992 resultados para Grinding process


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Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais - FC

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais - FC

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Shearplate is an optical glass plate having two flat surfaces and a small angle between them. The use of a high quality shear plate is essential to implement shear interferometric technique . The shear interferometry is a technique used to evaluate the light beam collimation. In order to guarantee the shearplate quality , the complete manufacturing process must be thoroughly monitored. In the manufacturing process, the first step consisted of the glass selection. The selected glass has been submitted to the process of cutting, gluing, chamfering, grinding and polishing. Each phase has been strictly monitored. The quality of the final result depends extremely on an appropriate starting condition, which arises from the grinding process, as the polishing process only recovers the brightness of the part, acting on a small scale on the wearing off of the part, as well as not changing the structured obtained in the grinding process. Respecting all stages of the manufacturing process, the quality of the part has evolved to a good result. The best result obtained showed PV distance of 162 nm, slightly less than λ / 4. This result is significant because the dimensions of the piece with respect to the dimensions of the polisher what interferes directly in the results. The closer are the dimensions of piece and the dimensions of the polisher, the greater the difficulty in controlling the propagation of errors

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Pós-graduação em Engenharia Elétrica - FEB

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Valuable black powder has been produced traditionally by the wheel-mill grinding process. It is a process which evolved since the 12th century until his crowning moment ca. 1850. The current system of manufacturing black powder has barely changed in 150 years. This traditional system has and inherent risk of explosion in several stages which is not avoidable. Laws and restrictions are constantly increasing. So do the transportation costs, whatever are his final use. Nowadays the consumer price could be multiplied by easily more than ten times the original production cost. Traditional factories tend to group, merge and move away from settled areas. Obviously this protects the factories from public opinion in case of an accident thus increases the final cost of the propellant. The wet production could allow plants to scatter and decrease production costs. A wet method of production is proposed and developed in this project. The components are mixed in presence of water and extracted with an organic solvent. This conditions insures there is no risk of explosion. The method uses low and cheap technology. Precise calculations are presented among thermodynamic, legal and economic factors. Although the work is based in traditional (KNO3-C-S) black powder, other oxidizers with present interest like are studied. Furthermore, traditional production systems and quality processes are also discussed. Obtener pólvora negra ha sido posible gracias a la producción por vía seca con el molino de ruedas. Es un procedimiento que ha estado en evolución desde el siglo XII hasta su cénit a mediados del siglo XIX. Las producciones actuales utilizan este sistema que apenas ha variado en 150 años. El proceso clásico implica riesgos inherentes e inevitables de explosión en varias de sus etapas. Cada día la legislación es progresivamente más restrictiva con el transporte de explosivos. Las pólvoras, sean usadas para pirotecnia, cartuchería o materiales energéticos, están sujetas a gravámenes por el transporte. Hoy día el precio al consumidor puede llegar a estar multiplicado hasta más de diez veces el coste de producción. Las producciones tradicionales tienden a agruparse y alejarse de las poblaciones. Esto las protege, en caso de accidente, de la opinión pública aunque a costa de encarecer el producto. La producción húmeda es fácilmente escalable y apenas requiere inversión pudiendo dispersar las producciones y abaratar los costes. En este proyecto se propone un sistema de producción de explosivos salinos por vía húmeda, a través de una incorporación acuosa y una extracción con un disolvente orgánico. Las condiciones de operación aseguran que no hay riesgo ninguno de explosión. El sistema utiliza tecnología muy accesible y económica. Se han incorporado cálculos meticulosos además de discutir aspectos termodinámicos, legislativos y económicos. Aunque el trabajo se centra en la pólvora clásica (KNO3-C-S), se estudian alternativas con mayor interés actual. Así mismo se analizan los métodos de producción tradicionales y los efectos sobre la calidad de la pólvora.