Progetto preliminare di un UAV multi-modale

Studio, a livello preliminare, di un sistema a pilotaggio remoto che permetta la sorveglianza e il monitoraggio di zone aeree e marine ad alto rischio e in contemporanea di compiere una raccolta di dati che possa essere inviata in tempo reale ad un utente a terra. Negli ultimi anni si è sviluppato notevolmente il settore dei velivoli a pilotaggio remoto sia ad ala fissa sia ad ala rotante, per la videoripresa e la fotografia aerea a bassa quota, che è utilizzata in molti ambiti tra i quali la fotogrammetria, la geologia e l’archeologia, nonché per studi scientifici e per la sicurezza. Nel presente lavoro di tesi è stata studiata la fattibilità di un UAV capace di effettuare la sua missione, previa pianificazione, in due ambienti completamente diversi fra loro: l’aria e l’acqua. Così facendo si ha la possibilità di acquistare un solo mezzo con costi minori e con un profilo di missione molto più vasto. Lo sviluppo di questo drone, pensato per operazioni di protezione civile, si è articolato in più fasi: anzitutto si è cercato di stabilire quale fosse il suo ambito di utilizzo e quali caratteristiche avrebbe dovuto avere. Successivamente si è iniziato a valutare l’equipaggiamento del velivolo con tutti i sistemi necessari per compiere la sua attività ed infine si è realizzato un disegno CAD semplificato della sua struttura. La seconda parte del lavoro è stata incentrata sullo studio preliminare della stabilità del velivolo sia in configurazione aerea sia in quella marina andando dapprima a calcolare la posizione del baricentro dell’UAV in modo da avere un velivolo aereo staticamente stabile e a simularne il volo. Successivamente si è modificato un modello Simulink di un UAV disponibile in rete, adattandolo opportunamente a questo caso per simulare parte della missione e si è potuto constatare che il velivolo risulta essere stabile; per far questo sono state calcolate diverse derivate aerodinamiche in modo da poter simulare il comportamento dinamico del velivolo. Anche per la configurazione marina sono state calcolate le derivate aerodinamiche più significative ed è stata realizzata una simulazione per valutare la stabilità del ROV, sempre a comandi fissi. In ultima analisi si è studiata una missione tipica che potrebbe effettuare questo UAV multi-modale: per fare ciò si è tracciata in Google Earth una traiettoria cui sono stati aggiunti alcuni modelli CAD nelle fasi principali del volo per far capire come varia la forma del mezzo durante la missione. Lo scenario della missione è in un contesto di disastro ambientale dovuto ad un incidente in una centrale nucleare vicina al mare, caso che ben si presta alla applicazione di questo mezzo a pilotaggio remoto.

Spatial assessment of carbon stocks of living vegetation at the national level in Lao PDR

The international mechanism for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) supposedly offers new opportunities for combining climate mitigation, conservation of the environment, and socio-economic development for development countries. In Laos REDD is abundantly promoted by the government and development agencies as a potential option for rural development. Yet, basic information for carbon management is missing: to date no knowledge is available at the national level on the quantities of carbon stored in the Lao landscapes. In this study we present an approach for spatial assessment of vegetation-based carbon stocks. We used Google Earth, Landsat and MODIS satellite imagery and refined the official national land cover data to assess carbon stocks. Our study showed that more than half (52%) of carbon stock of Laos is stored in natural forests, but that 70% of this stock is located outside of national protected areas. On the basis of two carbon-centered land use scenarios we calculated that between 30 and 40 million tons of carbon could be accumulated in shifting cultivation areas; this is less than 3% of the existing total stock. Our study suggests that the main focus of REDD in Laos should be on the conservation of existing carbon stocks, giving highest priority to the prevention of deforestation outside of national protected areas.

