Brasil: inserção internacional e política nuclear no governo Lula

A vitória do Partido dos Trabalhadores nas eleições de 2002 proporcionou a ascensão de Lula à presidência da república e criou expectativas de mudanças significativas em grande parte da população brasileira. Os doze anos seguidos de governos de tendência neoliberal haviam causado o agravamento dos problemas sociais, a sujeição da economia brasileira aos interesses do capital financeiro internacional e uma política externa, em boa parte, atrelada aos interesses norte-americanos. A política nuclear, nesse período, representou um bom exemplo dessa submissão. No governo Lula houve a pretensão de se estabelecer um projeto que promovesse uma maior inserção do Brasil num sistema internacional em transformação, com o fim da Guerra Fria e o aparente declínio do poder norte-americano. Apesar da linha de continuidade com o governo anterior observada na política econômica de Lula, a política externa pareceu caminhar em outro sentido, mais independente e assertiva que a de Cardoso. Nesse contexto, de acordo com os formuladores da política do governo brasileiro, o uso da energia nuclear teria um importante papel a desenvolver. O país, como detentor da tecnologia de enriquecimento de urânio por ultracentrifugação, procurou utilizá-la como um instrumento para a sua ascensão no cenário mundial. Esta pesquisa pretende estudar as relações existentes entre a política externa brasileira e a retomada do programa nuclear na consecução desse projeto, assim como os seus limites numa ordem mundial em mutação, onde a energia nuclear permanecer como um importante instrumento de poder.

Interação na produção e recepção de obras de arte contemporânea

A tese procura compreender quais ações sociais estão presentes na recepção e produção de obras de arte contemporânea. O ponto de vista da etnometodologia é de que os processos de interação são originários e formais, pois o sujeito fenomenológico não se percebe, é sempre o outro para o qual se dirige. E, ao mesmo tempo, as ações sociais e interpretações são orientadas por métodos (pressupostos e subentendidos) compartilhados entre agentes. Para investigar estes métodos, deve-se situá-los no contexto de uso, as circunstâncias concretas, que os tornam observáveis e relatáveis (accountable) por meio de operações de visibilização e/ou ocultamento, antecipação e/ou aguardo. A etnometodologia observa as ações sociais em situações rotineiras, nas quais os agentes lançam mão do conhecimento que compartilham e esperam que os outros façam o mesmo. É quando se age sem pensar. As artes são frequentemente analisadas segundo as diferenças produzidas nas relações cotidianas, oferecendo outros olhares e deslocamentos para o que já é habitual. Não negamos esta condição, mas compreendemos também que a observação de artes não se dá fora do mundo social. Cotidianamente, os agentes utilizam recursos de identificação das circunstâncias em que se encontram, do interlocutor com quem interage e do ambiente onde se insere. O que significa que estes recursos estão disponíveis a qualquer pessoa e são levados para o interior de galerias e museus, à revelia de observadores, artistas e instituições. Para qualquer um que ocupe a posição de observador da obra, as circunstâncias concretas da recepção (a obra, o texto da crítica, a fala do artista, a ação dos outros visitantes, etc.), exigem, deste agente, operações semelhantes às utilizadas no cotidiano. Estas operações foram investigadas nas entrevistas com público e artistas, nas quais se buscou reconhecer quais recursos e métodos compartilhados com a obra, o público, os outros artistas e a crítica, eles lançam mão quando ocupam as posições de observador ou produtor de obras de arte.

Marcas e metáforas do Rio de Janeiro escrito e vivido por Lima Barreto

O escritor, jornalista e literato Afonso Henriques de Lima Barreto deixou registrados, em praticamente todos os seus escritos, suas impressões sobre as mudanças sociais, políticas e urbanas, sofridas pela cidade do Rio, na Primeira República. A partir de trechos de sua obra e de sua biografia, vão ser analisadas tais transformações à luz da própria avaliação do autor. Serão abordadas as marcas deixadas por modificações urbanas e topográficas ocorridas na então cidade-capital Rio de Janeiro, que se calcaram sobre o velho cenário da cidade, afundando-o, a fim de apagá-lo da memória dos habitantes, ao mesmo tempo em que se erigiam como metáforas de suposto progresso e de modernidade. Metáforas formam em nós, engramas, isto é, marcas que podem ficar retidas em nossa memória pela ação da literariedade que possuem. Literariedade que tem sempre algum espaço nos mais diversos tipos e gêneros de narrativa. Estas marcas de transformações urbanas atingiram de algum modo a rotina diária de parte considerável dos atores que viveram naquele período, entre eles o próprio Lima Barreto. Este trabalho se sustenta, então, no tripé biografia-literatura-metáfora, alinhavado pelas marcas de remodelação da cidade do Rio. Cidade contada por Lima Barreto, durante a Primeira República, numa narrativa que flerta com a etnografia.

