The leisure participation of clients with a dual diagnosis

People with a dual diagnosis experience disruption in carrying out their daily occupations. This article describes a study in which an occupational therapist explored the leisure participation of clients with a dual diagnosis. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with four outpatients from an alcohol and drug rehabilitation programme. Inductive analysis of the informants’ interviews identified two main themes: leisure as part of the recovery process and the barriers to leisure participation. This study provides support for the need to understand the leisure occupations of the clients with whom occupational therapists work. Further research is required to examine the interventions that assist clients with a dual diagnosis to develop meaningful leisure activities.

Emmetropization in chicks uses optical vergence and relative distance cues to decode defocus

When visual information is confined to one object plane, the emmetropization end-point is adjusted in accord with the corresponding incident optical vergence at the eye [Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Myopia (2000) 113]. We now report the effect of adding extra visual information beyond the target plane. Visual conditions were controlled using a cone-lens system: black Maltese cross targets on white opaque backgrounds (OMX) were attached to the open faces of 2.5 cm translucent cones fitted with either 0, +25 or +40 D imaging lenses. An alternative target (TMX) was made by substituting the opaque target background for a transparent background, which allowed access to visual information beyond the target plane. The imaging devices were applied to 7-day-old chicks and worn for 4 days. Prior to this treatment, on day 2, some chicks underwent ciliary nerve section (CNS) to preclude accommodation. All treatments were monocular. Refractive errors and axial ocular dimensions were measured using retinoscopy and A-scan ultrasonography under halothane anesthesia. Treatment effects were specified as mean ( +/-S.D.) interocular differences. Eyes with the OMX/ + 40 D lens combination remained emmetropic ( +0.73 +/-3.57 D), consistent with the target plane being approximately conjugate with the retina. Switching to the TMX caused a hyperopic shift in refractive error ( + 3.78 +/- 3.41 D). This relative shift towards hyperopia in switching from the OMX to the TMX target also occurred for the other two lens powers. Thus, the OMX/ + 25 D lens induced myopia ( - 7.00 +/-5.88 D), corresponding to the imposed hyperopic defocus (target plane now imaged behind the retina), and switching to the TMX resulted in a reduction in myopia (-1.73 +/-5.36 D), The OMX/0 D lens combination produced the largest myopic shift, and here, switching to the TMX condition almost eliminated the myopic response (-15.50 +/-6.62 D cf. -0.56 +/-1.24 D). This relative hyperopic shift associated with switching from the OMX to the TMX target was eliminated by CNS surgery. Thus, the two CNS/TMX groups were both more myopic than the equivalent no CNS/TMX groups ( + 40 D lens: -2.66 +/-2.34 D; +25 D lens: -7.97 +/-6.87 D). When the visual information is restricted to one plane, incident optical vergence appears to direct emmetropization. Adding Visual information at other distances produces a shift in the end-point of ernmetropization in the direction of the added information. That these effects are dependent on the integrity of the accommodation system implies that accommodation plays a role in emmetropization and represents the first reported evidence of this kind. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

Mouse Sox8 is located between, not within, the t-complex deletions t(w18) and t(h20) on chromosome 17

The SOX family of developmental transcription factors is known to play critical roles in cell lineage specification, fate determination and differentiation during development in diverse phyla. Their importance is underscored by their involvement in a number of human diseases and mouse mutants, and by targeted mutation in mice. SOX8 is broadly expressed during development and is located on human chromosome 16p and within the t-complex on mouse chromosome 17, in the vicinity of two mutations t(w18) and t(h20). Here we analyse mutant genomic DNA to show that the Sox8 gene locus lies outside the deletion regions of both t(w18) and t(h20) and between these deletions. These data exclude Sox8 from contributing to the t(w18) and t(h20) phenotypes, and provide an additional marker for structural characterization of this complex genomic region. Copyright (C) 2001 S. Karger AG, Basel.

