Respiratory muscle training enhances maximal minute ventilation and forced vital capacity in adolescent athletes.

Introduction. Respiratory difficulties in athletes are common, especially in adolescents, even in the absence of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Immaturity of the respiratory muscles coupling at high respiratory rates could be a potential mechanism. Whether respiratory muscle training (RMT) can positively influence it is yet unknown. Goal. We investigate the effects of RMT on ventilation and performance parameters in adolescent athletes and hypothesize that RMT will enhance respiratory capacity. Methods. 12 healthy subjects (8 male, 4 female, 17±0.5 years) from a sports/study high school class, competitively involved in various sports (minimum of 10 hours per week) underwent respiratory function testing, maximal minute ventilation (MMV) measurements and a maximal treadmill incremental test with VO2max and ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) determination. They then underwent one month of RMT (4 times/week) using a eucapnic hyperventilation device, with an incremental training program. The same tests were repeated after RMT. Results. Subjects completed 14.8 sessions of RMT, with an increase in total ventilation per session of 211±29% during training. Borg scale evaluation of the RMT session was unchanged or reduced in all subjects, despite an increase in total respiratory work. No changes (p>0.05) were observed pre/post RMT in VO2max (53.4±7.5 vs 51.6±7.7 ml/kg/min), VT2 (14.4±1.4 vs 14.0±1.1 km/h) or Speed max at end of test (16.1±1.7 vs 15.8±1.7 km/h). MVV increased by 9.2% (176.7±36.9 vs 192.9±32.6 l/min, p<0.001) and FVC by 3.3% (6.70±0.75 vs 4.85±0.76 litres, p<0.05). Subjective evaluation of respiratory sensations during exercise and daily living were also improved. Conclusions. RMT improves MMV and FVC in adolescent athletes, along with important subjective respiratory benefits, although no changes are seen in treadmill maximal performance tests and VO2max measurements. RMT can be easily performed in adolescent without side effects, with a potential for improvement in training capacity and overall well-being.

Sexually transmitted diseases in homosexual and bisexual males from a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus negative volunteers (Project Horizonte), Belo Horizonte, Brazil

Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are very frequent in the whole world. Males who do not use a condom during their sexual relations are at great risk. We report cases of STD during six months of observation, among homosexual/bisexual males who participate in the Project Horizonte. There were 16 cases of genital warts, 6 cases of human immunodeficiency virus infection, 24 cases of unspecific urethritis, 28 cases of herpes simplex virus infection, 30 cases of syphilis, 58 cases of gonorrhea and 84 cases of pediculosis. We concluded that a condom must be used in all sexual relations and new counseling techniques are needed, to avoid this situation.

The adolescent with a chronic condition. Part II: healthcare provision.

The treatment and management of chronic conditions during adolescence pose specific issues that need to be appropriately handled by health professionals. In this paper, questions related to disclosure of the diagnosis, the management of adherence to therapy, the need for an interdisciplinary network approach, lifestyles' anticipatory guidance and prevention, and the transition into an adult healthcare setting are reviewed. Special areas such as the issue of life threatening diseases and the ethical aspects of the treatment of chronic conditions are also discussed.

Second Report of the Working Group on Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Services

Second Report of the Working Group on Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Services The Minister for Health and Children established a Working Group on Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in June 2000 with the following terms of reference:·  To examine the current state of child and adolescent psychiatric services in the country; ·  To carry out a needs analysis of the population aged 0-18 years for such services and to identify shortcomings in meeting such needs; ·  To make recommendations on how child and adolescent psychiatric services should be developed in the short, medium and long term to meet identified needs. Click here to download PDF 58kb

Second Report of the Working Group on Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Services

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Adolescent drinking patterns across countries: associations with alcohol policies.

