As mulheres na escolarização da educação física no Espírito Santo : professoras e autoras (1931-1936)

Busca compreender a participação de 23 professoras normalistas formadas no Curso de Educação Física do Espírito Santo, na década de 1930, na escolarização da disciplina. Objetiva analisar como elas significaram sua presença como professoras e autoras da Educação Física capixaba. Como referencial teórico, utiliza os conceitos de lutas de representações (CHARTIER, 1990), estratégia e táticas (CERTEAU, 1994) e do paradigma indiciário (GINZBURG, 1999). Metodologicamente, faz uso da crítica documental (BLOCH, 2001). Como fontes, mobiliza documentos da Escola Normal, do Colégio Nossa Senhora Auxiliadora, do Arquivo Permanente do Centro de Educação Física e Desportos da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (Cefd/Ufes) (1931-1961), documentos do Arquivo Público do Estado do Espírito Santo, a Revista de Educação (1934-1937), o Diário da Manhã (1908-1937) e a revista Vida Capichaba (1923-1959). O Curso de Educação Física foi criado em 1931 e mantido por militares formados no Centro Militar de Educação Física. Apesar de a historiografia apontar o curso como espaço de irradiação de uma pretensa militarização e esportivização da Educação Física, os achados indicam outros intuitos. Essas outras intencionalidades são percebidas por meio de monografias produzidas pelos primeiros docentes formados no curso que, em sua maioria, eram mulheres. Foi possível perceber as apropriações e os usos realizados da cultura em circulação pelas alunas para a construção de seus trabalhos finais, que foram divulgados em impressos locais. Com as publicações, as mulheres alcançaram destaque e passaram a ocupar cadeiras em importantes instituições educacionais da região. Ao dar visibilidade à atuação das 23 professoras de Educação Física, torna-se possível perceber como elas fizeram uso de um capital simbólico acumulado ao longo de suas carreiras como professoras, autoras, enfim, como mulheres que se moviam de forma tática em meio aos discursos que buscavam determinar seus papéis sociais.

"Waking up from Medieval Slumber"

When the book Medieval Goa first appeared three decades ago (Delhi: Concept, 1979), it represented a significant break in the tradition of Indo-Portuguese historiography, until then markedly Luso-Indian, even when Goan native historians were the authors. This was acknowledged by prominent historians like C R Boxer, M N Pearson, A Disney, J Wicki and others who reviewed the book in international journals of history. The colonial culture and the political climate were not helpful for the promotion of a critical approach.

Historical Inevitability

What interests me more here is the so-called Historical Inevitability. It is a concept intimately linked with Human Choice and Freedom. There is a long history of debate around it among the western thinkers. The protestant thinkers, and particularly its Calvinist brand laid much emphasis upon predestination. The modern thinkers, freed from the theological trappings, questioned the Church imposed limitations to the capacity of human reasoning. The progress of science and technologies supported by it through the Industrial Revolution and thereafter seemed to endorse this new self-confidence. However, the miseries brought upon mankind by regional and world wars fuelled by the same technologies have made mankind wary of its faith upon scientific progress. The promises of modernization have left the greater part of mankind without its benefits, and even the rest of mankind is unsure of living in a safe and uncontaminated environment.

Eastwards / westwards: which direction for gender studies in the 21st century?