The impact of positive peritoneal washings and serosal and adnexal involvement on survival in patients with stage IIIA uterine cancer

Objective. The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic significance of serosal involvement (SER), adnexal involvement (ADN), and positive peritoneal washings (PPW) in patients with Stage IIIA uterine cancer. We also sought to determine patterns of recurrence in patients with this disease. Methods. The records of 136 patients with Stage IIIA uterine cancer treated at the Queensland Centre for Gynecological Cancer between March 1983 and August 2001 were reviewed. One hundred thirty-six patients underwent surgery and 58 (42.6%) had full surgical staging. Seventy-five patients (55.2%) had external beam radiotherapy and/or brachytherapy postoperatively. Overall survival was the primary statistical endpoint. Statistical analysis included univariate and multivariate Cox models. Results. Forty-six patients (33.8%) had adnexal involvement, 23 (16.9%) had serosal involvement, and 40 (29.4%) had positive peritoneal washings. Median follow-up was 55.1 months (95% confidence interval, 36.9 to 73.4 months) after which time 71 patients (52.2%) remained alive. For patients with endometrioid adenocarcinoma, ADN and SER were associated with impaired survival on multivariate analysis (odds ratio 2.8 and 3.2, respectively). In the subgroup of patients with high-risk tumors (including papillary serous carcinomas, clear cell carcinomas, and uterine sarcomas), neither ADN, nor SER, nor PPW influenced survival. Conclusion. Patients with Stage IIIA uterine cancer constitute a heterogeneous group. For patients with endometrioid adenocarcinoma, both ADN and SER, but not PPW, were associated with impaired prognosis. For patients with high-risk histological types, prognosis is poor for all three factors. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).

Expression of MUC1 splice variants in benign and malignant ovarian tumours

MUC1 is expressed on the surface of ovarian cancer cells. Nine different splice variants of MUC1 have been described, but no study has reported on the expression of MUC1 iso-forms in human ovarian cancer. Our study compares patterns of expression of MUC1 splice variants of malignant and benign ovarian tumours. Ovarian tissue samples were taken from patients with benign ovarian tumours (n = 34) and from patients who had surgery for primary (n = 47) or recurrent (n = 8) ovarian cancer. RT-PCR for MUC1 splice variants A, B, C, D, X, Y, Z, REP and SEC was performed and their expression compared to clinical and histopathologic parameters. Variants A, D, X, Y and Z were more frequently expressed in malignant than in benign tumours. All primary ovarian cancer cases were positive for variant REP but negative for variant SEC. No significant association of the expression of MUC1 splice variants with the response to chemotherapy or patient survival could be demonstrated. Expression of MUC1 splice variants A, D, X, Y, Z and REP is associated with the presence of malignancy, whereas expression of MUC1/SEC is associated with the absence of malignancy. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation by marine and freshwater planctomycete-like bacteria

Recently, two fresh water species, 'Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans' and 'Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis', and one marine species, 'Candidatus Scalindua sorokinii', of planctomycete anammox bacteria have been identified. 'Candidatus Scalindua sorokinii' was discovered in the Black Sea, and contributed substantially to the loss of fixed nitrogen. All three species contain a unique organelle-the anammoxosome-in their cytoplasm. The anammoxosome contains the hydrazine/hydroxylamine oxidoreductase enzyme, and is thus the site of anammox catabolism. The anammoxosome is surrounded by a very dense membrane composed almost exclusively of linearly concatenated cyclobutane-containing lipids. These so-called 'ladderanes' are connected to the glycerol moiety via both ester and ether bonds. In natural and man-made ecosystems, anammox bacteria can cooperate with aerobic ammonium-oxidising bacteria, which protect them from harmful oxygen, and provide the necessary nitrite. The cooperation of these two groups of ammonium-oxidising bacteria is the microbial basis for a sustainable one reactor system, CANON (completely autotrophic nitrogen-removal over nitrite) to remove ammonia from high strength wastewater.

