Synopsis of biological data on the Nassau grouper, Epinephelus striatus (Bloch, 1792), and the jewfish, E. itajara (Lichenstein, 1822)

Information on the biology, fishery resources, explotiation patterns, management, and conservation status of two species of grouper-the Nassau grouper, Epinephelus striatus, and the jewfish, Epinephelus itajara-is compiled, reviewed, and analyzed. (PDF file contains 68 pages.)

Carta que dirigio a Sua Magestade o Senhor D. João VI em data de 22 de setembro de 1822 o Principe Real

A última carta que D. Pedro dirigiu a seu pai traz um trecho que justifica o cuidado das Cortes em não divulgar esses documentos, além do necessário para informar os deputados. Diz ele: "hei por bem declarar tods os decretos preteridos dessas facciosas,orrorosas, machiavélicas,desorganizadoras, ediondas e pestiferas Cortes, nullos, irritos e enexequiveis". Adiante, diz: "Triunfa e triunfará a Independência Brasílica ou a morte nos hade custar".

Cartas e documentos dirigidos a Sua Magestade o Senhor D. João VI pelo Principe Real o Senhor D. Pedro de Alcântara : e que forão presentes às Cortes em a Sessão de 28 de septembro de 1822

A carta na qual Dom Pedro comunica a Independência do Brasil é datada de 26 de setembro de 1822 e contém a ata da sua aclamação como Imperador Constitucional e Defensor Perpétuo do Brasil.

Relatorio e synopse dos trabalhos da Camara dos Srs. Deputados : na sessão do anno de 1887 : contendo andamento de todos os projetos e pareceres, discussão especificada do orçamento e differentes documentos, quadros estatisticos e outros esclarecimentos : organizados na Secretaria da mesma Camara

Sinopse dos trabalhos da Câmara dos Deputados, em 1887.

Preliminary study on the natural extenders for artificial breeding of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

The objective of the present study was to determine the most suitable extender and their respective dilution ratios for African catfish sperm for artificial induced breeding and cryopreservation purposes. Three natural extenders were tested i.e. coconut water, sugarcane water and soybean solutions, at three different levels of sperm to extender dilutions of 1:20, 1:30 and 1:40. While Ringer solution was used as a control Diluted sperm were fertilized with ready isolated eggs to assess the fertility and hatching rate at 0, 6 and 12 hour intervals. The results showed that the eggs hatched approximately 19 to 27 hours after fertilization. In general, the fertilization and hatching rates decreased with increasing dilution ratio. With respect to natural extenders, the coconut water showed the highest fertility and hatching rates at 1:20 dilution ratio. Therefore, coconut water at 1:20 dilution ratio was the optimal condition for African catfish spermatozoa among the natural extenders investigated.

Successful handstripping of hatchery bred and reared male African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

A total of 45 Male and 5 female Clarias gariepinus bred and reared in the hatchery in sunning for one year were obtained for this experiment. The fish were then housed separately according to their sexes and maintained on trout diet at 10% body weight for two days before they were subjected to induction. These were then induced using both human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG - 500iu) and carp pituitary suspension (CPS -3mg kg super(-1) suspended in 0.9% saline) either as priming or resolving doses. The milt produced was used to fertilize eggs tripped from females. The results indicated high milt production, motility and fertility in most males

The analysis of dieldrin residues in the brain, liver and muscles of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822) chronically exposed to dieldrin

Mature adult Clarias gariepinus were obtained at the ABRU hatchery in Sonning (UK), where they had beenbred and reared for several years. These were exposed to two concentrations of dieldrin in water (2.4 mu g super(-1) and 4.0 mu g super(-1). The residue analysis of diedrin in three tissues exposed for on moth at two concentrations was carried out. These were subjected to GLC analytical process. The results indicated significantly (P<0.05) higher residues in liver than in muscle and brain. The results also showed that residue levels were dependant on exposure concentration

Length-weight relationship and organ indices of pond raised and wild population of C. gariepinus (Burchell 1822) pisces-Claridae