Early consumption of full servings of alcohol and early experience of drunkenness have been linked with alcohol-related harmful effects in adolescence, as well as adult health and social problems. On the basis of secondary analysis of county-level prevalence data, the present study explored the current pattern of drinking and drunkenness among 15- and 16-year-old adolescents in 40 European and North American countries. Data from the 2006 Health Behavior in School Children survey and the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs were used. The potential role of alcohol control and policy measures in explaining variance in drinking patterns across countries was also examined. Policy measures and data on adult consumption patterns were taken from the WHO Global Information System on Alcohol and Health, Eurostat and the indicator of alcohol control policy strength developed by Brand DA, Saisana M, Rynn LA et al. [(2007) Comparative analysis of alcohol control policies in 30 countries. PLoS Med 4:e151.]. We found that a non-significant trend existed whereby higher prices and stronger alcohol controls were associated with a lower proportion of weekly drinking but a higher proportion of drunkenness. It is important that future research explores the causal relationships between alcohol policy measures and alcohol consumption patterns to determine whether strict policies do in fact have any beneficial effect on drinking patterns, or rather, lead to rebellion and an increased prevalence of binge drinking.

Missed appointments in an adolescent outpatient clinic : descriptive analyses of consultations over eight years ; et, Missed appointments in an outpatient clinic for adolescents, an approache to predict the risk of missing

Rapport de synthèse: Les rendez-vous manqués représentent un problème important, tant du point de vue de la santé des patients que du point de vue économique. Pourtant peu d'études se sont penchées sur le sujet, particulièrement dans une population d'adolescents. Les buts de cette étude étaient de caractériser les adolescents qui sont à risque de manquer ou d'annuler leurs rendez-vous dans une clinique ambulatoire de santé pour adolescents, de comparer les taux des rendez-vous manqués et annulés entre les différents intervenants et d'estimer l'efficacité d'une politique de taxation des rendez-vous manqués non excusés. Finalement, un modèle multi-niveau markovien a été utilisé afin de prédire le risque de manquer un rendez-vous. Ce modèle tient compte du passé de l'adolescent en matière de rendez-vous manqués et d'autres covariables et permet de grouper les individus ayant un comportement semblable. On peut ensuite prédire pour chaque groupe le risque de manquer ou annuler et les covariables influençant significativement ce risque. Entre 1999 et 2006, 32816 rendez-vous fixés pour 3577 patients âgés de 12 à 20 ans ont été analysés. Le taux de rendez-vous manqués était de 11.8%, alors que 10.9% avaient été annulés. Soixante pour cent des patients n'ont pas manqué un seul de leur rendezvous et 14% en ont manqué plus de 25%. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence plusieurs variables associées de manière statistiquement significative avec les taux de rendez-vous manqués et d'annulations (genre, âge, heure, jour de la semaine, intervenant thérapeutique). Le comportement des filles peut être catégorisé en 2 groupes. Le premier groupe inclut les diagnostiques psychiatriques et de trouble du comportement alimentaire, le risque de manquer dans ce groupe étant faible et associé au fait d'avoir précédemment manqué un rendez-vous et au délai du rendez-vous. Les autres diagnostiques chez les filles sont associés à un second groupe qui montre un risque plus élevé de manquer un rendez-vous et qui est associé à l'intervenant, au fait d'avoir précédemment manqué ou annulé le dernier rendez-vous et au délai du rendez-vous. Les garçons ont tous globalement un comportement similaire concernant les rendez-vous manqués. Le diagnostic au sein de ce groupe influence le risque de manquer, tout comme le fait d'avoir précédemment manqué ou annulé un rendez-vous, le délai du rendez-vous et l'âge du patient. L'introduction de la politique de taxation des rendez-vous non excusés n'a pas montré de différence significative des tàux de rendez-vous manqués, cependant cette mesure a permis une augmentation du taux d'annulations. En conclusion, les taux de présence des adolescents à leurs rendez-vous sont dépendants de facteurs divers. Et, même si les adolescents sont une population à risque concernant les rendez-vous manqués, la majorité d'entre eux ne manquent aucun de leurs rendez-vous, ceci étant vrai pour les deux sexes. Etudier les rendez-vous manqués et les adolescents qui sont à risque de rater leur rendez-vous est un pas nécessaire vers le contrôle de ce phénomène. Par ailleurs, les moyens de contrôle concernant les rendez-vous manqués devraient cibler les patients ayant déjà manqué un rendez-vous. La taxation des rendez-vous manqués permet d'augmenter les rendez-vous annulés, ce qui a l'avantage de permettre de fixer un nouveau rendez-vous et, de ce fait, d'améliorer la continuité des soins.

