Manejo de suelo mediante coberturas vegetales establecidas

El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar los efectos de las coberturas vegetales en el microclima de la planta de vid. Se compararon cinco coberturas de diferente ciclo vegetativo con respecto al manejo de suelo sin labranza mediante aplicación de herbicidas. El estudio se desarrolló en un viñedo cv. Malbec conducido en espaldera alta, situado en Agrelo, Luján de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina. Se determinaron parámetros microclimáticos, temperatura, humedad relativa y radiación a nivel de racimos, temperatura del suelo, cantidad y calidad de la radiación reflejada por la cobertura. También se midió la expresión vegetativa y de uvas y el potencial enológico. Se verificó una significativa disminución de la radiación fotosintéticamente activa (RFA) reflejada por las coberturas con una menor relación “Rojo/Rojo lejano" comparada con el suelo descubierto. Sin embargo, el efecto no se percibió dentro de la canopia debido a que las coberturas permanentes de trébol rojo (Trifolium pratensis) y agropiro alargado (Agropyron elongatum) restringieron el vigor de las cepas, disminuyendo el crecimiento de brotes y el tamaño de hojas, lo cual se tradujo en una mayor recepción directa de la RFA a nivel de racimos. No hubo una significativa variación en cuanto a temperatura máxima, mínima y amplitud térmica a nivel de racimos. No obstante ello, los tratamientos con mayor cobertura de suelo tendieron a reducir levemente la temperatura mínima a nivel de racimos. La humedad relativa en la canopia no fue significativamente afectada. El trébol rojo, el agropiro alargado, la mezcla centeno-cebadilla (Secale cereale-Bromus catharticus) y el sorgo del Sudán (Sorghum sudanensis) redujeron notablemente la amplitud térmica del suelo. El efecto fue determinado principalmente por la disminución de la temperatura máxima. Las coberturas vegetales con alguna dificultad para desarrollarse durante su ciclo vegetativo tuvieron un comportamiento intermedio o uno muy similar al de un suelo descubierto. La introducción de una cobertura permanente con buena invasión del sitio interfilar permitió modificar indirectamente las características microclimáticas de la canopia, a través del control del crecimiento vegetativo y de los rendimientos de la planta de vid, modificando el equilibrio vigor / producción del viñedo, y por lo tanto la composición de las uvas y del vino elaborado.

Vegetation, soil and site characteristics of samples taken along the Yamal Transet in 2007-2008

The overarching goal of the Yamal portion of the Greening of the Arctic project is to examine how the terrain and anthropogenic factors of reindeer herding and resource development combined with the climate variations on the Yamal Peninsula affect the spatial and temporal patterns of vegetation change and how these changes are in turn affecting traditional herding of the indigenous people of the region. The purpose of the expeditions was to collect groundobservations in support of remote sensing studies at four locations along a transect that traverses all the major bioclimate subzones of the Yamal Peninsula. This data report is a summary of information collected during the 2007 and 2008 expeditions. It includes all the information from the 2008 data report (Walker et al. 2008) plus new information collected at Kharasavey in Aug 2008. The locations included in this report are Nadym (northern taiga subzone), Laborovaya (southern tundra = subzone E of the Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Map (CAVM), Vaskiny Dachi (southern typical tundra = subzone D), and Kharasavey (northern typical tundra = subzone C). Another expedition is planned for summer 2009 to the northernmost site at Belyy Ostrov (Arctic tundra = subzone B). Data are reported from 10 study sites - 2 at Nadym, 2 at Laborovaya, and 3 at Vaskiny Dachi and 3 at Kharasavey. The sites are representative of the zonal soils and vegetation, but also include variation related to substrate (clayey vs. sandy soils). Most of the information was collected along 5 transects at each sample site, 5 permanent vegetation study plots, and 1-2 soil pits at each site. The expedition also established soil and permafrost monitoring sites at each location. This data report includes: (1) background for the project, (2) general descriptions and photographs of each locality and sample site, (3) maps of the sites, study plots, and transects at each location, (4) summary of sampling methods used, (5) tabular summaries of the vegetation data (species lists, estimates of cover abundance for each species within vegetation plots, measured percent ground cover of species along transects, site factors for each study plot), (6) summaries of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and leaf area index (LAI) along each transect, (7) soil descriptions and photos of the soil pits at each study site, (8) summaries of thaw measurements along each transect, and (9) contact information for each of the participants. One of the primary objectives was to provide the Russian partners with full documentation of the methods so that Russian observers in future years could repeat the observations independently.

