Catalyst engineering for lithium ion batteries: The catalytic role of Ge in enhancing the electrochemical performance of SnO2(GeO2)0.13/G anodes

The catalytic role of germanium (Ge) was investigated to improve the electrochemical performance of tin dioxide grown on graphene (SnO(2)/G) nanocomposites as an anode material of lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Germanium dioxide (GeO(20) and SnO(2) nanoparticles (<10 nm) were uniformly anchored on the graphene sheets via a simple single-step hydrothermal method. The synthesized SnO(2)(GeO(2))0.13/G nanocomposites can deliver a capacity of 1200 mA h g(-1) at a current density of 100 mA g(-1), which is much higher than the traditional theoretical specific capacity of such nanocomposites (∼ 702 mA h g(-1)). More importantly, the SnO(2)(GeO(2))0.13/G nanocomposites exhibited an improved rate, large current capability (885 mA h g(-1) at a discharge current of 2000 mA g(-1)) and excellent long cycling stability (almost 100% retention after 600 cycles). The enhanced electrochemical performance was attributed to the catalytic effect of Ge, which enabled the reversible reaction of metals (Sn and Ge) to metals oxide (SnO(2) and GeO(2)) during the charge/discharge processes. Our demonstrated approach towards nanocomposite catalyst engineering opens new avenues for next-generation high-performance rechargeable Li-ion batteries anode materials.

Crystalline A-DNA: The X-Ray Analysis of the Fragment d(G-G-T-A-T-A-C-C)

An A-DNA type double helical conformation was observed in the single crystal X-ray structure of the octamer d(G-G-T-A-T-A-C-C), 1, and its 5-bromouracil-containing analogue, 2. The structure of the isomorphous crystals (space group P61) was solved by a search technique based on packing criteria and R-factor calculations, with use of only low order data. At the present stage of refinement the R factors are 31 % for 1 and 28 % for 2 at a resolution of 2.25 A (0.225 nm). The molecules interact through their minor grooves by hydrogen bonding and base to sugar van der Waals contacts. The stable A conformation observed in the crystal may have some structural relevance to promoter regions where the T-A-T-A sequence is frequently found.

Sequence-dependent conformation of an A-DNA double helix: The crystal structure of the octamer d(G-G-T-A-T-A-C-C)

The crystal structures of the synthetic self-complementary octamer d(G-G-T-A-T-A-C-C) and its 5-bromouracil-containing analogue have been refined to R values of 20% and 14% at resolutions of 1·8 and 2·25 Å, respectively. The molecules adopt an A-DNA type double-helical conformation, which is minimally affected by crystal forces. A detailed analysis of the structure shows a considerable influence of the nucleotide sequence on the base-pair stacking patterns. In particular, the electrostatic stacking interactions between adjacent guanine and thymine bases produce symmetric bending of the double helix and a major-groove widening. The sugar-phosphate backbone appears to be only slightly affected by the base sequence. The local variations in the base-pair orientation are brought about by correlated adjustments in the backbone torsion angles and the glycosidic orientation. Sequence-dependent conformational variations of the type observed here may contribute to the specificity of certain protein-DNA interactions.

FTT-MA: A Flexible Time-Triggered Middleware Architecture for Time Sensitive, Resource-Aware AmI Systems

There is an increasing number of Ambient Intelligence (AmI) systems that are time-sensitive and resource-aware. From healthcare to building and even home/office automation, it is now common to find systems combining interactive and sensing multimedia traffic with relatively simple sensors and actuators (door locks, presence detectors, RFIDs, HVAC, information panels, etc.). Many of these are today known as Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). Quite frequently, these systems must be capable of (1) prioritizing different traffic flows (process data, alarms, non-critical data, etc.), (2) synchronizing actions in several distributed devices and, to certain degree, (3) easing resource management (e.g., detecting faulty nodes, managing battery levels, handling overloads, etc.). This work presents FTT-MA, a high-level middleware architecture aimed at easing the design, deployment and operation of such AmI systems. FTT-MA ensures that both functional and non-functional aspects of the applications are met even during reconfiguration stages. The paper also proposes a methodology, together with a design tool, to create this kind of systems. Finally, a sample case study is presented that illustrates the use of the middleware and the methodology proposed in the paper.