Samples of C. gariepinus collected from the wild and cultured populations in Plateau and Niger States of Nigeria were analyzed for length-weight relationship and organ indices (Gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), renalsomatic index (RSI) and somatic fat deposit index (PDI). High correlation and linear relationship between body length and body weight was observed in all sample population (P<0.05). A significant difference was observed between the GSI of males and females of both wild and cultured population and also between females of the wild and cultured population,(P < 0.05).There was no significant difference in HSI, CSI RSI and PDI of all the sample populations (P < 0.05).The importance of length-weight relationship and organ indices in fish production are discussed

Effect of darting phenomenon of African catfish Heterobranchus longifilis (Burchell 1822) on growth performance of Nile tilapia: Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Replicate Ponds of 0.02ha stocked at 500 catfishes with 20,000 tilapia/ha were used to assess growth performance of O.niloticus, average weight 50.4g with (i) darted catfish; H.longifilis (shooters) average weight 60.3g (ii) non-shooters of H.longifilis, average weight 35.4g. Final mean weight, mean growth rate, specific growth rate and food conversion ratio were 499.5g 26g/day, 1.36% and 5.58% respectively for O.niloticus stocked with longifilis (shooters and 440.4g 2.3g/day 1.23% and 5.58% respectively for O.niloticus stocked withH.longifilis (non- shooters) and 246.9g, 1.2g/day, 0.93, 6.30% respectively for tilapia in monoculture. The least growth was noted for O. niloticus in monoculture while the best growth was recorded O. niloticus in polyculture with darted catfish

Effect of salinity on growth and survival of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822): Clariidae fry

The effect of different salinity levels on the growth and survival of Clarais gariepinus fry was studied in indoor hatchery system for a period of three weeks. 1000 Clarias gariepinus fry of an average weight 0.37~c0.06g were stocked at 100 fry in five replicated 20 liters plastic bowls. Five salinity levels of 0.2, 0.4, 1.1, 2.1 and 4.2ppt were tested. The results indicated that significant difference P~.0.05 highest weight gain of 0.89~c0.05g was presented by fry in 0.2ppt medium. All fry raised in 4.2ppt died within 24 hours. No significant difference P~,0.05 in weight gain is presented in fry raised in 0.2ppt-2.1ppt. From this study, the weight gain decreases with increase in salinity. Also the survival rate decreases from 0.2ppt to 1.1ppt raised fry while the lowest significant difference P~.0.05 survivals were presented in fry raised in 2.1 and 4.2ppt. Based on these results and foregoing, salinity rate of 0.4ppt is favourable for growth and survival of C.gariepinus fry

Effect of darting phenomenon of African catfish Heterobranchus longifilis (Burchell 1822) on growth performance of Nile tilapia: Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Replicate Ponds of 0.02ha stocked at 500 catfishes with 20,000 tilapia/ha were used to assess growth performance of O.niloticus, average weight 50.4g with (i) darted catfish; H.longifilis (shooters) average weight 60.3g (ii) non-shooters of H.longifilis, average weight 35.4g. Final mean weight, mean growth rate, specific growth rate and food conversion ratio were 499.5g 26g/day, 1.36% and 5.58% respectively for O.niloticus stocked with longifilis (shooters) and 440.4g 2.3g/day 1.23% and 5.58% respectively for O.niloticus stocked with H.longifilis (non- shooters) and 246.9g, 1.2g/day, 0.93, 6.30% respectively for tilapia in monoculture. The least growth was noted for O. niloticus in monoculture while the best growth was recorded O. niloticus in polyculture with darted catfish

The rediscovery of the Cladoceran Eurycercus glacialis Lilljeborg, 1887 (Branchiopoda, Chydoridae) in Scotland

The author describes an investigation, the primary aims of which were to locate accurately and assess the ecological status of two Eurycercus glacialis populations in Scotland. A 1957 record of the species did not give a precise location, and on publication of a preliminary report on the location, the possibility of a second location was suggested. In April and May 1988, 16 waterbodies were sampled near Tain, in Scotland, as a result of which the dune waterbodies at Morrich More have now been positively identified as the only known location of E. glacialis in mainland Britain. A second population was found on Shetland. As the mainland site is under considerable developmental pressure from oil pipeline construction, the importance of determining the extent of the distribution on Shetland is highlighted.

