SPT, DES) as well as future (LSST, Euclid) surveys. Our statistical analysis is performed in a 7-dimensional cosmological parameter space using the Fisher matrix method. We find that, in some scenarios, the impact of these fluctuations is large enough that their effect could already be detected by existing instruments such as the South Pole Telescope, when priors from other standard cosmological probes are included. We also show how dark energy fluctuations can be a nuisance for constraining cosmological parameters with cluster counts, and point to a degeneracy between the parameter that describes dark energy pressure on small scales (the effective sound speed) and the parameters describing its equation of state.

Signature of the interaction between dark energy and dark matter in galaxy clusters

We investigate the influence of ail interaction between dark energy and dark matter upon the dynamics of galaxy clusters. We obtain file general Layser-Irvine equation in the presence of interactions, and find how, in that case. the virial theorem stands corrected. Using optical, X-ray and weak lensing data from 33 relaxed galaxy clusters, we put constraints on the strength of the coupling between the dark sectors. Available data Suggests that this coupling is small but positive, indicating that dark energy might be decaying into dark matter. Systematic effects between the several mass estimates, however, should be better known, before definitive conclusions oil the magnitude and significance of this coupling could be established. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Análise de campos profundos da LMC imageados com o HST

Apresentamos fotometria profunda (V ~ 25,5) nas bandas V e I obtidas com a Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 a bordo do telesc opio espacial Hubble para 7 campos distantes ~5º do centro da Grande Nuvem de Magalhães. Ajustamos isócronas aos diagramas cor-magnitude a fim de identficar diferentes populaões estelares nestes campos. Uma população velha (τ > 10¹º anos) foi encontrada em todos os campos. Alguns eventos de elevada formação estelar, com idades entre 2 x 109 e 4 x 109 anos, foram também encontrados em alguns campos localizados na região N/NO. Funções de luminosidade de estrelas de baixa massa (m ≤ 1; 1msol) foram obtidas para todos os campos. Aparentemente não há diferenças na mistura de populações entre os campos como sugerido através do teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov aplicados as funções de luminosidade. Finalmente, derivamos perfis de densidade para estrelas velhas e de idade intermediária. O primeiro apresenta uma inclinação levemente maior quando comparado com o último.

O gás ionizado em galáxias ativas

Foram analisados espectros óticos de fenda longa de 29 galáxias que hospedam núcleos ativos (AGNs), sendo 6 galáxias Seyfert 1, 18 galáxias Seyfert 2, 4 Rádio-galáxias de linhas estreitas (NLRG) e 1 Rádio-galáxia de linhas largas (BLRG). Estas galáxias apresentam emissão por gás de alta excitação que se estende em alguns casos a 10 kpc do núcleo. O objetivo do presente trabalho consiste em estudar e caracterizar as propriedades físicas da região estendida de linhas estreitas (ENLR) destes objetos bem como propriedades da fonte central. A distribuição radial de parâmetros que caracterizam o gás emissor em cada galáxia, tais como brilho superficial das linhas de emissão, densidade do gás, massa, extinção e excitação são obtidos. Estes valores característicos são comparados entre as diferentes classes de atividade nuclear presentes em nossa amostra, bem como às propriedades de galáxias normais com o mesmo tipo de Hubble quando possível. Nós encontramos que a massa de gás ionizado é consistente com a hipótese de que o gás é “originado” na fotoionização pela fonte central das nuvens de HI préexistentes na galáxia hospedeira. Os valores observados das razões entre as linhas estreitas de emissão são comparados com os obtidos através de modelos de fotoionização gerados com o código MAPPINGS Ic, obtendo os parâmetros do modelo – densidade, índice espectral da distribuição de energia e da metalicidade do gás – que melhor reproduzem as observações. Observamos que a variação da abundância química do gás é necessária para explicar o espalhamento nos valores observados. Adicionalmente, comparamos os valores observados com os obtidos com modelos de choques gerados por Dopita & Sutherland. Investigamos também a influência da emissão proveniente de regiões HII ao espectro observado – a qual concluímos ser importante particularmente nas regiões emissoras mais distantes do que 2 kpc do núcleo. Nós determinamos a luminosidade ionizante da fonte central nos AGNs usando a aproximação de que as nuvens de gás são limitadas por radiação, e obtivemos os correspondentes valores para o fator de cobertura do gás. Esta luminosidade ionizante foi então comparada com a luminosidade observada em raios-X na banda 2 –10 keV, através de aproximações para a distribuição espectral de energia (SED). Para 9 galáxias Seyfert 2 a luminosidade observada está disponível, e verificamos que nosso método recupera a luminosidade do AGN em raios-X – assim como obtida dos dados do satélite ASCA – bem como identifica os 3 casos Compton espessos. Por fim, investigamos a natureza do contínuo infravermelho (IR) médio e distante – comparandose a luminosidade observada no IR, calculada a partir dos fluxos IRAS, com a luminosidade predita para um toro que envolve a fonte central absorvendo a radiação incidente e re-emitindo esta no infravermelho. Encontramos que a luminosidade observada no IR é consistente com a luminosidade predita para o torus.