A New Method to Investigate InGaAsP Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes Using a Digital Sampling Oscilloscope

A near-infrared single-photon detection system is established by using pigtailed InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes. With a 50GHz digital sampling oscilloscope, the function and process of gated-mode (Geiger-mode) single-photon detection are intuitionally demonstrated for the first time. The performance of the detector as a gated-mode single-photon counter at wavelengths of 1310 and 1550nm is investigated. At the operation temperature of 203K,a quantum efficiency of 52% with a dark count probability per gate of 2. 4 * 10~(-3), and a gate pulse repetition rate of 50kHz are obtained at 1550nm. The corresponding parameters are 43% , 8. 5 * 10~(-3), and 200kHz at 238K.

An Optimal Scale for Edge Detection

Many problems in early vision are ill posed. Edge detection is a typical example. This paper applies regularization techniques to the problem of edge detection. We derive an optimal filter for edge detection with a size controlled by the regularization parameter $\\ lambda $ and compare it to the Gaussian filter. A formula relating the signal-to-noise ratio to the parameter $\\lambda $ is derived from regularization analysis for the case of small values of $\\lambda$. We also discuss the method of Generalized Cross Validation for obtaining the optimal filter scale. Finally, we use our framework to explain two perceptual phenomena: coarsely quantized images becoming recognizable by either blurring or adding noise.

Control circuits for avalanche photodiodes

Avalanche Photodiodes (APDs) have been used in a wide range of low light sensing applications such as DNA sequencing, quantum key distribution, LIDAR and medical imaging. To operate the APDs, control circuits are required to achieve the desired performance characteristics. This thesis presents the work on development of three control circuits including a bias circuit, an active quench and reset circuit and a gain control circuit all of which are used for control and performance enhancement of the APDs. The bias circuit designed is used to bias planar APDs for operation in both linear and Geiger modes. The circuit is based on a dual charge pumps configuration and operates from a 5 V supply. It is capable of providing milliamp load currents for shallow-junction planar APDs that operate up to 40 V. With novel voltage regulators, the bias voltage provided by the circuit can be accurately controlled and easily adjusted by the end user. The circuit is highly integrable and provides an attractive solution for applications requiring a compact integrated APD device. The active quench and reset circuit is designed for APDs that operate in Geiger-mode and are required for photon counting. The circuit enables linear changes in the hold-off time of the Geiger-mode APD (GM-APD) from several nanoseconds to microseconds with a stable setting step of 6.5 ns. This facilitates setting the optimal `afterpulse-free' hold-off time for any GM-APD via user-controlled digital inputs. In addition this circuit doesn’t require an additional monostable or pulse generator to reset the detector, thus simplifying the circuit. Compared to existing solutions, this circuit provides more accurate and simpler control of the hold-off time while maintaining a comparable maximum count-rate of 35.2 Mcounts/s. The third circuit designed is a gain control circuit. This circuit is based on the idea of using two matched APDs to set and stabilize the gain. The circuit can provide high bias voltage for operating the planar APD, precisely set the APD’s gain (with the errors of less than 3%) and compensate for the changes in the temperature to maintain a more stable gain. The circuit operates without the need for external temperature sensing and control electronics thus lowering the system cost and complexity. It also provides a simpler and more compact solution compared to previous designs. The three circuits designed in this project were developed independently of each other and are used for improving different performance characteristics of the APD. Further research on the combination of the three circuits will produce a more compact APD-based solution for a wide range of applications.

