Student mathematical notebook of Thomas Noyes, 1793

This sewn volume contains Noyes’ mathematical exercises in geometry; trigonometry; surveying; measurement of heights and distances; plain, oblique, parallel, middle latitude, and mercator sailing; and dialing. Many of the exercises are illustrated by carefully hand-drawn diagrams, including a mariners’ compass and moon dials.

Student mathematical notebook of Ebenezer Hill, 1785

This mathematical notebook of Ebenezer Hill was kept in 1795 while he was a student at Harvard College. The volume contains rules, definitions, problems, drawings, and tables on arithmetic, geometry, trigonometry, surveying, calculating distances, and dialing. Some of the exercises are illustrated by hand-drawn diagrams, including some of buildings and trees.

Student mathematical notebook of Ephraim Eliot, 1779

Handwritten mathematical notebook of Ephraim Eliot, kept in 1779 while he was a student at Harvard College. The volume contains rules, definitions, problems, drawings, and tables on arithmetic, geometry, trigonometry, surveying, calculating distances, and dialing. Some of the exercises are illustrated by unrefined hand-drawn diagrams, as well as a sketch of a mariner’s compass. The sections on navigation, mensuration of heights, and spherical geometry are titled but not completed. The ink of the later text, beginning with Trigonometry, is faded.

Greek translations by Benjamin Wadsworth, 1766

Two-page handwritten Greek translations created by Harvard sophomore Benjamin Wadsworth on folio-sized paper. The document contains Greek translations of two letters from J. Garretson's "English exercises for school-boys to translate into Latin," copied by Wadsworth in 1766. The first page contains two sections: "As it is in English. A Letter from one friend to another," containing a copy of Garretson's Epistle IV from "E.C.," and a Greek translation of the letter beginning "Kypie..." The second page contains a Greek translation of Garretson's Epistle III from "B.J," and a note by Wadsworth: "A Letter from one Brother to another. Taken out of Garetson's English Exercise. The 3rd Exercise. or 135st page. There is not room or I would write down the English out of which I translated it. September the 2d A.D. 1766. When I was a sophomore." The document is bordered with hand-drawn double lines.

Student mathematical notebook of William Emerson Faulkner, 1795

Leather hardcover notebook with unruled pages containing the handwritten mathematical exercises of William Emerson Faulkner, begun in 1795 while he was an undergraduate at Harvard College. The volume contains rules, definitions, problems, drawings, and tables on geometry, trigonometry, surveying, calculating distances, sailing, and dialing. Some of the exercises are illustrated by unrefined hand-drawn diagrams, including some of buildings and trees.

Student mathematical notebook of William Tudor, 1795

Notebook containing the handwritten mathematical exercises of William Tudor, kept in 1795 while he was an undergraduate at Harvard College. The volume contains rules, definitions, problems, drawings, and tables on geometry, trigonometry, surveying, calculating distances, sailing, and dialing. Some of the exercises are illustrated with hand-drawn diagrams. The Menusration of Heights and Distances section contains color drawings of buildings and trees, and some have been altered with notes in different hands and with humorous additions. For instance, a drawing of a tower was drawn into a figure titled “Egyptian Mummy.” Some of the images are identified: “A rude sketch of the Middlesex canal,” Genl Warren’s monument on Bunker Hill,” “Noddles Island,” “the fields of Elysium,” and the “Roxbury Canal.” The annotations and additional drawings are unattributed.

Letter from James Winthrop to William Bentley, 1812 May 4

Two folio-sized leaves containing a three-and-a-half page handwritten letter from Winthrop to Bentley providing detailed descriptions and rationale for his conception of the geography of the Dead Sea prior to the Biblical destruction of Sodom. The letter is accompanied by two hand-drawn maps of the Dead Sea (HUG 1203.5 Box 2, Folder 1).

Plan for warehouse, undated

Hand drawn plat noting "Old warehouse" and "new warehouse" near the "Great Bridge" and the "high way down to Marretts warft," with a note discussing the metes and bounds of the property in reference to measures of "Mr. Bordman."