Jamaica, 1763 (Image 1 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: This map of the island of Jamaica; laid down from the papers and under the direction of Henry Moore, Esqr.; His Majesty's Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief of that island, in the years 1756, 57, 58, 59, 60 & 61; & from a great number of actual surveys performed by the publishers is humbly inscribed by his lordship's most obedient & most humble servants, Thos. Craskell, engineer, Jas. Simpson, surveyor. It was published by D. Fournier in 1763. Scale [ca 1:200,000]. This layer is image 1 of 4 total images of the four sheet map, representing the southwest portion of the map.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Jamaica Grid projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as towns, villages, and other human settlements, roads, drainage, selected buildings, ground cover, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially. Includes also illustrations.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Jamaica, 1763 (Image 2 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: This map of the island of Jamaica; laid down from the papers and under the direction of Henry Moore, Esqr.; His Majesty's Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief of that island, in the years 1756, 57, 58, 59, 60 & 61; & from a great number of actual surveys performed by the publishers is humbly inscribed by his lordship's most obedient & most humble servants, Thos. Craskell, engineer, Jas. Simpson, surveyor. It was published by D. Fournier in 1763. Scale [ca 1:200,000]. This layer is image 2 of 4 total images of the four sheet map, representing the southeast portion of the map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Jamaica Grid projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as towns, villages, and other human settlements, roads, drainage, selected buildings, ground cover, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially. Includes also illustrations.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Jamaica, 1763 (Image 3 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: This map of the island of Jamaica; laid down from the papers and under the direction of Henry Moore, Esqr.; His Majesty's Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief of that island, in the years 1756, 57, 58, 59, 60 & 61; & from a great number of actual surveys performed by the publishers is humbly inscribed by his lordship's most obedient & most humble servants, Thos. Craskell, engineer, Jas. Simpson, surveyor. It was published by D. Fournier in 1763. Scale [ca 1:200,000]. This layer is image 3 of 4 total images of the four sheet map, representing the northeast portion of the map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Jamaica Grid projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as towns, villages, and other human settlements, roads, drainage, selected buildings, ground cover, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially. Includes also illustrations.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Jamaica, 1763 (Image 4 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: This map of the island of Jamaica; laid down from the papers and under the direction of Henry Moore, Esqr.; His Majesty's Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief of that island, in the years 1756, 57, 58, 59, 60 & 61; & from a great number of actual surveys performed by the publishers is humbly inscribed by his lordship's most obedient & most humble servants, Thos. Craskell, engineer, Jas. Simpson, surveyor. It was published by D. Fournier in 1763. Scale [ca 1:200,000]. This layer is image 4 of 4 total images of the four sheet map, representing the northwest portion of the map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Jamaica Grid projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as towns, villages, and other human settlements, roads, drainage, selected buildings, ground cover, shoreline features, and more. Relief shown pictorially. Includes also illustrations.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

County of Cornwall, Jamaica, 1763 (Image 1 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: This map of the county of Cornwall, in the island of Jamaica; laid down from the papers, under the direction of, Henry Moore, Esqr., His Majesty's Lieutenant Governor, and Commander in Chief of that island, in the years 1756, 57, 58, 59, 60 & 61, & from a great number of actual surveys performed by the publishers is humbly inscribed by his lordship's most obedient & humble servants, Thos. Craskell, engineer, Jas. Simpson, surveyor. It was published by D. Fournier in 1763. Scale [ca. 1:95,000]. This layer is image 1 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the southwest portion of the map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Jamaica Grid projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as towns, villages, and other human settlements, roads, parish boundaries, drainage, selected buildings and names of landowners, ground cover, shoreline features, shoals, channels, anchorage points, and more.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

County of Cornwall, Jamaica, 1763 (Image 2 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: This map of the county of Cornwall, in the island of Jamaica; laid down from the papers, under the direction of, Henry Moore, Esqr., His Majesty's Lieutenant Governor, and Commander in Chief of that island, in the years 1756, 57, 58, 59, 60 & 61, & from a great number of actual surveys performed by the publishers is humbly inscribed by his lordship's most obedient & humble servants, Thos. Craskell, engineer, Jas. Simpson, surveyor. It was published by D. Fournier in 1763. Scale [ca. 1:95,000]. This layer is image 2 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the southeast portion of the map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Jamaica Grid projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as towns, villages, and other human settlements, roads, parish boundaries, drainage, selected buildings and names of landowners, ground cover, shoreline features, shoals, channels, anchorage points, and more.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

County of Cornwall, Jamaica, 1763 (Image 3 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: This map of the county of Cornwall, in the island of Jamaica; laid down from the papers, under the direction of, Henry Moore, Esqr., His Majesty's Lieutenant Governor, and Commander in Chief of that island, in the years 1756, 57, 58, 59, 60 & 61, & from a great number of actual surveys performed by the publishers is humbly inscribed by his lordship's most obedient & humble servants, Thos. Craskell, engineer, Jas. Simpson, surveyor. It was published by D. Fournier in 1763. Scale [ca. 1:95,000]. This layer is image 3 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the northeast portion of the map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Jamaica Grid projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as towns, villages, and other human settlements, roads, parish boundaries, drainage, selected buildings and names of landowners, ground cover, shoreline features, shoals, channels, anchorage points, and more.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