The Jama legal narrative part I: The JAMA Model and narrative interpretation patterns

For the purposes of starting to tackle, within artificial intelligence (AI), the narrative aspects of legal narratives in a criminal evidence perspective, traditional AI models of narrative understanding can arguably supplement extant models of legal narratives from the scholarly literature of law, jury studies, or the semiotics of law. Not only: the literary (or cinematic) models prominent in a given culture impinge, with their poetic conventions, on the way members of the culture make sense of the world. This shows glaringly in the sample narrative from the Continent-the Jama murder, the inquiry, and the public outcry-we analyse in this paper. Apparently in the same racist crime category as the case of Stephen Lawrence's murder (in Greenwich on 22 April 1993) with the ensuing still current controversy in the UK, the Jama case (some 20 years ago) stood apart because of a very unusual element: the eyewitnesses identifying the suspects were a group of football referees and linesmen eating together at a restaurant, and seeing the sleeping man as he was set ablaze in a public park nearby. Professional background as witnesses-cum-factfinders in a mass sport, and public perceptions of their required characteristics, couldn't but feature prominently in the public perception of the case, even more so as the suspects were released by the magistrate conducting the inquiry. There are sides to this case that involve different expected effects in an inquisitorial criminal procedure system from the Continent, where an investigating magistrate leads the inquiry and prepares the prosecution case, as opposed to trial by jury under the Anglo-American adversarial system. In the JAMA prototype, we tried to approach the given case from the coign of vantage of narrative models from AI.

Notas sobre el "primum cognitum" en Cayetano y su vínculo con la metafísica

Cayetano tuvo un papel protagónico en los debates intelectuales de su época (s. XVI), destacándose como un auténtico adalid del tomismo; inclusive muchas de sus tesis pasaron a formar parte de tal doctrina, las cuales –a veces matizadas y otras no tanto– perviven hasta nuestros días. Entre los diversos temas que afrontó se destaca su particular noción de primum cognitum. Aquí, partimos del hecho de que la tradición tomista no ha visto mayores inconvenientes en equiparar lo que entienden Cayetano y el Aquinate por el ens primo cadit; empero nosotros estamos en condiciones de afirmar que tal equiparación al menos es problemática. En este sentido, nos ocuparemos de realizar un primer acercamiento al tema del ente primer conocido cayetaniano para intentar mostrar su real significado. Asimismo, procuraremos ver, ayudados por los aportes de algunos estudiosos contemporáneos –en especial el de Lawrence Dewan–, hasta qué punto tal noción se corresponde o no con los desarrollos teóricos de Tomás de Aquino, sobre todo con el vínculo entre el primer conocido y el ente como objeto de la metafísica.

Agricultural intensification and biodiversity partitioning in European landscapes comparing plants, carabids, and birds

Effects of agricultural intensification (AI) on biodiversity are often assessed on the plot scale, although processes determining diversity also operate on larger spatial scales. Here, we analyzed the diversity of vascular plants, carabid beetles, and birds in agricultural landscapes in cereal crop fields at the field (n = 1350), farm (n = 270), and European-region (n = 9) scale. We partitioned diversity into its additive components alpha, beta, and gamma, and assessed the relative contribution of beta diversity to total species richness at each spatial scale. AI was determined using pesticide and fertilizer inputs, as well as tillage operations and categorized into low, medium, and high levels. As AI was not significantly related to landscape complexity, we could disentangle potential AI effects on local vs. landscape community homogenization. AI negatively affected the species richness of plants and birds, but not carabid beetles, at all spatial scales. Hence, local AI was closely correlated to beta diversity on larger scales up to the farm and region level, and thereby was an indicator of farm-and region-wide biodiversity losses. At the scale of farms (12.83-20.52%) and regions (68.34-80.18%), beta diversity accounted for the major part of the total species richness for all three taxa, indicating great dissimilarity in environmental conditions on larger spatial scales. For plants, relative importance of alpha diversity decreased with AI, while relative importance of beta diversity on the farm scale increased with AI for carabids and birds. Hence, and in contrast to our expectations, AI does not necessarily homogenize local communities, presumably due to the heterogeneity of farming practices. In conclusion, a more detailed understanding of AI effects on diversity patterns of various taxa and at multiple spatial scales would contribute to more efficient agri-environmental schemes in agroecosystems.

Persistent negative effects of pesticides on biodiversity and biological control potential on European farmland

During the last 50 years, agricultural intensification has caused many wild plant and animal species to go extinct regionally or nationally and has profoundly changed the functioning of agro-ecosystems. Agricultural intensification has many components, such as loss of landscape elements, enlarged farm and field sizes and larger inputs of fertilizer and pesticides. However, very little is known about the relative contribution of these variables to the large-scale negative effects on biodiversity. In this study, we disentangled the impacts of various components of agricultural intensification on species diversity of wild plants, carabids and ground-nesting farmland birds and on the biological control of aphids.