Use of audiovisual messages from land user to land user for sharing knowledge about SLM: experiences from a pilot project in Kenya and Tajikistan

The global World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies (WOCAT) initiative has developed standardised tools and methods to compile and evaluate knowledge available about SLM. This knowledge is now combined and enriched with audiovisual information in order to give a voice to land users, reach a broad range of stakeholders, and assist in scaling up SLM to reverse trends of degradation, desertification, and drought. Five video products, adapted to the needs of different target groups, are created and embedded in already existing platforms for knowledge sharing of SLM such as the WOCAT database and Google Earth application. A pilot project was carried out in Kenya and Tajikistan to verify ideas and tools while at the same time assessing the usefulness of the suggested products on the ground. Video has the potential to bridge the gap between different actor groups and enable communication and sharing on different levels and scales: locally, regionally, and globally. Furthermore, it is an innovative tool to link local and scientific knowledge, raise awareness, and support advocacy for SLM. Keywords: Sustainable Land Management (SLM), knowledge sharing, audiovisual messages, video, World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies (WOCAT)

Use of multi-media for spreading the experiences

The global World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies (WOCAT) initiative has developed standardised tools and methods to compile and evaluate knowledge available about SLM. This knowledge is now combined and enriched with audiovisual information in order to give a voice to land users, reach a broad range of stakeholders, and assist in scaling up SLM to reverse trends of degradation, desertification, and drought. Five video products, adapted to the needs of different target groups, are created and embedded in already existing platforms for knowledge sharing of SLM such as the WOCAT database and Google Earth application. A pilot project was carried out in Kenya and Tajikistan to verify ideas and tools while at the same time assessing the usefulness of the suggested products on the ground. Video has the potential to bridge the gap between different actor groups and enable communication and sharing on different levels and scales: locally, regionally, and globally. Furthermore, it is an innovative tool to link local and scientific knowledge, raise awareness, and support advocacy for SLM.

¿Presencia del español en el paisaje urbano de Washington D.F.? Un estudio del paisaje lingüístico mediado por Internet

Objetivo de esta comunicación es presentar los resultados sobre un análisis realizado en torno a lo que podemos denominar el «paisaje lingüístico hispano virtual» en Washington D.F. Los estudios sobre paisaje lingüístico han experimentado en el último tiempo un verdadero boom, sobre todo como reflejo de la convivencia de diferentes culturas con sus respectivas lenguas y variedades en las urbes del siglo XXI. En efecto: el paisaje lingüístico multilingüe es uno de los aspectos más explotados en trabajos en esta línea teórica. En este estudio el centro de atención no es el paisaje "real", documentado in situ y captado motu propio en instantáneas por nuestros aparatos fotográficos, sino el paisaje lingüístico mediatizado por el ordenador y difundido mediante la World Wide Web. En este sentido, lo que nos interesa es si se ve reflejada y qué manera la hispanidad en Washington D.F. a través del paisaje urbano que nos ofrecen programas especializados como Google Earth y Google Street View. Con este objetivo proponemos un paseo virtual por Washington D.F. y sus diferentes barrios para analizar mediante un estudio de naturaleza cuantitativa y cualitativa, apoyándonos en las herramientas teóricas y metodológicas que ofrecen los estudios de paisaje lingüístico y de la Comunicación Mediada por Ordenadores, de qué manera lo hispano constituye un engranaje del paisaje lingüístico de esta ciudad.

Can we infer plant facilitation from remote sensing? a test across global drylands

Facilitation is a major force shaping the structure and diversity of plant communities in terrestrial ecosystems. Detecting positive plant–plant interactions relies on the combination of field experimentation and the demonstration of spatial association between neighboring plants. This has often restricted the study of facilitation to particular sites, limiting the development of systematic assessments of facilitation over regional and global scales. Here we explore whether the frequency of plant spatial associations detected from high-resolution remotely sensed images can be used to infer plant facilitation at the community level in drylands around the globe. We correlated the information from remotely sensed images freely available through Google Earth with detailed field assessments, and used a simple individual-based model to generate patch-size distributions using different assumptions about the type and strength of plant–plant interactions. Most of the patterns found from the remotely sensed images were more right skewed than the patterns from the null model simulating a random distribution. This suggests that the plants in the studied drylands show stronger spatial clustering than expected by chance. We found that positive plant co-occurrence, as measured in the field, was significantly related to the skewness of vegetation patch-size distribution measured using Google Earth images. Our findings suggest that the relative frequency of facilitation may be inferred from spatial pattern signals measured from remotely sensed images, since facilitation often determines positive co-occurrence among neighboring plants. They pave the road for a systematic global assessment of the role of facilitation in terrestrial ecosystems. Read More: http://www.esajournals.org/doi/10.1890/14-2358.1