Candidatus "Scalindua brodae", spec. nov., Candidatus "Scalindua wagneri", spec. nov., two new species of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is both a promising process in wastewater treatment and a long overlooked microbial physiology that can contribute significantly to biological nitrogen cycling in the world's oceans. Anammox is mediated by a monophyletic group of bacteria that branches deeply in the Planctomycetales. Here we describe a new genus and species of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing planctomycetes, discovered in a wastewater treatment plant (wwtp) treating landfill leachate in Pitsea, UK. The biomass from this wwtp showed high anammox activity (5.0 +/- 0.5 nmol/mg protein/min) and produced hydrazine from hydroxylamine, one of the unique features of anammox bacteria. Eight new planctomycete 16S rRNA gene sequences were present in the 16S rRNA gene clone library generated from the biomass. Four of these were affiliated to known anammox 16S rRNA gene sequences, but branched much closer to the root of the planctomycete line of descent. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with oligonucleotide probes specific for these new sequences showed that two species (belonging to the same genus) together made up > 99% of the planctomycete population which constituted 20% of the total microbial community. The identification of these organisms as typical anammox bacteria was confirmed with electron microscopy and lipid analysis. The new species, provisionally named Candidatus Scalindua brodae and Scalindua wagneri considerably extend the biodiversity of the anammox lineage on the 16S rRNA gene level, but otherwise resemble known anammox bacteria. Simultaneously, another new species of the same genus, Candidatus Scalindua sorokinii, was detected in the water column of the Black Sea, making this genus the most widespread of all anammox bacteria described so far.

Improved nitrogen removal by application of new nitrogen-cycle bacteria

In order to meet increasingly stringent European discharge standards, new applications and control strategies for the sustainable removal of ammonia from wastewater have to beimplemented. In this paper we discuss anitrogen removal system based on the processesof partial nitrification and anoxic ammoniaoxidation (anammox). The anammox process offers great opportunities to remove ammonia in fully autotrophic systems with biomass retention. No organic carbon is needed in such nitrogenremoval system, since ammonia is used a selectron donor for nitrite reduction. The nitrite can be produced from ammonia in oxygen-limited biofilm systems or in continuous processes without biomass retention. For successful implementation of the combined processes, accurate biosensors for measuring ammonia and nitrite concentrations, insight inthe complex microbial communities involved, and new control strategies have to be developed and evaluated.

Resultados da cirurgia para otospongiose com dois tipos de prótese em procedimentos realizados por residentes

A cirurgia do estapédio é um dos tratamentos indicados para a melhora da surdez condutiva secundária à otospongiose. O procedimento requer habilidade e experiência do cirurgião e faz parte do treinamento durante a residência médica. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar qual tipo de prótese (teflon ou mista de metal e aço) apresenta melhores os resultados auditivos em cirurgias realizadas por residentes e a incidência de complicações. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas retrospectivamente 189 intervenções cirúrgicas que tiveram participação ativa de residentes, comparando-se os dois tipos de prótese utilizados. Os resultados audiométricos foram analisados conforme orientação do Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium e segundo o Amsterdam Hearing Evaluation Plots. RESULTADOS: O gap aéreo-ósseo diminuiu em média 21,90 dB (p<0,05) após o procedimento cirúrgico no grupo da prótese de teflon e 21,37 dB (p<0,05) no grupo da prótese mista, sendo o ganho do IRF de 22,33 e 26,10 dB (p<0,05), e o gap aéreo-ósseo foi inferior a 20 dB em 80,6% e 85,04%, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: Não evidenciamos diferenças no resultado audiométrico e na incidência de complicações quando comparamos o tipo de prótese utilizada. Acreditamos ser válida a execução desse procedimento em serviços de treinamento de médicos residentes, independente do tipo de prótese.