Eastwards / Westwards: Which Direction for Gender Studies in the XXIst Century? is a collection of essays which focus on themes and methods that characterize current research into gender in Asian countries in general. In this collection, ideas derived from Gender Studies elsewhere in the world have been subjected to scrutiny for their utility in helping to describe and understand regional phenomena. But the concepts of Local and Global – with their discoursive productions – have not functioned as a binary opposition: localism and globalism are mutually constitutive and researchers have interrogated those spaces of interaction between the ‘self’ and the ‘other’, bearing in mind their own embeddedness in social and cultural structures and their own historical memory. Contributors to this collection provided a critical transnational perspective on some of the complex effects of the dynamics of cultural globalization, by exploring the relation between gender and development, language, historiography, education and culture. We have also given attention to the ideological and rhetorical processes through which gender identity is constructed, by comparing textual grids and patterns of expectation. Likewise, we have discussed the role of ethnography, anthropology, historiography, sociology, fiction, popular culture and colonial and post-colonial sources in (re)inventing old/new male/female identities, their conversion into concepts and circulation through time and space. This multicultural and trans-disciplinary selection of essays is totally written in English, fully edited and revised, therefore, it has a good potential for an immediate international circulation. This project may trace new paths and issues for discussion on what concerns the life, practices and narratives by and about women in Asia, as well as elsewhere in the present day global experience. Academic readership: Researchers, scholars, educators, graduate and post-graduate students, doctoral students and general non-fiction readers, with a special interest in Gender Studies, Asia, Colonial and Post-Colonial Literature, Anthropology, Cultural Studies, History, Historiography, Politics, Race, Feminism, Language, Linguistics, Power, Political and Feminist Agendas, Popular Culture, Education, Women’s Writing, Religion, Multiculturalism, Globalisation, Migration. Chapter summary: 1. “Social Gender Stereotypes and their Implication in Hindi”, Anjali Pande, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. This essay looks at the subtle ways in which gender identities are constructed and reinforced in India through social norms of language use. Language itself becomes a medium for perpetuating gender stereotypes, forcing its speakers to confirm to socially defined gender roles. Using examples from a classroom discussion about a film, this essay will highlight the underlying rigid male-female stereotypes in Indian society with their more obvious expressions in language. For the urban woman in India globalisation meant increased economic equality and exposure to changed lifestyles. On an individual level it also meant redefining gender relations and changing the hierarchy in man-­woman relationships. With the economic independence there is a heightened sense of liberation in all spheres of social life, a confidence to fuzz the rigid boundaries of gender roles. With the new films and media celebrating this liberated woman, who is ready to assert her sexual needs, who is ready to explode those long held notions of morality, one would expect that the changes are not just superficial. But as it soon became obvious in the course of a classroom discussion about relationships and stereotypes related to age, the surface changes can not become part of the common vocabulary, for the obvious reason that there is still a vast gap between the screen image of this new woman and the ground reality. Social considerations define the limits of this assertiveness of women, whereas men are happy to be liberal within the larger frame of social sanctions. The educated urban woman in India speaks in favour of change and the educated urban male supports her, but one just needs to scratch the surface to see the time tested formulae of gender roles firmly in place. The way the urban woman happily balances this emerging promise of independence with her gendered social identity, makes it necessary to rethink some aspects of looking at gender in a gradually changing, traditional society like India. 2. “The Linguistic Dimension of Gender Equality”, Alissa Tolstokorova, Kiev Centre for Gender Information and Education, Ukraine. The subject-matter of this essay is gender justice in language which, as I argue, may be achieved through the development of a gender-related approach to linguistic human rights. The last decades of the 20th century, globally marked by a “gender shift” in attitudes to language policy, gave impetus to the social movement for promoting linguistic gender equality. It was initiated in Western Europe and nowadays is moving eastwards, as ideas of gender democracy progress into developing countries. But, while in western societies gender discrimination through language, or linguistic sexism, was an issue of concern for over three decades, in developing countries efforts to promote gender justice in language are only in their infancy. My argument is that to promote gender justice in language internationally it is necessary to acknowledge the rights of women and men to equal representation of their gender in language and speech and, therefore, raise a question of linguistic rights of the sexes. My understanding is that the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights in 1996 provided this opportunity to address the problem of gender justice in language as a human rights issue, specifically as a gender dimension of linguistic human rights. 