An automated method for mapping physical soil and water conservation structures on cultivated land using GIS and remote sensing techniques

An efficient and reliable automated model that can map physical Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) structures on cultivated land was developed using very high spatial resolution imagery obtained from Google Earth and ArcGIS, ERDAS IMAGINE, and SDC Morphology Toolbox for MATLAB and statistical techniques. The model was developed using the following procedures: (1) a high-pass spatial filter algorithm was applied to detect linear features, (2) morphological processing was used to remove unwanted linear features, (3) the raster format was vectorized, (4) the vectorized linear features were split per hectare (ha) and each line was then classified according to its compass direction, and (5) the sum of all vector lengths per class of direction per ha was calculated. Finally, the direction class with the greatest length was selected from each ha to predict the physical SWC structures. The model was calibrated and validated on the Ethiopian Highlands. The model correctly mapped 80% of the existing structures. The developed model was then tested at different sites with different topography. The results show that the developed model is feasible for automated mapping of physical SWC structures. Therefore, the model is useful for predicting and mapping physical SWC structures areas across diverse areas.

Percent cropland coverage for sub-Saharan Africa

The dataset contains a cropland percent coverage map for Africa created through the combination of five existing land cover products: GLC-2000, MODIS Land Cover, GlobCover, MODIS Crop Likelihood and AfriCover. A synergy map was created in which the products are ranked by experts, which reflects the likelihood or probability that a given pixel is cropland. The cropland map was calibrated with national and sub-national crop statistics using a novel approach. Preliminary validation of the map was undertaken. The resulting cropland map has an accuracy of 83%, which is higher than the accuracy of any of the individual maps. The cropland percent coverage map for Africa is available for overlay on Google Earth or for download at http://agriculture.geo-wiki.org.

Estudio de la estructura genética espacial Ramorinoa Girolae (chica), una especie endémica de gran vulnerabilidad