Matrimoni homosexual : perspectives

Treball de recerca sobre la llei que va aprovar el matrimoni homosexual a Espanya que pretén respondre a la pregunta: Quines reaccions socials, jurídiques, religioses i d'associacions homosexuals va generar l'aprovació de la llei que permet el matrimoni entre persones del mateix sexe a Espanya?

Determinants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) prevalence in homosexual and bisexual men screened for admission to a cohort study of HIV negatives in Belo Horizonte, Brazil: Project Horizonte

Project Horizonte, an open cohort of homosexual and bisexual human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) negative men, is a component of the AIDS Vaccine Program, in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The objective of this study was to compare volunteers testing HIV positive at cohort entry with a sample of those who tested HIV negative in order to identify risk factors for prevalent HIV infection, in a population being screened for enrollment at Project Horizonte. A nested case-control study was conducted. HIV positive volunteers at entry (cases) were matched by age and admission date to three HIV negative controls each. Selected variables used for the current analysis included demographic factors, sexual behavior and other risk factors for HIV infection. During the study period (1994-2001), among the 621 volunteers screened, 61 tested positive for HIV. Cases were matched to 183 HIV negative control subjects. After adjustments, the main risk factors associated with HIV infection were unprotected sex with an occasional partners, OR = 3.7 (CI 95% 1.3-10.6), receptive anal intercourse with an occasional partner, OR = 2.8 (95% CI 0.9-8.9) and belonging to the negro racial group, OR = 3.4 (CI 95% 1.1-11.9). These variables were associated with an increase in the risk of HIV infection among men who have sex with men at the screening for admission to an open HIV negative cohort.

Missed appointments in an adolescent outpatient clinic: descriptive analyses of consultations over 8 years.

Missed appointments represent an important medical and economical issue. Few studies on the subject are reported in the literature, particularly regarding adolescents. Our aim was to characterize missed and cancelled appointments in a multidisciplinary outpatient clinic for adolescents, to assess the effectiveness of a policy aimed at reducing missed appointments by introducing payment for those missed appointments not cancelled in advance, and to compare the rates between staff and resident physicians. A total of 32,816 consultations (representing 35 patients aged 12-20 years, 82.4% females) between 1999 and 200 were analysed. The missed appointment rate was 11.8% whilst another 10.9% were cancellations. Females cancelled more than males (11.3% vs. 8.4%, AOR 1.31, 99% CI 1.08-1.59), but there was no difference for missed appointments (11.6% vs. 12.3%, AOR 0.88, 99% CI 0.61-1.08). April and June to October (vacation months) were associated with more missed appointments. Globally mornings had higher rates of missed appointments than afternoons (13.6% vs. 11.2%, AOR 1.25, 99% CI 1.11-1.40). There was a slight difference in missed appointment rates between staff physicians and residents (10.4%; 11.8%, AOR 1.20, 99% CI 1.08-1.33). Missed appointment rates before and after the new policy on missed appointments were similar (1999-2003: 11.9%; 2004-2006: 11.6%, AOR 0.96, 99% CI 0.83-1.10). Conversely, cancellation rates increased from 8.4% (1999-2003) to 14.5% (2004-2006) (AOR 1.83, 99% CI 1.63-2.05). Attendance rates among adolescents show variations depending on vacation and school hours. Being attentive to these factors could help prevent missed appointments. Although having to pay for missed appointments does not increase attendance, it increases cancellations with the advantage that the appointment can be rescheduled.

Premature epiphyseal closure in an adolescent treated by retinoids for acne: an unusual cause of anterior knee pain.

