Technology, business models and network structure in the airline industry

Network airlines have been increasingly focusing their operations on hub airports through the exploitation of connecting traffic, allowing them to take advantage of economies of traffic density, which are unequivocal in the airline industry. Less attention has been devoted to airlines' decisions on point-to-point thin routes, which could be served using different aircraft technologies and different business models. This paper examines, both theoretically and empirically, the impact on airlines' networks of the two major innovations in the airline industry in the last two decades: the regional jet technology and the low-cost business model. We show that, under certain circumstances, direct services on point-to-point thin routes can be viable and thus airlines may be interested in deviating passengers out of the hub. Keywords: regional jet technology; low-cost business model; point-to-point network; hub-and-spoke network JEL Classi…fication Numbers: L13; L2; L93

Chronic Airflow Obstruction Briefing

The Chronic Conditions Hub is a website that brings together information on chronic health conditions. It allows you to easily access, manage and share relevant information resources. The Chronic Conditions Hub includes the Institute of Public Health in Ireland’s (IPH) estimates and forecasts of the number of people living with chronic conditions. On the Chronic Conditions Hub you will find: - A Briefing for each condition - Detailed technical documentation - Detailed national and sub-national data that can be downloaded or explored using online data tools - A prevalence tool that allows you to calculate prevalence figures for your population data Chronic airflow obstruction (CAO) is a chronic lung condition that interferes with normal breathing. For the purpose of this briefing, CAO includes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis and emphysema. CAO is responsible for a substantial amount of early deaths, reduced quality of life and significant costs to the health and social care system and to the economy. The World Health Organization estimates that COPD is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide and predicts that it will soon become the third leading cause of death.

Diabetes Briefing

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterised by too much glucose in the blood. The body breaks down digested food into a sugar called glucose from which it derives energy. The hormone insulin allows the body to use that sugar by helping glucose to enter the cells. When a person has diabetes, either the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin or the body cannot properly use the insulin it has. As a result there is a build-up of glucose in the blood causing the cells to be starved of energy. The Chronic Conditions Hub is a website that brings together information on chronic health conditions. It allows you to easily access, manage and share relevant information resources. The Chronic Conditions Hub includes the Institute of Public Health in Ireland’s (IPH) estimates and forecasts of the number of people living with chronic conditions. On the Chronic Conditions Hub you will find:- A Briefing for each condition - Detailed technical documentation - Detailed national and sub-national data that can be downloaded or explored using online data tools

Coronary Heart Disease Briefing

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a collective term for diseases that occur when the walls of the coronary arteries become narrowed by a gradual build up of fatty material called atheroma. For the purpose of this briefing, CHD includes heart attack and angina (chest pain on exertion or stress). The Chronic Conditions Hub is a website that brings together information on chronic health conditions. It allows you to easily access, manage and share relevant information resources. The Chronic Conditions Hub includes the Institute of Public Health in Ireland’s (IPH) estimates and forecasts of the number of people living with chronic conditions. On the Chronic Conditions Hub you will find: - A Briefing for each condition - Detailed technical documentation - Detailed national and sub-national data that can be downloaded or explored using online data tools - A prevalence tool that allows you to calculate prevalence figures for your population data

Hypertension Briefing

Blood pressure is the force exerted on artery walls as the heart pumps blood through the body. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, occurs when blood pressure is constantly higher than the pressure needed to carry blood through the body. The Chronic Conditions Hub is a website that brings together information on chronic health conditions. It allows you to easily access, manage and share relevant information resources. The Chronic Conditions Hub includes the Institute of Public Health in Ireland’s (IPH) estimates and forecasts of the number of people living with chronic conditions. On the Chronic Conditions Hub you will find:- A Briefing for each condition - Detailed technical documentation - Detailed national and sub-national data that can be downloaded or explored using online data tools - A prevalence tool that allows you to calculate prevalence figures for your population data

Stroke Briefing

The Chronic Conditions Hub is a website that brings together information on chronic health conditions. It allows you to easily access, manage and share relevant information resources. The Chronic Conditions Hub includes the Institute of Public Health in Ireland’s (IPH) estimates and forecasts of the number of people living with chronic conditions. On the Chronic Conditions Hub you will find: - A Briefing for each condition - Detailed technical documentation - Detailed national and sub-national data that can be downloaded or explored using online data tools - A prevalence tool that allows you to calculate prevalence figures for your population data A stroke happens when blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted by a blocked or burst blood vessel. A lack of blood supply can damage brain cells and affect body functions. IPH has systematically estimated and forecast the prevalence of stroke on the island of Ireland.   Epidemiology Age, family history, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and alcohol are the main risk factors for stroke. The World Health Organization estimates that stroke and cerebrovascular disease is responsible for 10% of all world deaths and is the second most common cause of death worldwide. Cerebrovascular diseases (ICD 10 codes I60-I69) were responsible for 7.2% of all deaths in the Republic of Ireland in 2009 and for 8.6% of all deaths in Northern Ireland in 2010.