Ramorinoa girolae Speg. (Fabaceae), comúnmente llamada “chica", es un árbol o arbusto xerófito y endémico de Argentina, considerado en peligro de extinción por su restringida distribución geográfica, lento crecimiento y poca resistencia al fuego. Para poder llevar a cabo un plan eficiente de manejo, conservación y restauración ecológica de esta especie es necesario evaluar su variabilidad genética y estructura genética espacial. En este trabajo se estimó la diversidad genética de una población de R. girolae ubicada en el Parque Provincial Ischigualasto, San Juan, y la similitud genética entre pares de individuos. Posteriormente se analizó la estructura genética espacial y su relación con variables morfométricas y ambientales. Se recolectaron 21 muestras biológicas de individuos localizados a lo largo de un cauce seco en la zona conocida como Mina de Cuarzo y su localización geográfica fue georreferenciada. Se obtuvo la altitud aproximada a partir de Google Earth. De los individuos muestreados se observaron variables orfológicas (diámetro basal de cada fuste, número de fustes y altura del árbol) y ambientales (distancia a cauces secos, granulometría del suelo y pendiente del terreno). Para el estudio genético se utilizó la técnica de AFLP, la cual permite generar un gran número de marcadores polimórficos. El análisis estadístico permitió calcular: la correlación entre el diámetro basal y la altura de los árboles, la diversidad genética, la similitud genética entre pares de muestras, las asociaciones entre todas las muestras y los factores que afectan a la estructura genética. El diámetro basal se correlacionó positivamente con la altura de los árboles (R2=0,51 y p=0,0002). No se registró individuos con diámetro basal menor a 10 cm y tampoco menores a 1 m de altura. Se encontró que esta población tiene una alta diversidad genética ya que el Índice de Polimorfismo (Pj) fue del 82,3%, lo cual podría deberse a que dicha población se encuentra en un área protegida sin deforestación. Además, la Diversidad Genética de Nei (He) resultó tener un valor medio (He=0,276) y el Índice de Uniformidad de la población calculado fue muy bajo (Uj=0,49). Los valores de similitud genética entre distintos individuos calculados mediante el coeficiente Dice variaron entre 0,73 y 0,93. Tomando como referencia la similitud genética resultante entre dos muestras obtenidas de los extremos de una misma planta (SG=0,99), se puede concluir que no se encontraron clones entre las muestras analizadas. El análisis clúster permitió identificar 4 grupos diferentes a lo largo del cauce, ordenados espacialmente. El análisis de correlación lineal entre las matrices de distancia genética y las de variables geográficas corroboraron la presencia de estructura genética espacial entre las plantas estudiadas. La incorporación de las variables ecológicas al análisis de correlación no mejoró en mayor medida la explicación de dicha estructura, a excepción de la pendiente, estrechemente relacionada con la altitud. Estos resultados sugieren que hay un importante aporte de variabilidad genética producto de la reproducción sexual en la población estudiada. Cabe remarcar que dicha población es la más numerosa y diversa del Parque Provincial Ischigualasto, lo que enfatiza la importancia de su conservación.

The International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean (IBCSO) Version 1.0

The International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean (IBCSO) Version 1.0 is a new digital bathymetric model (DBM) portraying the seafloor of the circum-Antarctic waters south of 60° S. IBCSO is a regional mapping project of the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO). IBCSO Version 1.0 DBM has been compiled from all available bathymetric data collectively gathered by more than 30 institutions from 15 countries. These data include multibeam and single beam echo soundings, digitized depths from nautical charts, regional bathymetric gridded compilations, and predicted bathymetry. Specific gridding techniques were applied to compile the DBM from the bathymetric data of different origin, spatial distribution, resolution, and quality. The IBCSO Version 1.0 DBM has a resolution of 500 x 500 m, based on a polar stereographic projection, and is publicly available together with a digital chart for printing from the project website (http://www.ibcso.org) and from the two data sets shown at the bottom of this page.

Transverse drainages of the Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania, USA

While large-scale transverse drainages (TDs) such as those of the Susquehanna River above Harrisburg, PA, have been recognized since the 19th century, there have been no systematic surveys done of TDs since that of Ver Steeg's in 1930. Here, the results are presented of a topographic and statistical analysis of TDs in the Susquehanna River basin using Google Earth and associated overlays. 653 TDs were identified in the study area, 95% of which contain streams with discharges of less than 10 m3/s. TD depths ranged from a 23 m deep water gap near Blain, PA, to the 539 m deep gorge of the Juniata River through Jacks Mountain. Although TD depth tended to increase with stream size, many small streams were located in deep gaps, and eight streams with discharges of 10 m3/s or less were found in gorges whose depths matched or exceeded the deepest TD of the Susquehanna, the largest stream in the basin. Streams of less than 10 m3/s made up the majority of TDs regardless of the rock type capping the breached structure. Overall, TDs through sandstone-capped ridges were deeper than those topped by shales, and TDs in both sandstones and shales displayed a lognormal distribution of depths, which may be indicative of a preferred value. Stream flow direction was primarily perpendicular to local structural strike, with 47% of streams flowing NW and 53% flowing SE. 19% of the TDs were found to be in alignment with at least one other TD, with aligned segment lengths ranging from .5 to 14.8 km. The majority of TDs were in rocks of Paleozoic age. The techniques described here allow the frequency and distribution of TDs to be quantified so that they can be integrated into models of basin evolution.