Melatonina, isoenzimas de glutationa S-transferases e estresse oxidante em pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887)

O oxigênio é fundamental para os vertebrados. No entanto, variações dos níveis de oxigênio na água podem provocar estresse oxidante em peixes porque privação de oxigênio seguida de reoxigenação forma espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) em células. Níveis intracelulares de ERO aumentados favorecem que moléculas de proteínas, fosfolipídios e ácidos nucleicos sofram alterações, vindo a prejudicar muitas funções celulares. No Pantanal, habitat do pacu, o nível de oxigênio varia circadianamente na água das lagoas rasas que acabam isoladas dos rios na seca. O pacu evoluiu sob a pressão contínua da exposição aos efeitos prejudiciais das ERO causados pelos pulsos de inundação. A melatonina, uma indolamina produzida na glândula pineal, influencia os níveis de atividade de enzimas antioxidantes que reduzem ERO, além de ser capaz de doar elétrons ou captar radicais livres de forma não enzimática. Os níveis de melatonina no pacu são mais altos no verão e menores no inverno. Isoenzimas de glutationa S-transferases que conjugam o tripetídeo glutationa com o 4-hidroxinonenal, aldeído derivado da peroxidação de ácidos graxos por ERO, são importantes para evitar alteração funcional de proteínas por ligação do 4-hidroxinonenal à sua estrutura. Neste trabalho procuramos relação entre estresse oxidante, níveis de atividades de glutationa S-transferase e melatonina, para estabelecer se a melatonina ajudaria pacus a superar os efeitos deletérios das espécies reativas de oxigênio. Ensaiamos atividades de isoenzimas de glutationa S-transferases no citosol de fígado de pacus mantidos em normoxia, hipoxia, reoxigenação e hiperoxia no inverno e no verão. Medimos o efeito da melatonina in vitro e in vivo sobre as atividades de isoenzimas de glutationa S-transferase. Medimos os efeitos do estresse oxidante sobre a ligação do 4-hidroxinonenal com proteínas nos fígados de pacus tratados com melatonina. Somente as isoenzimas que conjugam 4-hidroxinonenal com glutationa mostraram menor atividade no inverno em relação ao verão; outras isoenzimas de glutationa S-transferases não alteram suas atividades sazonalmente. In vitro a melatonina não alterou a atividade de isoenzimas de glutationa S-transferase que conjugam o 4-hidroxinonenal, mas inibiu outras isoenzimas de glutationa S-transferase. In vivo a melatonina aumentou a atividade encontrada no inverno das isoenzimas que conjugam o 4-hidroxinonenal para os níveis do verão. A ligação de 4-hidroxinonenal com proteínas foi menor em pacus inoculados com melatonina. Nossos resultados mostram que a melatonina pode influenciar os efeitos de ERO em fígado de pacus. Ficou claro que a melatonina do plasma mantém os níveis de atividade conjugadora de 4-hidroxinonenal do fígado em pacus e que a baixa produção de melatonina no inverno não é adequada para a conjugação do 4-hidroxinonenal em fígado de pacus.

Marinheiros para o Brasil: o recrutamento para a marinha de guerra imperial (1822-1870)

O recrutamento militar para a Marinha de Guerra brasileira, entre 1822 a 1870, foi marcado por importantes mudanças políticas no Império. Foi um fenômeno social, parte integrante, da constituição da classe dirigente do período, a classe senhorial, e do Estado Imperial. O recrutamento tinha por regulamento a lei de 10 de julho de 1822 que liberava do tributo, os trabalhadores empregados nas principais atividades econômicas, além daqueles que estava sob a proteção de algum poder local. Essas condições deixavam a prestação do serviço aos desempregados, vadios, desvalidos e criminosos, fazendo que a Marinha cumprisse um papel também prisional, em eu castigos físicos era a regra de punição. A Marinha de Guerra, após os primeiros anos da independência dependeu enormemente do engajamento de estrangeiros. Na Regência, surgiram as primeiras ações para a nacionalização da força armada, com o recrutamento de menores e indígenas. Em 1840, no início do Segundo Reinado, foi criado o Corpo de Imperiais Marinheiros, que expandiu-se pelo Brasil, a partir de 1855. Essas ações representaram iniciativas de instrução para a profissionalização dos marinheiros brasileiros no Império.