County of Cornwall, Jamaica, 1763 (Image 4 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: This map of the county of Cornwall, in the island of Jamaica; laid down from the papers, under the direction of, Henry Moore, Esqr., His Majesty's Lieutenant Governor, and Commander in Chief of that island, in the years 1756, 57, 58, 59, 60 & 61, & from a great number of actual surveys performed by the publishers is humbly inscribed by his lordship's most obedient & humble servants, Thos. Craskell, engineer, Jas. Simpson, surveyor. It was published by D. Fournier in 1763. Scale [ca. 1:95,000]. This layer is image 4 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the northwest portion of the map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Jamaica Grid projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as towns, villages, and other human settlements, roads, parish boundaries, drainage, selected buildings and names of landowners, ground cover, shoreline features, shoals, channels, anchorage points, and more. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

County of Middlesex, Jamaica, 1763 (Image 1 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: This map of the county of Middlesex in the island of Jamaica; laid down from the papers, and under the direction of Henry Moore, Esqr., His Majesty's Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief of that island, in the years 1756, 57, 58, 60, & 61 and from a great number of actual surveys performed by the publishers is humbly inscribed by his lordship's most obedient & most humble servants, Thos. Craskell, engineer, Jas. Simpson, surveyor. It was published by D. Fournier in 1763. Scale [ca. 1:95,000]. The layer is image 1 of 4 total images of the four sheet map, representing the southeast portion of the map.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Jamaica Grid projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as towns, villages, and other human settlements, roads, parish boundaries, drainage, selected buildings and names of landowners, ground cover, shoreline features, shoals, channels, anchorage points, and more.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

County of Middlesex, Jamaica, 1763 (Image 2 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: This map of the county of Middlesex in the island of Jamaica; laid down from the papers, and under the direction of Henry Moore, Esqr., His Majesty's Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief of that island, in the years 1756, 57, 58, 60, & 61 and from a great number of actual surveys performed by the publishers is humbly inscribed by his lordship's most obedient & most humble servants, Thos. Craskell, engineer, Jas. Simpson, surveyor. It was published by D. Fournier in 1763. Scale [ca. 1:95,000]. The layer is image 2 of 4 total images of the four sheet map, representing the southwest portion of the map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Jamaica Grid projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as towns, villages, and other human settlements, roads, parish boundaries, drainage, selected buildings and names of landowners, ground cover, shoreline features, shoals, channels, anchorage points, and more.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

County of Middlesex, Jamaica, 1763 (Image 3 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: This map of the county of Middlesex in the island of Jamaica; laid down from the papers, and under the direction of Henry Moore, Esqr., His Majesty's Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief of that island, in the years 1756, 57, 58, 60, & 61 and from a great number of actual surveys performed by the publishers is humbly inscribed by his lordship's most obedient & most humble servants, Thos. Craskell, engineer, Jas. Simpson, surveyor. It was published by D. Fournier in 1763. Scale [ca. 1:95,000]. The layer is image 3 of 4 total images of the four sheet map, representing the northwest portion of the map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Jamaica Grid projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as towns, villages, and other human settlements, roads, parish boundaries, drainage, selected buildings and names of landowners, ground cover, shoreline features, shoals, channels, anchorage points, and more. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

County of Middlesex, Jamaica, 1763 (Image 4 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: This map of the county of Middlesex in the island of Jamaica; laid down from the papers, and under the direction of Henry Moore, Esqr., His Majesty's Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief of that island, in the years 1756, 57, 58, 60, & 61 and from a great number of actual surveys performed by the publishers is humbly inscribed by his lordship's most obedient & most humble servants, Thos. Craskell, engineer, Jas. Simpson, surveyor. It was published by D. Fournier in 1763. Scale [ca. 1:95,000]. The layer is image 4 of 4 total images of the four sheet map, representing the northeast portion of the map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Jamaica Grid projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as towns, villages, and other human settlements, roads, parish boundaries, drainage, selected buildings and names of landowners, ground cover, shoreline features, shoals, channels, anchorage points, and more.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Orleans, France, ca. 1680 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Plan de la ville d'Orleans : comme il est aujourd'huy, où sont representées en elevation les églises, palais et autres edifices. It was published by Chez le Sr. Iselin, au bas du Pont au Change between 1680 and 1715. Scale [ca. 1:4,625]. Map in French.The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the European Datum 1950, Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 31N projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings, fortifications, ground cover, and more. Selected features shown pictorially. Includes also a brief history of the city.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.