Vínculos ao histórico de formação estelar da LMC

Apresentamos a fotometria de 6 campos estelares profundos distribuídos na Grande Nuvem de Magalhães obtidos com a Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2/Hubble Space Telescope em duas bandas fotométricas: F814W (~I) e F555W (~V). Foram selecionadas ao todo 15997 estrelas pela nossa amostra, que somadas às estrelas da amostra de Castro et aI. 2001 [9] contabilizaram 22239 estrelas, dentro de limites de magnitude típicos que estão no intervalo 18.5<-V <-26. Investigamos o comportamento do erro fotométrico através da tarefa PHOT/IRAF, bem como via medidas independentes de magnitude de um mesmo objeto obtidas com diferentes exposições. Implementamos um método de correção para a completeza fotométrica como função da posição no diagrama cor-magnitude, isto é, com função tanto da magnitude como da cor e analisamos a sensibilidade das funções de luminosidade obtidas para diferentes métodos de correção. Foram obtidos os diagramas cor-magnitude, com os quais ajustamos isócronas de Pádova com idades T ;S 16 Gano e metalicidades 0.001 < Z < 0.004 ou -1.3 < [Fe/H] < -0.7. A população mais velha (r~12 Gano) pode ser encontrada através do ponto de turn-off em V~22. Estrelas de idade intermediária (r~1 - 8 Gano) podem ser localizadas pela presença de um clump. Os campos próximos aos aglomerados jovens NGC1805 e NGC1818 são os campos mais populosos, apresentando estrelas com r~1 Gano. Construímos funções de luminosidade para 18.5<-V <-25, utilizando os dados das duas amostras; não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os campos Desenvolvemos um método para geração de diagramas cor-magnitude (CMDs) artificiais a partir de um modelo de histórico de formação estelar. Este método incorpora os efeitos de erros fotométricos, binarismo não resolvido, avermelhamento e permite o uso de formas variadas de função de massa inicial e do próprio histórico. Implementamos o Método dos Modelos Parciais para modelamento de CMDs, incluindo experimentos controlados para a comprovação da validade deste método na busca de vínculos ao histórico de formação estelar da Grande Nuvem de Magalhães em dife!entes regiões. Recuperamos SFHs confiáveis para cada um dos 6 campos da LMC. Observamos variações na formação estelar de um campo para outro. Em todos os campos encontramos uma lacuna na formação estelar com 7 rv 700 Mano. Os dois campos próximos à barra (NGC1805 e NGC1818) apresentam alguns pequenos surtos, tendo formado em sua maioria, estrelas velhas ou relativamente jovens. Já os campos próximos a NGC1831 e NGC1868 apresentam formação estelar que se aproxima de um histórico de formação estelar uniforme, com alguns pequenos surtos. Os campos NGC2209 e Hodge 11 apresentam três períodos de formação estelar muitos semelhantes.

Efeitos não-gaussianos em astrofísica e cosmologia

The recent astronomical observations indicate that the universe has null spatial curvature, is accelerating and its matter-energy content is composed by circa 30% of matter (baryons + dark matter) and 70% of dark energy, a relativistic component with negative pressure. However, in order to built more realistic models it is necessary to consider the evolution of small density perturbations for explaining the richness of observed structures in the scale of galaxies and clusters of galaxies. The structure formation process was pioneering described by Press and Schechter (PS) in 1974, by means of the galaxy cluster mass function. The PS formalism establishes a Gaussian distribution for the primordial density perturbation field. Besides a serious normalization problem, such an approach does not explain the recent cluster X-ray data, and it is also in disagreement with the most up-to-date computational simulations. In this thesis, we discuss several applications of the nonextensive q-statistics (non-Gaussian), proposed in 1988 by C. Tsallis, with special emphasis in the cosmological process of the large structure formation. Initially, we investigate the statistics of the primordial fluctuation field of the density contrast, since the most recent data from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) indicates a deviation from gaussianity. We assume that such deviations may be described by the nonextensive statistics, because it reduces to the Gaussian distribution in the limit of the free parameter q = 1, thereby allowing a direct comparison with the standard theory. We study its application for a galaxy cluster catalog based on the ROSAT All-Sky Survey (hereafter HIFLUGCS). We conclude that the standard Gaussian model applied to HIFLUGCS does not agree with the most recent data independently obtained by WMAP. Using the nonextensive statistics, we obtain values much more aligned with WMAP results. We also demonstrate that the Burr distribution corrects the normalization problem. The cluster mass function formalism was also investigated in the presence of the dark energy. In this case, constraints over several cosmic parameters was also obtained. The nonextensive statistics was implemented yet in 2 distinct problems: (i) the plasma probe and (ii) in the Bremsstrahlung radiation description (the primary radiation from X-ray clusters); a problem of considerable interest in astrophysics. In another line of development, by using supernova data and the gas mass fraction from galaxy clusters, we discuss a redshift variation of the equation of state parameter, by considering two distinct expansions. An interesting aspect of this work is that the results do not need a prior in the mass parameter, as usually occurs in analyzes involving only supernovae data.Finally, we obtain a new estimate of the Hubble parameter, through a joint analysis involving the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect (SZE), the X-ray data from galaxy clusters and the baryon acoustic oscillations. We show that the degeneracy of the observational data with respect to the mass parameter is broken when the signature of the baryon acoustic oscillations as given by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) catalog is considered. Our analysis, based on the SZE/X-ray data for a sample of 25 galaxy clusters with triaxial morphology, yields a Hubble parameter in good agreement with the independent studies, provided by the Hubble Space Telescope project and the recent estimates of the WMAP