Pesquisa de enterobacteriáceas e enterovírus em crianças normais e com quadros diarréicos agudos

Num grupo de 263 crianças de 0 a 24 meses de idade, atendidas de outubro de 1963 a setembro de 1964 no Centro de Saúde da Lapa, na Capital de São Paulo, foram feitos exames de fezes para a pesquisa de Escherichia coli, do grupo da gastroenterite infantil, Shigella, Salmonella, poliovírus, vírus Coxsackie e vírus ECHO. O agente mais freqüentemente isolado foi o vírus da poliomielite (15,97% de positividade), seguindo-se-lhe a Escherichia coli G.E.I. (10,65%), Shigella (9,51%), vírus Coxsackie (7,22%), Salmonella em 3,04% dos casos e vírus ECHO no mesmo percentual. Em 16,22% das 111 que apresentaram resultado positivo, o exame revelou a presença de dois ou mais agentes. Os agentes acima referidos foram isolados de 42,21% da totalidade das crianças examinadas. Dentre as 167 que apresentavam diarréia, a porcentagem de positividade chegou a 47,90%, e nas 96 que nao a referiam, desceu a 32,29%. Sòmente em relação às shigelas foi possível evidenciar associação entre isolamento de microrganismos e quadro diarréico. Para a E. coli 0111, salmonelas e vírus Coxsackie A, os resultados foram apenas sugestivos desta associação, e para os demais agentes não houve evidência alguma favorável à mesma.

Evidenciação de vírus patogênicos humanos em filés de peixe

Foi desenvolvido método para a evidenciação de vírus em filés de peixe. Amostras de 50 gramas foram submetidas à agitação mecânica durante 5 min em 200 ml de água bidestilada esterilizada, em pH 7,3-7,5. As substâncias em suspensão foram removidas mediante uma filtração de clarificação. A suspensão clarificada foi em seguida submetida à ultrafiltração através de membrana de alginato de sódio, sendo esta posteriormente dissolvida em 2 ml de citrato de sódio a 3,8%. A suspensão obtida foi, a seguir, centrifugada a 10.000 rpm durante 20 min, a 4°C, adicionando-se ao sobrenadante penicilina, estreptomicina e anfotericina B. O isolamento de vírus foi feito em culturas primárias de células de rim de macaco rhesus, células HeLa e por inoculação em camundongos recém-nascidos. A identificação sorológica levou aos seguintes resultados: de 51 filés de peixe foram isoladas duas estirpes de poliovírus tipo 1, duas de poliovírus tipo 3 e uma de coxsackievírus B4, o que corresponde a uma percentagem de positividade de 9,8%*. A identificação intratípica das quatro estirpes de poliovírus isoladas revelou ser uma delas semelhante e as demais diferentes das estirpes vacinais.

Consumo alimentar de vitaminas e minerais em adultos residentes em área metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil

OBJETIVO: Propôs-se calcular a composição quantitativa e a densidade nutricional de vitaminas e sais minerais da dieta habitual, em relação ao sexo e idade, em população de adultos residentes no Município de Cotia, Estado de São Paulo, SP, Brasil. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foi realizado inquérito através do histórico alimentar em população de adultos residentes em área metropolitana de São Paulo, Município de Cotia. A partir de uma subamostra de 548 indivíduos, com idades compreendidas entre 20 e 88 anos. Foi calculado o consumo de nutrientes da dieta habitual. As porções consumidas, obtidas em medidas caseiras, foram convertidas em gramas de alimentos para o cálculo da concentração de nutrientes. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: a) O consumo de tiamina, riboflavina, niacina, cálcio e ferro foi maior em indivíduos do sexo masculino (p < 0,001); b) não houve diferenças significativas no consumo de vitamina A e de vitamina C entre os sexos; c) a população de idosos apresentou menor consumo de vitaminas e minerais e não houve diferenças associadas à idade com relação ao consumo de vitamina C; d) a dieta habitual, dessa população, apresenta-se inadequada e com baixa densidade nutricional em vitamina A e cálcio.