Structural and functional relationships in the virulence-associated cathepsin L proteases of the parasitic liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica

The helminth parasite Fasciola hepatica secretes cysteine proteases to facilitate tissue invasion, migration, and development within the mammalian host. The major proteases cathepsin L1 (FheCL1) and cathepsin L2 (FheCL2) were recombinantly produced and biochemically characterized. By using site-directed mutagenesis, we show that residues at position 67 and 205, which lie within the S2 pocket of the active site, are critical in determining the substrate and inhibitor specificity. FheCL1 exhibits a broader specificity and a higher substrate turnover rate compared with FheCL2. However, FheCL2 can efficiently cleave substrates with a Pro in the P2 position and degrade collagen within the triple helices at physiological pH, an activity that among cysteine proteases has only been reported for human cathepsin K. The 1.4-A three-dimensional structure of the FheCL1 was determined by x-ray crystallography, and the three-dimensional structure of FheCL2 was constructed via homology-based modeling. Analysis and comparison of these structures and our biochemical data with those of human cathepsins L and K provided an interpretation of the substrate-recognition mechanisms of these major parasite proteases. Furthermore, our studies suggest that a configuration involving residue 67 and the "gatekeeper" residues 157 and 158 situated at the entrance of the active site pocket create a topology that endows FheCL2 with its unusual collagenolytic activity. The emergence of a specialized collagenolytic function in Fasciola likely contributes to the success of this tissue-invasive parasite.

Enhancing non-classicality in mechanical systems

We study the effects of post-selection measurements on both the non-classicality of the state of a mechanical oscillator and the entanglement between two mechanical systems that are part of a distributed optomechanical network. We address the cases of both Gaussian and non-Gaussian measurements, identifying in which cases simple photon counting and Geiger-like measurements are effective in distilling a strongly non-classical mechanical state and enhancing the purely mechanical entanglement between two elements of the network.

Taxonomic and functional diversity of farmland bird communities across Europe:Effects of biogeography and agricultural intensification

In eight European study sites (in Spain, Ireland, Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Estonia and Sweden), abundance of breeding farmland bird territories was obtained from 500 × 500 m survey plots (30 per area, N = 240) using the mapping method. Two analyses were performed: (I) a Canonical Correspondence Analysis of species abundance in relation to geographical location and variables measuring agricultural intensification at field and farm level to identify significant intensification variables and to estimate the fractions of total variance in bird abundance explained by geography and agricultural intensification; (II) several taxonomic and functional community indices were built and analysed using GLM in relation to the intensification variables found significant in the CCA. The geographical location of study sites alone explains nearly one fifth (19. 5%) of total variation in species abundance. The fraction of variance explained by agricultural intensification alone is much smaller (4. 3%), although significant. The intersection explains nearly two fifths (37. 8%) of variance in species abundance. Community indices are negatively affected by correlates of intensification like farm size and yield, whereas correlates of habitat availability and quality have positive effects on taxonomic and functional diversity of assemblages. Most of the purely geographical variation in farmland bird assemblage composition is associated to Mediterranean steppe species, reflecting the bio-geographical singularity of that assemblage and reinforcing the need to preserve this community. Taxonomic and functional diversity of farmland bird communities are negatively affected by agricultural intensification and positively affected by increasing farmland habitat availability and quality. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

More nonlocality with less entanglement in a tripartite atom-optomechanical system

Quantum effects in hybrid atomic optomechanics in a system comprising a cloud of atoms and a mobile mirror mediated by a single-mode cavity are studied. Tripartite non-locality is observed in the atom-light-mirror system, as demonstrated by the violation of the Mermin-Klyshko (MK) inequality. It has been shown [C. Genes, et al., PRA 77, 050307 (R) (2008)] that tripartite entanglement is optimized when the cavity is resonant with the anti-Stokes sideband of the driving laser and the atomic frequency matches the Stokes one. However, we show that this is not the case for the nonlocality. The MK function achieves minima when the atoms are resonant with both the Stokes and anti-Stokes sidebands, and unexpectedly, we find violation of the MK inequality only in a parameter region where entanglement is far from being maximum. A negative relation exists between nonlocality and entanglement with consideration of the possibility of bipartite nonlocality in the violation of the MK inequality. We also study the non-classicality of the mirror by post-selected measurements, e.g. Geiger-like detection, on the cavity and/or the atoms. We show that with feasible parameters Geiger-like detection on the atoms can effectively induce mechanical non-classicality.