Advancing hypoxic training in team sports: from intermittent hypoxic training to repeated sprint training in hypoxia.

Over the past two decades, intermittent hypoxic training (IHT), that is, a method where athletes live at or near sea level but train under hypoxic conditions, has gained unprecedented popularity. By adding the stress of hypoxia during 'aerobic' or 'anaerobic' interval training, it is believed that IHT would potentiate greater performance improvements compared to similar training at sea level. A thorough analysis of studies including IHT, however, leads to strikingly poor benefits for sea-level performance improvement, compared to the same training method performed in normoxia. Despite the positive molecular adaptations observed after various IHT modalities, the characteristics of optimal training stimulus in hypoxia are still unclear and their functional translation in terms of whole-body performance enhancement is minimal. To overcome some of the inherent limitations of IHT (lower training stimulus due to hypoxia), recent studies have successfully investigated a new training method based on the repetition of short (<30 s) 'all-out' sprints with incomplete recoveries in hypoxia, the so-called repeated sprint training in hypoxia (RSH). The aims of the present review are therefore threefold: first, to summarise the main mechanisms for interval training and repeated sprint training in normoxia. Second, to critically analyse the results of the studies involving high-intensity exercises performed in hypoxia for sea-level performance enhancement by differentiating IHT and RSH. Third, to discuss the potential mechanisms underpinning the effectiveness of those methods, and their inherent limitations, along with the new research avenues surrounding this topic.

Communication Strategies Of The Nursing Team In The Aphasia After Cerebrovascular Accident

This is an exploratory, cross-sectional study of quantitative design that aimed to identify the communication strategies used and reported by the nursing staff in the care of aphasic patients after a stroke. The techniques used were the participant observation and interviews with 27 subjects of the nursing staff of neurological units in a general hospital. The most frequently mentioned strategies were gestures (100%), verbal communication (33.3%), written communication (29.6%) and the touch (18.5 %). Among the observed strategies, the gestures reached 40.7% and the touch was present in all situations, given its instrumental character essential to care. The findings show lack of knowledge of nonverbal, proxemics , kinesics and tacesics communication. No significant differences were observed among the professional categories depending on the length of experience with respect to the strategies reported by members of the nursing staff in the care for aphasic patients.


Team Diversity Newsletter, Vol 3, no.1, March/April 1998

Newsletter produced by Iowa Civil Right Commission for the community about the community.

Team Diversity Newsletter, Vol.1, no. 6, January/February 1997

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Team Diversity Newsletter, Vol 2, no. 1, March/April 1997

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Team Diversity Newsletter, Vol 2, no.4, September/October 1997

Newsletter produced by Iowa Civil Right Commission for the community about the community.

Team Diversity Newsletter, Vol 2, no.5, November/December 1997

Newsletter produced by Iowa Civil Right Commission for the community about the community.

Team Diversity Newsletter, Vol 2, no.6, January/February 1998

Newsletter produced by Iowa Civil Right Commission for the community about the community.

Team Diversity Newsletter, Vol 3, no.1, March/April 1998

Newsletter produced by Iowa Civil Right Commission for the community about the community.

Team Diversity Newsletter, Vol 4, no.1, October, 1999

Newsletter produced by Iowa Civil Right Commission for the community about the community.

Team Diversity Newsletter, Vol 3, no.2, May/June 1998

Newsletter produced by Iowa Civil Right Commission for the community about the community.

Team Diversity Newsletter, Vol 3, no.3, July/August 1998

Newsletter produced by Iowa Civil Right Commission for the community about the community.

Team Diversity Newsletter, Vol 3, no.4, September/October 1998

Newsletter produced by Iowa Civil Right Commission for the community about the community.