Food frequency consumption and lipoproteins serum levels in the population of an urban area, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To identify the association between food group consumption frequency and serum lipoprotein levels among adults. METHODS: The observations were made during a cross-sectional survey of a representative sample of men and women over 20 years old living in Cotia county, S. Paulo, Brazil. Data on food frequency consumption, serum lipids, and other covariates were available for 1,045 adults. Multivariate analyses adjusted by age, gender, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, educational level, family income, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption were performed. RESULTS: Consumption of processed meat, chicken, red meat, eggs and dairy foods were each positively and significantly correlated with LDL-C, whereas the intake of vegetables and fruits showed an inverse correlation. Daily consumption of processed meat, chicken, red meat, eggs, and dairy foods were associated with 16.6 mg/dl, 14.5 mg/dl, 11.1 mg/dl, 5.8 mg/dl, and 4.6 mg/dl increase in blood LDL-C, respectively. Increases of daily consumption of fruit and vegetables were associated with 5.2 mg/dl and 5.5 mg/dl decreases in LDL-C, respectively. Alcohol beverage consumption showed a significant positive correlation with HDL-C. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary habits in the study population seem to contribute substantially to the variation in blood LDL and HDL concentrations. Substantially CHD risk reduction could be achieved with dietary changes.

Escores de consumo alimentar e níveis lipêmicos em população de São Paulo, Brasil

OBJETIVO: Analisar o padrão de consumo alimentar avaliado por meio de escores de consumo e relacionar esses escores com os níveis de colesterol total e de lipoproteínas de baixa e alta densidades em população da área metropolitana de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado no município de Cotia, São Paulo, em amostra representativa de 1.045 adultos, foram determinados níveis de lipídeos séricos e a ingestão de alimentos por meio da freqüência de consumo alimentar. Foram utilizados escores de padrão de consumo, estabelecendo um peso para cada categoria de consumo baseado na freqüência anual, obtendo-se, assim, a distribuição quintilar do escore I (alimentos considerados de risco para doenças cardiovasculares) e escore II (alimentos protetores). Foram comparados os valores médios das lipoproteínas para cada um dos quintis pela análise de variância, e foram verificadas possíveis relações entre os escores de consumo e as frações de lipídeos séricos, mediante modelos de regressão linear múltipla (stepwise forward). RESULTADOS: Observou-se aumento significativo dos níveis médios de lipídeos, segundo quintis de consumo do escore I para colesterol total e para lipoproteína de baixa densidade-colesterol, e constatou-se um comportamento inverso e significativo dos níveis desses lipídeos séricos em relação ao escore II. O escore I correlacionou-se positivamente e significativamente a esses lipídeos, e o escore II apresentou correlação inversa e significativa com esses constituintes sangüíneos. CONCLUSÕES: Em estudos populacionais, a análise da freqüência de consumo de alimentos por meio de escores pode ser um método de escolha para avaliar qualidade de dieta e de seu potencial efeito nos níveis séricos de colesterol total e de lipoproteínas de baixa densidade.

Automedicação em adultos de baixa renda no município de São Paulo

OBJETIVO: Estimar a proporção de automedicação em adultos de baixa renda e identificar fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados dados de inquérito populacional realizado no município de São Paulo em 2005, cujo plano amostral incluiu dois domínios, favela e não favela, com amostragem por conglomerados em dois estágios, totalizando 3.226 indivíduos elegíveis. Além de características sociodemográficas e econômicas, foram analisados: uso de medicamentos nos 15 dias anteriores à entrevista, tipo de acesso (gratuito, comprado ou outra) aos medicamentos e os tipos de morbidades (crônicas ou agudas) tratadas, em análise de regressão logística múltipla. RESULTADOS: A proporção de automedicação foi de 27% a 32%. Automedicação esteve fortemente associada à morbidade aguda, ao acesso ao medicamento por compra, à idade menor que 47 anos e medicamentos do grupo terapêutico que atuam no sistema nervoso central. O grupo que atua no sistema nervoso central foi o mais utilizado na automedicação. CONCLUSÕES: O acesso gratuito aos medicamentos mostrou-se fator de proteção para a automedicação. A distribuição de medicamentos e o atendimento adequado devem ser considerados para orientação e redução dos riscos que o uso irracional de medicamentos pode gerar à saúde.