Periodic collisions between the moon Prometheus and Saturn's F ring

Saturn's F ring, which lies 3,400 km beyond the edge of the main ring system, was discovered by the Pioneer 11 spacecraft(1) in 1979. It is a narrow, eccentric ring which shows an unusual 'braided' appearance in several Voyager 1 images' obtained in 1980, although it appears more regular in images from Voyager 2 obtained nine months later(3). The discovery of the moons Pandora and Prometheus orbiting on either side of the ring provided a partial explanation for some of the observed features(4). Recent observations of Prometheus(5,6) by the Hubble Space Telescope show, surprisingly, that it is lagging behind its expected position by similar to 20 degrees. By modelling the dynamical evolution of the entire Prometheus-F ring-Pandora system, we show here that Prometheus probably encountered the core of the F ring in 1994 and that it may still be entering parts of the ring once per orbit. Collisions with objects in the F ring provide a plausible explanation for the observed lag and imply that the mass of the F ring is probably less than 25% that of Prometheus.

Estudo da dinâmica do sistema Prometeu - Pandora - anel F de saturno

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Reanálise das defasagens de Prometeu e Pandora

In the present work it is proposed to do a revision on some studies on the dynamics of the Prometheus-Pandora system. In special, those studies that deal with anomalous behaviours observed on its components, identi ed as angular lags in these satellite`s orbits. Initially, it is presented a general description, contextualising the main characteristics of this system. The main publications related to this subject are analised and commented, in chronological order, showing the advances made in the knowledge of such dynamics. An analysis of the initial conditions, used by Goldreich e Rappaport (2003a ,b) e Cruz (2004), obtained through observations made by the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecrafts and by the Hubble space telescope, it is made in order to try to reproduce their results. However, no clear conclusion of the values used were found. The tests addopted in the analysis are from Cruz (2004), which reproduced the results and o ered a new explanation on the origin of the observed angular lags. The addopetd methodology involves the numerical integration of the equations of motion of the system, including the zonal harmonics J2, J4 and J6 of Saturn's gravitational potential. A fundamental consideration in this study is the use of geometric elements instead of osculating elements. It was found the set of initial data that best reproduces the results from Goldreich e Rappaport (2003a, b) and Cruz (2004)

Constraining H-0 in general dark energy models from Sunyaev-Zeldovich/X-ray technique and complementary probes

In accelerating dark energy models, the estimates of the Hubble constant, Ho, from Sunyaev-Zerdovich effect (SZE) and X-ray surface brightness of galaxy clusters may depend on the matter content (Omega(M)), the curvature (Omega(K)) and the equation of state parameter GO. In this article, by using a sample of 25 angular diameter distances of galaxy clusters described by the elliptical beta model obtained through the SZE/X-ray technique, we constrain Ho in the framework of a general ACDM model (arbitrary curvature) and a flat XCDM model with a constant equation of state parameter omega = p(x)/rho(x). In order to avoid the use of priors in the cosmological parameters, we apply a joint analysis involving the baryon acoustic oscillations (BA()) and the (MB Shift Parameter signature. By taking into account the statistical and systematic errors of the SZE/X-ray technique we obtain for nonflat ACDM model H-0 = 74(-4.0)(+5.0) km s(-1) Mpc(-1) (1 sigma) whereas for a fiat universe with constant equation of state parameter we find H-0 = 72(-4.0)(+5.5) km s(-1) Mpc(-1)(1 sigma). By assuming that galaxy clusters are described by a spherical beta model these results change to H-0 = 6(-7.0)(+8.0) and H-0 = 59(-6.0)(+9.0) km s(-1) Mpc(-1)(1 sigma), respectively. The results from elliptical description are in good agreement with independent studies from the Hubble Space Telescope key project and recent estimates based on the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe, thereby suggesting that the combination of these three independent phenomena provides an interesting method to constrain the Bubble constant. As an extra bonus, the adoption of the elliptical description is revealed to be a quite realistic assumption. Finally, by comparing these results with a recent determination for a, flat ACDM model using only the SZE/X-ray technique and BAO, we see that the geometry has a very weak influence on H-0 estimates for this combination of data.