Estudio de la Calidad Experimentada (QoE) en el Servicio de Navegación Web: Contribución a la Validación de las Recomendaciones ITU-T P.1501 e ITU-T G.1031

Muchos de los servicios que hasta hace relativamente poco tiempo eran ofertados únicamente por los operadores de telecomunicaciones, han pasado en la actualidad a ser prestados por terceros gracias al modelo de servicios en la nube, impulsando el auge de este modelo frente al tradicional. Esto trae consigo un incremento en la complejidad en la implantación por parte del proveedor de políticas para la gestión de la QoS demandada por el cliente.En este nuevo escenario, el concepto de calidad de servicio ha venido evolucionando desde su definición clásica, entendida como el análisis objetivo de los indicadores intrínsecos de calidad que definen el rendimiento de un servicio, hacia una visión subjetiva centrada en el punto de vista del cliente respecto a dicho servicio. En este contexto, organismos de estandarización como la ITU, a través de sus grupos de trabajo, están fomentando el interesante planteamiento de abordar los servicios de telecomunicaciones ampliamente asentados y más que estudiados desde la vertiente clásica de la QoS, desde este nuevo prisma enfocado al cliente, en el que poder establecer una metodología de estudio de la QoE en dichos servicios. En particular, el trabajo presentado en este documento se asienta en la validación del draft de la recientemente aprobada recomendación ITU-T P.1501 (Metodología de test subjetiva para el servicio de navegación web), así como en la contribución a la recomendación G.1031 (Factores de QoE en el servicio de navegación web).

G蛋白在松类植物花粉管发育中的亚细胞定位及调控机制

G蛋白参与了哺乳动物内多种细胞信号途径，但其在植物花粉萌发和花粉管发育过程中的细胞学定位、生化特性及功能研究比较滞后，有关这方面的研究报道较少。在显花植物授粉受精过程中，具顶端极性生长特性的花粉管是雄性生殖单位的载体，也是研究细胞生长分子调控机理的理想体系。与被子植物相比，裸子植物具有生长周期长，花粉管生长缓慢、易分叉等特点，具有不同于被子植物花粉发育的独特发育模式。对于裸子植物花粉萌发和花粉管生长的调控机理，目前尚不十分清楚。本文以松类植物中比较有代表性的裸子植物青杆（Piceawillsonii）和白皮松(Pinus bungeana)花粉为试材，应用免疫分析和间接免疫荧光显微镜技术，结合药理学实验和FTIR手段，研究了异三聚体G蛋白和小G蛋白在花粉管细胞中的定位、生化特性及其在花粉管发育中的调控作用。结果如下： 应用Western Blotting技术和来自于抗哺乳动物中不同序列G蛋白O【亚基抗体，我们在白皮松花粉管中检测到一条分子量为40 kDa左右的蛋白。去污剂处理显示，该蛋白与质膜偶联。间接免疫荧光显微镜实验发现，在花粉管发育的整个时期，代表Ga蛋白的荧光均一的分布在整个质膜区域，尤其在尖端皮层区域荧光最亮，显示此处该蛋白浓度最高。无论是在正常发育的花粉管抑或是发生弯曲或扭曲生长的花粉管，均呈现同样的分布模式。随着花粉管发育，Ga蛋白表达量发生变化。在花粉管发育中期，Ga蛋白表达量比较高;随着花粉管离体培养时间的延长，Ga蛋白表达量下降。另外，在花粉刚刚萌发时，Ga蛋白表达量也比较低。 对白皮松花粉萌发进行的药理学实验显示，G蛋白调节剂 CTX和PTX对白皮松花粉管的影响呈现双阶段效应。当添加的药剂浓度小于400 ng mL-I时，无论CTX还是PTX均抑制了花粉萌发和花粉管生长，且花粉管容易破裂;而当二者浓度分别升至500 ng mL-I时，同对照相比，花粉管生长明显受到促进。这一结果不支持Ma等人在百合花粉中的研究结果。进一步应用FTIR技术分析发现，当用浓度为400 ng mL-I CTX或PTX处理花粉管时，花粉管细胞壁酚类物质增加，而纤维素、半纤维素、木聚糖等物质下降，这可能是导致此浓度处理下花粉管易破裂的原因。这些结果显示了G蛋白a亚基参与了白皮松花粉管生长，CTX和PTX可能通过下游对其敏感的功能蛋白而非Ga本身，影响着花粉管生长并调控着花粉管壁的建成。 利用来源于烟草的抗NtRacl抗体和拟南芥的抗ROPs抗体，应用WeternBlotting技术，我们在青杆花粉管中检测到分子量为23kDa的多肽。间接免疫荧光显微镜实验显示，在花粉萌发18和24小时后，Rac蛋白主要定位于花粉管尖端质膜区域，时而会延伸到顶端两侧区域，但从尖端到基部存在浓度梯度，这种分布模式多在花粉管发育的后期观察到。Rac蛋白在青杆花粉管不同发育时期的分布模式变化可能和花粉管的生长状态有关，在花粉管发育早期和中期，正是花粉管旺盛生长期，Rac蛋白的尖端定位保证了花粉管的极性生长。对Rac蛋白在花粉管的分布进行的连续切片扫描发现，Rac蛋白不但分布在质膜上，并与质膜偶联，而且在胞质中亦有分布。通过对一系列正常发育（即极性生长的花粉管）和畸形发育的花粉管进行观察发现，Rac蛋白主要分布在旺盛生长的花粉管尖端质膜或离顶端20 Vm处，在分叉的生长缓慢的分枝端分布较少。而在那些发生分叉生长的花粉管中，处于次要位置的基本停止生长的分枝端几乎没有Rac蛋白存在。在顶端发生膨大的花粉管中，Rac蛋白均匀分布在花粉管整个质膜上，丧失浓度梯度，失去极性生长。这些结果显示了Rac蛋白参与了青杆花粉管生长。 应用抗NtRacl抗体进行的间接免疫荧光显微镜定位实验，我们在正在生长的花粉管的管核中观察到明亮的荧光，显示了有Rac蛋白的存在。当精细胞在花粉粒中未移动到花粉管中时，几乎没有观察到荧光信号。随着花粉管发育，两个精细胞的位置发生变化，当其中一个较大的精细胞移动到花粉管中时，观察到明亮的荧光信号，这些结果显示了Rac蛋白可能参与了管核或精细胞在花粉管内的移动。