Historical sea ice of the Baltic Sea (1960/61-78/79)

The Baltic Sea is a seasonally ice-covered, marginal sea in central northern Europe. It is an essential waterway connecting highly industrialised countries. Because ship traffic is intermittently hindered by sea ice, the local weather services have been monitoring sea ice conditions for decades. In the present study we revisit a historical monitoring data set, covering the winters 1960/1961 to 1978/1979. This data set, dubbed Data Bank for Baltic Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperatures (BASIS) ice, is based on hand-drawn maps that were collected and then digitised in 1981 in a joint project of the Finnish Institute of Marine Research (today the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI)) and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI). BASIS ice was designed for storage on punch cards and all ice information is encoded by five digits. This makes the data hard to access. Here we present a post-processed product based on the original five-digit code. Specifically, we convert to standard ice quantities (including information on ice types), which we distribute in the current and free Network Common Data Format (NetCDF). Our post-processed data set will help to assess numerical ice models and provide easy-to-access unique historical reference material for sea ice in the Baltic Sea. In addition we provide statistics showcasing the data quality. The website http://www.baltic-ocean.org hosts the post-processed data and the conversion code.

Utilisation de cartes conceptuelles par des formatrices en nutrition à la petite enfance

Introduction : Extenso, le centre de référence en nutrition de l’Université de Montréal, a développé les formations Croqu’Plaisir destinées aux intervenants en services de garde à la petite enfance et des nutritionnistes furent sélectionnées afin de les déployer au Québec. Étant donné le volume imposant de nouvelles connaissances à intégrer pour les diététistes-nutritionnistes, l’utilisation d’un outil pédagogique visant à structurer la pensée semblait pertinente. Cette étude avait pour objectif de décrire l’utilisation de cartes conceptuelles par des nutritionnistes formatrices à la petite enfance au Québec. Méthode : Les nutritionnistes formatrices ont assisté à une formation sur les cartes conceptuelles qui leur a permis de développer une carte conceptuelle à l’aide du logiciel CmapTools sur un sujet de leur choix. Puis, leurs perceptions furent recensées lors d'entrevues dirigées et individuelles. Résultats : 8 diététistes-nutritionnistes possédant de 2 à 15 ans d’expérience et ayant animé de 0 à 32 formations Croqu’Plaisir ont participé à l’étude. Les participantes de l’étude ont affirmé être assez autonomes pour utiliser les fonctions de base du logiciel, mais ont vécu des difficultés lors de la conception de leur carte. Conclusion : Plusieurs commentaires des participantes révèlent des barrières à leur utilisation, soit le temps, la résistance au changement et les barrières organisationnelles. Pour que la place des cartes conceptuelles en nutrition se développe et que leur utilisation soit valorisée, un contexte propice à leur utilisation doit être crée, tant d’un point de vue personnel qu’organisationnel, tant en milieu académique que professionnel.

Utilisation de cartes conceptuelles par des formatrices en nutrition à la petite enfance

Introduction : Extenso, le centre de référence en nutrition de l’Université de Montréal, a développé les formations Croqu’Plaisir destinées aux intervenants en services de garde à la petite enfance et des nutritionnistes furent sélectionnées afin de les déployer au Québec. Étant donné le volume imposant de nouvelles connaissances à intégrer pour les diététistes-nutritionnistes, l’utilisation d’un outil pédagogique visant à structurer la pensée semblait pertinente. Cette étude avait pour objectif de décrire l’utilisation de cartes conceptuelles par des nutritionnistes formatrices à la petite enfance au Québec. Méthode : Les nutritionnistes formatrices ont assisté à une formation sur les cartes conceptuelles qui leur a permis de développer une carte conceptuelle à l’aide du logiciel CmapTools sur un sujet de leur choix. Puis, leurs perceptions furent recensées lors d'entrevues dirigées et individuelles. Résultats : 8 diététistes-nutritionnistes possédant de 2 à 15 ans d’expérience et ayant animé de 0 à 32 formations Croqu’Plaisir ont participé à l’étude. Les participantes de l’étude ont affirmé être assez autonomes pour utiliser les fonctions de base du logiciel, mais ont vécu des difficultés lors de la conception de leur carte. Conclusion : Plusieurs commentaires des participantes révèlent des barrières à leur utilisation, soit le temps, la résistance au changement et les barrières organisationnelles. Pour que la place des cartes conceptuelles en nutrition se développe et que leur utilisation soit valorisée, un contexte propice à leur utilisation doit être crée, tant d’un point de vue personnel qu’organisationnel, tant en milieu académique que professionnel.