Measurements of seawater and aerosol particles during POLARSTERN cruise ANT-XXVII/4

An analytical method for the determination of the alpha dicarbonyls glyoxal (GLY) and methylglyoxal (MGLY) from seawater and marine aerosol particles is presented. The method is based on derivatization with o-(2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorobenzyl)-hydroxylamine (PFBHA) reagent, solvent extraction and GC-MS (SIM) analysis. The method showed good precision (RSD < 10%), sensitivity (detection limits in the low ng/l range), and accuracy (good agreement between external calibration and standard addition). The method was applied to determine GLY and MGLY in oceanic water sampled during the Polarstern cruise ANT XXVII/4 from Capetown to Bremerhaven in spring 2011. GLY and MGLY were determined in the sea surface microlayer (SML) of the ocean and corresponding bulk water (BW) with average concentrations of 228 ng/l (GLY) and 196 ng/l (MGLY). The results show a significant enrichment (factor of 4) of GLY and MGLY in the SML. Furthermore, marine aerosol particles (PM1) were sampled during the cruise and analyzed for GLY (average concentration 0.19 ng/m**3) and MGLY (average concentration 0.15 ng/m**3). On aerosol particles, both carbonyls show a very good correlation with oxalate, supporting the idea of a secondary formation of oxalic acid via GLY and MGLY. Concentrations of GLY and MGLY in seawater and on aerosol particles were correlated to environmental parameters such as global radiation, temperature, distance to the coastline and biological activity. There are slight hints for a photochemical production of GLY and MGLY in the SML (significant enrichment in the SML, higher enrichment at higher temperature). However, a clear connection of GLY and MGLY to global radiation as well as to biological activity cannot be concluded from the data. A slight correlation between GLY and MGLY in the SML and in aerosol particles could be a hint for interactions, in particular of GLY, between seawater and the atmosphere.

Global and Regional Sea level budget components from GRACE and radar altimetry (2002-2014)

This dataset contains the result of a joint least squares inversion of GRACE and altimetry data. The results are evaluated in terms of sea level change for the global ocean as well as dedicated areas. In addition, some auxiliary data is provided to enable reproducibility of the results in Rietbroek et al. 2016, and a google Earth kmz file is provided which visualizes the trends derived from the inversion results.

Abundance of mesozooplankton during the long-tern mesozooplankton analysis in Sevastopol Bay from 1976 to 2003

The present dataset includes results of analysis of 227 zooplankton samples taken in and off the Sevastopol Bay in the Black Sea in 1976, 1979-1980, 1989-1990, 1995-1996 and 2002-2003. Exact coordinates for stations 1, 4, 5 and 6 are unknown and were calculated using Google-earth program. Data on Ctenophora Mnemiopsis leidyi and Beroe ovata are not included. Juday net: Vertical tows of a Juday net, with mouth area 0.1 m**2, mesh size 150µm. Tows were performed at layers. Towing speed: about 0.5 m/s. Samples were preserved by a 4% formaldehyde sea water buffered solution. Sampling volume was estimated by multiplying the mouth area with the wire length. The collected material was analysed using the method of portions (Yashnov, 1939). Samples were brought to volume of 50 - 100 ml depending upon zooplankton density and mixed intensively until all organisms were distributed randomly in the sample volume. After that 1 ml of sample was taken by calibrated Stempel-pipette. This operation was produced twice. If divergence between two examined subsamples was more than 30% one more subsample was examined. Large (> 1 mm body length) and not abundant species were calculated in 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 or 1/32 part of sample. Counting and measuring of organisms were made in the Bogorov chamber under the stereomicroscope to the lowest taxon possible. Number of organisms per sample was calculated as simple average of two subsamples meanings multiplied on subsample volume. Total abundance of mesozooplankton was calculated as sum of taxon-specific abundances and total abundance of Copepods was calculated as sum of copepods taxon-specific abundances.