Retinoids are effective and widely prescribed in the treatment of severe acne. However their use can be associated with numerous side effects. Some rare cases of premature epiphyseal closure were reported. We present the case of a sixteen-year-old soccer player referred for progressive anterior pain in both knees, evoking a patellar problem. Careful pharmacological questioning revealed use of isotretinoin for several months. MRI findings showed an irregularity of the growth plate and an important metaphyso-epiphyseal oedema, more noticeable in the left knee. Retinoid-induced premature epiphyseal closure was diagnosed. The treatment was stopped, with a resolution of pain within two months. After recovery a persisting small sequelar thumbprint-like growth plate lesion was observed on the control MRI. Retinoids induce an invasion of the growth plate by osteoclasts and a decrease in proteoglycans synthesis. It seems that the knee is the most affected joint. This complication being rare, a radiological follow-up of the young patients treated by retinoids is not proposed.

Young People and Food: Adolescent Dietary Beliefs and Understandings

This research provides fresh insight into the dichotomy between young people's knowledge of food safety and nutrition, and their behaviour.

Migraine, céphalées de l'enfant et de l'adolescent

La migraine de l'enfant est paradoxale à plus d'un titre : lors des crises, la douleur est sévère, les enfants sont souvent livides, « cadavériques », incapables de bouger, ils sont obligés de s'allonger dans la pénombre, vomissent parfois massivement, voient, sentent, entendent des « choses bizarres » - correspondant aux auras ; mais ils se réveillent en pleine forme après avoir dormi quelques heures... et tous les examens sont normaux. Alors que 5 à 10 % des enfants sont migraineux, le diagnostic n'est posé que pour une petite partie d'entre eux. La migraine est pourtant la première cause de céphalées intenses récurrentes chez l'enfant, la plupart des professionnels cherchant vainement une cause, et évoquant « les yeux, une gastro, les sinus ou bien une origine psy... ». Cet ouvrage a pour double objectif de présenter l'état de la science (épidémiologie, physiopathologie, génétique...) qui s'est largement enrichi ces dix dernières années et d'apporter aux professionnels des outils concrets pour identifier les céphalées et améliorer la prise en charge des enfants et des adolescents migraineux. Les céphalées de tension, les céphalées chroniques, les syndromes épisodiques associés à la migraine sont aussi détaillés. Illustré de nombreuses vignettes cliniques, cet ouvrage précise les critères diagnostiques, les pièges et les idées fausses ; il décrit comment rechercher les facteurs déclenchants et particulièrement ceux d'origine psychosociale, comment utiliser et combiner les traitements médicamenteux et non médicamenteux (notamment les approches psychothérapeutiques et psychocorporelles). Telle est l'ambition de ce livre, destiné à tous les professionnels confrontés à des enfants et des adolescents migraineux, mais également accessible en grande partie aux familles.

Adult consequences of late adolescent alcohol consumption: a systematic review of cohort studies.

Alcohol is responsible for a significant portion of the global burden of disease. There is widespread concern reported in the media and other sources about drinking trends among young people, particularly heavy episodic or “binge” drinking. Prominent among policy responses, in the UK and elsewhere, have been attempts to manage antisocial behaviour related to intoxication in public spaces. Much less attention has been given to the longer term effects of excessive drinking in adolescence on later adult health and well-being. Some studies suggest that individuals “mature out” of late adolescent drinking behaviour, whilst others identify enduring effects on drinking and broader health and social outcomes in adulthood. If adolescent drinking does not cause later difficulties in adulthood then intervention approaches aimed at addressing the acute consequences of alcohol, such as unintentional injuries and anti-social behaviour, may be the most appropriate solution. If causal relationships do exist, however, this approach will not address the cumulative harms produced by alcohol, unless such intervention successfully modifies the long-term relationship with alcohol, which seems unlikely. To address this issue a systematic review of cohort studies was conducted, as this approach provides the strongest observational study design to evaluate evidence for causal inference.This resource was contributed by The National Documentation Centre on Drug Use.