A genealogical map of the concept of habit

The notion of information processing has dominated the study of the mind for over six decades. However, before the advent of cognitivism, one of the most prominent theoretical ideas was that of Habit. This is a concept with a rich and complex history, which is again starting to awaken interest, following recent embodied, enactive critiques of computationalist frameworks. We offer here a very brief history of the concept of habit in the form of a genealogical network-map. This serves to provide an overview of the richness of this notion and as a guide for further re-appraisal. We identify 77 thinkers and their influences, and group them into seven schools of thought. Two major trends can be distinguished. One is the associationist trend, starting with the work of Locke and Hume, developed by Hartley, Bain, and Mill to be later absorbed into behaviorism through pioneering animal psychologists (Morgan and Thorndike). This tradition conceived of habits atomistically and as automatisms (a conception later debunked by cognitivism). Another historical trend we have called organicism inherits the legacy of Aristotle and develops along German idealism, French spiritualism, pragmatism, and phenomenology. It feeds into the work of continental psychologists in the early 20th century, influencing important figures such as Merleau-Ponty, Piaget, and Gibson. But it has not yet been taken up by mainstream cognitive neuroscience and psychology. Habits, in this tradition, are seen as ecological, self-organizing structures that relate to a web of predispositions and plastic dependencies both in the agent and in the environment. In addition, they are not conceptualized in opposition to rational, volitional processes, but as transversing a continuum from reflective to embodied intentionality. These are properties that make habit a particularly attractive idea for embodied, enactive perspectives, which can now re-evaluate it in light of dynamical systems theory and complexity research.

Map of the Welland Canal including the store house and waste weir no.1 drawn by Shamus A. Begly

Map of the Welland Canal including the store house and waste weir no.1 drawn by Shamus A. Begly of Public Works, n.d.

A high-resolution soil erosion risk map of Switzerland as strategic policy support system

Soil erosion models and soil erosion risk maps are often used as indicators to assess potential soil erosion in order to assist policy decisions. This paper shows the scientific basis of the soil erosion risk map of Switzerland and its application in policy and practice. Linking a USLE/RUSLE-based model approach (AVErosion) founded on multiple flow algorithms and the unit contributing area concept with an extremely precise and high-resolution digital terrain model (2 m × 2 m grid) using GIS allows for a realistic assessment of the potential soil erosion risk, on single plots, i.e. uniform and comprehensive for the agricultural area of Switzerland (862,579 ha in the valley area and the lower mountain regions). The national or small-scale soil erosion prognosis has thus reached a level heretofore possible only in smaller catchment areas or single plots. Validation was carried out using soil loss data from soil erosion damage mappings in the field from long-term monitoring in different test areas. 45% of the evaluated agricultural area of Switzerland was classified as low potential erosion risk, 12% as moderate potential erosion risk, and 43% as high potential erosion risk. However, many of the areas classified as high potential erosion risk are located at the transition from valley to mountain zone, where many areas are used as permanent grassland, which drastically lowers their current erosion risk. The present soil erosion risk map serves on the one hand to identify and prioritise the high-erosion risk areas, and on the other hand to promote awareness amongst farmers and authorities. It was published on the internet and will be made available to the authorities in digital form. It is intended as a tool for simplifying and standardising enforcement of the legal framework for soil erosion prevention in Switzerland. The work therefore provides a successful example of cooperation between science, policy and practice.