3. “The Rebirth of an Old Language: Issues of Gender Equality in Kazakhstan”, Maria Helena Guimarães, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal. The existing language situation in Kazakhstan, while peaceful, is not without some tension. We propose to analyze here some questions we consider relevant in the frame of cultural globalization and gender equality, such as: free from Russian imperialism, could Kazakhstan become an easy prey of Turkey’s “imperialist dream”? Could these traditionally Muslim people be soon facing the end of religious tolerance and gender equality, becoming this new old language an easy instrument for the infiltration in the country of fundamentalism (it has already crossed the boarders of Uzbekistan), leading to a gradual deterioration of its rich multicultural relations? The present structure of the language is still very fragile: there are three main dialects and many academics defend the re-introduction of the Latin alphabet, thus enlarging the possibility of cultural “contamination” by making the transmission of fundamentalist ideas still easier through neighbour countries like Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan (their languages belong to the same sub-group of Common Turkic), where the Latin alphabet is already in use, and where the ground for such ideas shown itself very fruitful. 4. “Construction of Womanhood in the Bengali Language of Bangladesh”, Raasheed Mahmood; University of New South Wales, Sydney. The present essay attempts to explore the role of gender-based language differences and of certain markers that reveal the status accorded to women in Bangladesh. Discrimination against women, in its various forms, is endemic in communities and countries around the world, cutting across class, race, age, and religious and national boundaries. One cannot understand the problems of gender discrimination solely by referring to the relationship of power or authority between men and women. Rather one needs to consider the problem by relating it to the specific social formation in which the image of masculinity and femininity is constructed and reconstructed. Following such line of reasoning this essay will examine the nature of gender bias in the Bengali language of Bangladesh, holding the conviction that as a product of social reality language reflects the socio-cultural behaviour of the community who speaks it. This essay will also attempt to shed some light on the processes through which gender based language differences produce actual consequences for women, who become exposed to low self-esteem, depression and systematic exclusion from public discourse. 5. “Marriage in China as an expression of a changing society”, Elisabetta Rosado David, University of Porto, Portugal, and Università Ca’Foscari, Venezia, Italy. In 29 April 2001, the new Marriage Law was promulgated in China. The first law on marriage was proclaimed in 1950 with the objective of freeing women from the feudal matrimonial system. With the second law, in 1981, values and conditions that had been distorted by the Cultural Revolution were recovered. Twenty years later, a new reform was started, intending to update marriage in the view of the social and cultural changes that occurred with Deng Xiaoping’s “open policy”. But the legal reform is only the starting point for this case-study. The rituals that are followed in the wedding ceremony are often hard to understand and very difficult to standardize, especially because China is a vast country, densely populated and characterized by several ethnic minorities. Two key words emerge from this issue: syncretism and continuity. On this basis, we can understand tradition in a better way, and analyse whether or not marriage, as every social manifestation, has evolved in harmony with Chinese culture. 6. “The Other Woman in the Portuguese Colonial Empire: The Case of Portuguese India”, Maria de Deus Manso, University of Évora, Portugal. This essay researches the social, cultural and symbolic history of local women in the Portuguese Indian colonial enclaves. The normative Portuguese overseas history has not paid any attention to the “indigenous” female populations in colonial Portuguese territories, albeit the large social importance of these social segments largely used in matrimonial and even catholic missionary strategies. The first attempt to open fresh windows in the history of this new field was the publication of Charles Boxer’s referential study about Women in lberian Overseas Expansion, edited in Portugal only after the Revolution of 1975. After this research we can only quote some other fragmentary efforts. In fact, research about the social, cultural, religious, political and symbolic situation of women in the Portuguese colonial territories, from the XVI to the XX century, is still a minor historiographic field. In this essay we discuss this problem and we study colonial representations of women in the Portuguese Indian enclaves, mainly in the territory of Goa, using case studies methodologies. 7. “Heading East this Time: Critical Readings on Gender in Southeast Asia”, Clara Sarmento, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal. This essay intends to discuss some critical readings of fictional and theoretical texts on gender condition in Southeast Asian countries. Nowadays, many texts about women in Southeast Asia apply concepts of power in unusual areas. Traditional forms of gender hegemony have been replaced by other powerful, if somewhat more covert, forms. We will discuss some universal values concerning conventional female roles as well as the strategies used to recognize women in political fields traditionally characterized by male dominance. Female empowerment will mean different things at different times in history, as a result of culture, local geography and individual circumstances. Empowerment needs to be perceived as an individual attitude, but it also has to be facilitated at the macro­level by society and the State. Gender is very much at the heart of all these dynamics, strongly related to specificities of historical, cultural, ethnic and class situatedness, requiring an interdisciplinary transnational approach.