Longstanding health conditions among three-year-old children in the Republic of Ireland in 2011

Access audio, video and slides from the launch of the report The Institute of Public health in Ireland (IPH) produces population prevalence estimates and forecasts for a number of chronic conditions among adults. IPH has now applied the methodology to longstanding health conditions among young children across the island of Ireland. This report, based on a systematic analysis of data from the Growing Up in Ireland National Longitudinal Study of Children in the Republic of Ireland, is the first comprehensive look at longstanding health conditions among young children in Ireland. Estimated prevalence (per cent and number of cases) of longstanding health conditions among three-year-olds in the Republic of Ireland in 2011 by administrative counties/cities. The conditions are carer-reported: - "Longstanding illness, condition or disability” (where longstanding was defined as “anything that has troubled him/her over a period of time or that is likely to affect him/her over a period of time”) - Diagnosed asthma or asthma symptoms - Diagnosed eczema/any kind of skin allergy - Sight problem that required correction - Hearing problem that required correction - The estimates are based on data from the Growing Up in Ireland National Longitudinal Study of Children (www.growingup.ie) and population data. See the Chronic Conditions Hub for more details.  

Longstanding health conditions among three-year-old children in the Republic of Ireland in 2011: Executive Summary

Access audio, video and slides from the launch of the report The Institute of Public health in Ireland (IPH) produces population prevalence estimates and forecasts for a number of chronic conditions among adults. IPH has now applied the methodology to longstanding health conditions among young children across the island of Ireland. This report, based on a systematic analysis of data from the Growing Up in Ireland National Longitudinal Study of Children in the Republic of Ireland, is the first comprehensive look at longstanding health conditions among young children in Ireland. Estimated prevalence (per cent and number of cases) of longstanding health conditions among three-year-olds in the Republic of Ireland in 2011 by administrative counties/cities. The conditions are carer-reported: - "Longstanding illness, condition or disability” (where longstanding was defined as “anything that has troubled him/her over a period of time or that is likely to affect him/her over a period of time”) - Diagnosed asthma or asthma symptoms - Diagnosed eczema/any kind of skin allergy - Sight problem that required correction - Hearing problem that required correction - The estimates are based on data from the Growing Up in Ireland National Longitudinal Study of Children (www.growingup.ie) and population data. See the Chronic Conditions Hub for more details.    

Longstanding health conditions among three-year-old children in the Republic of Ireland in 2011: Factsheet

Access audio, video and slides from the launch of the report The Institute of Public health in Ireland (IPH) produces population prevalence estimates and forecasts for a number of chronic conditions among adults. IPH has now applied the methodology to longstanding health conditions among young children across the island of Ireland. This report, based on a systematic analysis of data from the Growing Up in Ireland National Longitudinal Study of Children in the Republic of Ireland, is the first comprehensive look at longstanding health conditions among young children in Ireland. Estimated prevalence (per cent and number of cases) of longstanding health conditions among three-year-olds in the Republic of Ireland in 2011 by administrative counties/cities. The conditions are carer-reported: - "Longstanding illness, condition or disability” (where longstanding was defined as “anything that has troubled him/her over a period of time or that is likely to affect him/her over a period of time”) - Diagnosed asthma or asthma symptoms - Diagnosed eczema/any kind of skin allergy - Sight problem that required correction - Hearing problem that required correction - The estimates are based on data from the Growing Up in Ireland National Longitudinal Study of Children (www.growingup.ie) and population data. See the Chronic Conditions Hub for more details.    

Regional Advisory Committee on Cancer - Report on Endocrine Cancer (September 2004) (PDF 144 KB)

There is already a good infrastructure for the management of endocrine cancer in Northern Ireland but to develop and strengthen it we recommend the following: • Increasing the already close cooperation between the individual parts of the service for endocrine cancer by use of shared protocols for assessment and follow up: • The main hub of management should remain at the RGH focussed on The Regional Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes and the Endocrine Surgery department where there has been a long-term interest in the management of these patients. This includes a close working relationship between the endocrinologists and surgeon at the Belfast City Hospital. • This does not suggest that current developments of shared follow-up should not be encouraged. They should but with the provision of adequately resourced registers to allow adequate audit and to ensure adequate assessment of follow-up attendance. The issues regarding informed consent for such registers are currently being discussed for all forms of cancer. In the rarer conditions follow-up should remain central to allow adequate numbers and experience to maintain internationally recognisable outcomes and to allow training of future specialists to continue åÊ