官能化LLDPE及其合金材料(LLDPE/HIPS)的制备及结构性能研究

本文采用核磁共振碳谱、电喷雾质谱研究LLDPE-g-AA接枝产物的链结构。电喷雾质谱显示所有的丙烯酸单体都发生自聚形成低聚物，核磁共振碳谱进一步证明了丙烯酸在聚乙烯链上形成支链，并且由于反应挤出过程中的高温作用，丙烯酸支链脱水形成酸酐。丙烯酸支链在聚乙烯的结晶过程中影响链段的规整性排列，并有可能充当成核剂，使得聚乙烯晶体随着接枝率的升高变得小而不规整。接枝产物的流变行为表明丙烯酸支链起到内增塑剂作用，降低接枝产物的表观粘度，有利于产物的后加工处理。由于接枝率低的缘故，我们采用角鲨烷模拟乙丙共聚物与马来酸酐进行接枝反应。在170℃，单体浓度为2%W/V，引发剂浓度为0.2%W/V下，体系中存在马来酸酐自聚和接枝一对竞争反应。但由于存在链转移，马来酸酐大部分以单个分子形式接在角鲨烷上。对于LLDPE/HIPS共混体系，我们采用不同于以外加增容剂的办法，直接在共混过程中加入路易斯酸，利用聚乙烯本身带有或降解过程中生成的少量双键与苯发生Friedel-Crafts烷基化反应。为了找到最佳反应条件，我们研究了不同AlCl_3含量、反应时间、反应温度对增容效果的影响。增容共混物的力学性能，特别是冲击强度和微观形态照片表明加入AlCl_3后，在PE/HIPS两相界面处生成接枝共聚物PE-g-HIPS，降低界面张力，改善共混性。由于增容剂只在两相界面处生成，因此加入AlCl_3对共混物中聚乙烯组分的热学性能和结晶性并没有太大影响。

Multiple expansions of C-4 plant biomass in East Asia since 7 Ma coupled with strengthened monsoon circulation

IEECAS SKLLQG

Radiation effects on the immiscible polymer blend of nylon1010 and high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) I: Gel/dose curves, mathematical expectation theorem and thermal behaviour

This paper studies the radiation properties of the immiscible blend of nylon1010 and HIPS. The gel fraction increased with increasing radiation dose. The network was found mostly in nylon1010, the networks were also found in both nylon1010 and HIPS when the dose reaches 0.85 MGy or more. We used the Charleby-Pinner equation and the modified Zhang-Sun-Qian equation to simulate the relationship with the dose and the sol fraction. The latter equation fits well with these polymer blends and the relationship used by it showed better linearity than the one by the Charleby-Pinner equation. We also studied the conditions of formation of the network by the mathematical expectation theorem for the binary system. Thermal properties of polymer blend were observed by DSC curves. The crystallization temperature decreases with increasing dose because the cross-linking reaction inhibited the crystallization procession and destroyed the crystals. The melting temperature also reduced with increasing radiation dose. The dual melting peak gradually shifted to single peak and the high melting peak disappeared at high radiation dose. However, the radiation-induced crystallization was observed by the heat of fusion increasing at low radiation dose. On the other hand, the crystal will be damaged by radiation. A similar conclusion may be drawn by the DSC traces when the polymer blends were crystallized. When the radiation dose increases, the heat of fusion reduces dramatically and so does the heat of crystallization. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

偶氮氯膦——mA分光光度法测定钢样及食盐中钡

在pH9.0的NH_3—NH_4Cl缓冲溶液中,Ba(Ⅱ)与间乙酰基偶氮氯膦(CPAmA)生成紫蓝色络合物。络合物的最大吸收位于635nm。络合物的组成Ba(Ⅱ):CPAmA为1∶4,表现摩尔吸光系数ε_(max)=1.95×10~41·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1),钡(Ⅱ)含量在0-3.2×10~(-3)g/L范围内遵守比尔定律。本法用于测定钢样及食盐中的钡,结果满意。