Culturas, políticas e novas identidades: uma leitura europeia sobre questões de género na Ásia

Este ensaio discute algumas leituras críticas de textos teóricos da área das ciências sociais e humanas sobre o estatuto de género em países asiáticos, tentando estabelecer quais as suas principais problemáticas e metodologias. Presta especial atenção à questão das vozes femininas silenciadas e das práticas ignoradas do quotidiano das mulheres, problematizando o que sucede – ou pode suceder – quando às mulheres é permitido não só possuir um espaço social próprio (“a room of their own”, para citar Virginia Woolf), mas também uma voz própria. Para Edward Said o conceito ocidental de orientalismo implicava uma concepção masculina particular do mundo, mais evidente em romances e diários de viagem, onde as mulheres eram geralmente criaturas da fantasia masculina de poder. Esta concepção masculina do mundo oriental tende a ser estática, construindo-se assim o estereótipo do “eterno oriental”. As mulheres, tal como o “oriental”, nunca falam de si mesmos, das suas verdadeiras emoções, desejos e histórias: têm de ser representados, alguém tem de falar por si. No âmbito deste estudo, analisam-se alguns processos ideológicos e retóricos através dos quais a identidade das mulheres é construída e representada, tanto pelas próprias mulheres, como por vozes substitutas. A etnografia, a antropologia, a historiografia, a ficção, a cultura popular, os media e todos os tipos de fontes textuais e visuais desempenham um papel de relevo na invenção e na reinvenção de antigas e de novas identidades femininas, e na circulação destas no tempo e no espaço.

A heráldica da polícia de segurança pública: subsídios para o estudo da heráldica corporativa em Portugal no século XX

Ensaia-se o estudo da heráldica da polícia de segurança pública. Trata-se da primeira tentativa de abordagem da matéria em apreço, privilegiando-se o aspecto da correcção da ordenação dos brasões de armas, bem como a sua análise em termos artísticos, ou seja a experimentação estética das armas e sua experimentação em termos de inovação e criatividade. ABSTRACT - This is an essay of the heraldry of the portuguese police. It is the first attempt of approaching this subject in portuguese historiography, we have privileged the study of the correction of the coats of arms, and its respective analysis as art, which means teh aesthetic and the aspect of innovation and creativity.

A heráldica e a emblemática da Guarda Nacional Republicana I

RESUMO: Ensaia-se o estudo da evolução da heráldica e emblemática da Guarda Nacional Republicana. Trata-se da primeira tentativa de abordagem da matéria em apreço, privilegiando-se e análise em termos artísticos, ou seja a experimentação estética das armas.

A heráldica e a emblemática da Guarda Nacional Republicana - II

RESUMO: Ensaia-se o estudo da evolução da heráldica e emblemática da Guarda Nacional Republicana. Trata-se da primeira tentativa de abordagem da matéria em apreço, privilegiando-se e análise em termos artísticos, ou seja a experimentação estética das armas.

A heráldica e a emblemática da Guarda Nacional Republicana - III

RESUMO: Ensaia-se o estudo da evolução da heráldica e emblemática da Guarda Nacional Republicana. Trata-se da primeira tentativa de abordagem da matéria em apreço, privilegiando-se e análise em termos artísticos, ou seja a experimentação estética das armas.