Regional Advisory Committee on Cancer - Guidance for the Management of Haematological Cancer (September 2004) (PDF 163 KB)

Haematological cancers in adults include a range of diseases including leukaemias, lymphomas and myeloma, all of which differ in diagnosis and management. Collectively they account for about 1 in 14 cancers. This guidance provides a profile of the major haematological malignancies with brief reference to relevant epidemiological factors and management implications. It emphasises the collaborative and specialised nature of the clinical haematology service currently being delivered in the Cancer Centre and Cancer Units on a hub and spoke basis. The guidance sets out recommendations aimed at strengthening the current clinical service, which should continue to operate as a network, facilitating rapid referrals and the use of shared protocols. Specifically, it recommends that patients should be managed by a multi-disciplinary approach and that the provision of diagnostic facilities including radiological and cytogenetic analysis must be sufficient to provide high quality and timely information. åÊ

Differential time to positivity of blood cultures: a valid method for diagnosing catheter-related bloodstream infections in the intensive care unit

iii. Catheter-related bloodstream infection (CR-BSI) diagnosis usually involves catheter withdrawal. An alternative method for CR-BSI diagnosis is the differential time to positivity (DTP) between peripheral and catheter hub blood cultures. This study aims to validate the DTP method in short-term catheters. The results show a low prevalence of CR-BSI in the sample (8.4%). The DTP method is a valid alternative for CR-BSI diagnosis in those cases with monomicrobial cultures (80% sensitivity, 99% specificity, 92% positive predictive value, and 98% negative predictive value) and a cut-off point of 17.7 hours for positivity of hub blood culture may assess in CR-BSI diagnosis.

Fakenham Weight Management Service

Tier 3 weight management service for clients with BMI>40, or >30 plus co-morbidities. The service aims for 5% weight loss in 6 months, and to increase fruit and vegetable intake and activity levels. It also aims to set up hub and spoke model with 3 satellite sites to deliver local services in a rural area, and to develop a North Norfolk Obesity Pathway and to make only appropriate bariatric surgery referrals as per East of England guidelines.

PhunkyFoods Programme (PFP)

The PhunkyFoods Programme (PFP) aids schools in meeting healthy lifestyles curriculum requirements by delivering key, consistent health messages in-line with current Government recommendations. The aim is to help schools deliver a whole-school approach to healthy lifestyles and to engage with all pupils, and their families, in promoting tangible health behaviour changes in a fun, lively and positive manner. The short-term objectives (6-months) of the PFP are; 1. To improve school staff competence, confidence and in delivering healthy lifestyles messaging in school. 2. To improve the health-related knowledge of pupils taking part in the PFP. The medium-term objectives (12-18 months) of the PFP are; 3. To improve the dietary behaviours of children taking part in the PFP (increase fruit and veg intake, increase breakfast consumption, decrease HFSS foods, decrease fizzy drink consumption). 4. To increase the levels of habitual phsyical activity undertaken by the children participating in the PFP. The longer-term objectives (+18=months) of the PFP are; 5. To reduce the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity in participating children 6. To develop the schools to become the community hub for healthy eating and physical activity initiatives based on local needs assessment and partnership workin

Cloughmills Incredible Edibles Project

Cloughmills Incredible Edibles Project aims to reconnect people with each other, their community and the natural world by developing a sustainable, fair and healthy food system in Cloughmills. They aim to teach people where food comes from, appreciate seasonal diversity and environmental impacts of food, be confident in cooking and celebrate the role of food in our lives. They will improve diet related health, reduce impacts of food poverty, make their community more resilient, increase choices available to and skills within their community, maximise the impacts of every pound spent locally and develop a shared food vision.   Food growing skills, communal and domestic using containers and permaculture/organic techniques; Foodscape the community – grow food in public spaces; Recruit ‘Fruit and Veg’ champions to support growing at home; ‘Share the Surplus’ – encourage and connect people with surplus produce to share. Cookery classes for all ages; Shared learning events on food skills & techniques; ‘Bake Your Lawn’ in schools – growing, harvesting, milling and baking breads; Develop mushroom growing project as a social enterprise for young people; Teaching lost skills related to food; Host pizza & movie nights where all ages make their own pizzas; promote a lovefoodhatewaste campaign with community and businesses. Totally Local campaign promoting local/seasonal produce; mystery market stall every month showcasing local produce, cooking tips; facilitate development of more food businesses; establish food hub. Part of theCFI Programme 2013-2015 Initiative Type Community Food Growing Projects Nutrition Education and Training Programmes Location Antrim Partner Agencies safefood