A doença oncológica no fórum da História: breve síntese sobre a evolução da luta anticancerosa em Portugal

Introdução – A doença oncológica tem sido assunto de abordagem historiográfica particularmente abundante no contexto internacional. No caso português só recentemente começaram a surgir os primeiros trabalhos em redor desta ampla temática. Objetivos – Revolvendo em torno da emergência e estruturação da luta anticancerosa no âmbito internacional, pretende-se apresentar uma breve síntese sobre a evolução deste fenómeno em Portugal na primeira metade do século XX. Metodologia – Análise documental. Qualitativa e heurística. Resultados/Discussão/Considerações finais – A luta contra a doença oncológica em Portugal não destoou do contexto médico-científico e do movimento internacional anticanceroso da primeira metade do século XX. No entanto, a emergência e a institucionalização do projeto anticanceroso nacional apresentou algumas particularidades. Inserido entre uma especialidade médica em processo de afirmação e as necessidades assistenciais dos cancerosos, resultou da conjugação de uma série de fatores que ultrapassam a mera assimilação de novas tecnologias médicas ou da criação de um espaço próprio para a prática da oncologia. Tornou-se também num meio para realizar um trabalho intenso de educação para a saúde, num instrumento de ponta na formação médica especializada e numa referência de modernidade científica no contexto do Estado Novo.

O Dilema de clio: uma leitura paratextual do romance histórico Herculaniano

Pretende-se, neste estudo, analisar o pensamento historiográfico de Alexandre Herculano, a partir dos paratextos com que o escritor enriqueceu a sua obra de ficção. Com esta análise pretende-se mostrar como o historiador Alexandre Herculano pensava a história, como sentia as limitações impostas pelo paradigma científico que, na sua época, dominava ou pretendia dominar todas as áreas do saber, e como se viu forçado a recorrer ao romance histórico para, juntando-o à história, produzir a síntese do homem global que perseguia.

A Igreja Católica nas origens do salazarismo

As relações entre a Igreja Católica e o Estado Novo constituem uma peça importante da historiografia portuguesa contemporânea. Sendo esta uma questão que está longe de ser consensual, sobretudo porque tem implícita a definição da natureza do regime, revela-se fundamental recuperar os seus fundamentos, através de uma análise do tipo de relacionamento estabelecidos entre as duas instituições nos primeiros anos do salazarismo.

The role of implicit contracts: Building public works in the 1840s in Portugal

Business History, Vol 50 No 2, p147-162

Population and railways in Portugal, 1801-1930

Portuguese historiography has mostly adopted a pessimistic view regarding the contribution of the railways to the development of country. Yet, railway access helped to increase population concentration and economic development, favoring migration into towns, the growth of pre-existing urban centers, and the emergence of new centers. But railways tended to be more beneficial to regions that were already prosperous and to aggravate the conditions unfavorable to development in areas with greater structural weaknesses.

Amadeo e Orpheu: para o desenvolvimento das relações entre Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso e a revista Orpheu

Amadeo de Souza-­‐Cardoso é commumente incluído em capítulos sobre a revista Or-­‐ pheu fundada por Fernando Pessoa e Mário de Sá-­‐Carneiro. Contudo, a integração do pintor na historiografia de Orpheu não foi revista, nem expandida. À medida que apro-­‐ fundamos a leitura de historiadores, como José-­‐Augusto França, apercebemo-­‐nos de que o papel desempenhado pelo pintor na revista se torna contraditório. Por um lado, Amadeo de Souza-­‐Cardoso é o maior representante da pintura no grupo de Orpheu (ultrapassando Guilherme de Santa-­‐Rita, que efectivamente publicou quarto hors-­‐ textes na revista modernista). Por outro lado, Amadeo vê-­‐se votado a um isolamento em Manhufe que parece dificultar o contacto com os projectos em ebulição em Lisboa. Nesta dissertação, focar-­‐se-­‐ão os mecanismos favoráveis à associação de Amadeo de Souza-­‐Cardoso ao grupo de Orpheu (o discurso de Almada) e os discursos que colocam em risco tal integração (o movimento sensacionista de Pessoa baseado em hierarquias artísticas). O projecto consolida-­‐se através da convocação das obras de Amadeo para as discus-­‐ sões literárias e pictóricas potenciadas pela revista Orpheu. Deste modo, investe-­‐se quer na reavaliação e no desenvolvimento dos estudos comparatistas anteriores, quer no distanciamento de abordagens estritamente biográficas ou documentais que podem ter bloqueado tentativas de comparação.