Intravenous immunoglobulin expands regulatory T cells via induction of cyclooxygenase-2-dependent prostaglandin E2 in human dendritic cells

CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role in the maintenance of immune tolerance. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), a therapeutic preparation of normal pooled human IgG, expands Tregs in various experimental models and in patients. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which IVIg expands Tregs are relatively unknown. As Treg expansion in the periphery requires signaling by antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) and IVIg has been demonstrated to modulate DC functions, we hypothesized that IVIg induces distinct signaling events in DCs that subsequently mediate Treg expansion. We demonstrate that IVIg expands Tregs via induction of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-dependent prostaglandin E2 (PGE(2)) in human DCs. However, costimulatory molecules of DCs such as programmed death ligands, OX40 ligand, and inducible T-cell costimulator ligands were not implicated. Inhibition of PGE(2) synthesis by COX-2 inhibitors prevented IVIg-mediated Treg expansion in vitro and significantly diminished IVIg-mediated Treg expansion in vivo and protection from disease in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model. IVIg-mediated COX-2 expression, PGE(2) production, and Treg expansion were mediated in part via interaction of IVIg and F(ab('))(2) fragments of IVIg with DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin. Our results thus uncover novel cellular and molecular mechanism by which IVIg expands Tregs.

Analysis of the conformations of septanoside sugars

Conformational analysis of unnatural seven-membered sugars, namely, septanoses and septanosides are discussed herein. The conformational properties of these sugars in the solid state, solution phase and computational methods are presented. The analyses reveal that conformations of septanosides are diverse and largely unpredictable, as compared furanosides and pyranosides.

A FRAMEWORK FOR THE ERROR ANALYSIS OF DISCONTINUOUS FINITE ELEMENT METHODS FOR ELLIPTIC OPTIMAL CONTROL PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS TO C-0 IP METHODS

In this article, an abstract framework for the error analysis of discontinuous Galerkin methods for control constrained optimal control problems is developed. The analysis establishes the best approximation result from a priori analysis point of view and delivers a reliable and efficient a posteriori error estimator. The results are applicable to a variety of problems just under the minimal regularity possessed by the well-posedness of the problem. Subsequently, the applications of C-0 interior penalty methods for a boundary control problem as well as a distributed control problem governed by the biharmonic equation subject to simply supported boundary conditions are discussed through the abstract analysis. Numerical experiments illustrate the theoretical findings.

Fracture Testing at Small-Length Scales: From Plasticity in Si to Brittleness in Pt

The field of micro-/nano-mechanics of materials has been driven, on the one hand by the development of ever smaller structures in devices, and, on the other, by the need to map property variations in large systems that are microstructurally graded. Observations of `smaller is stronger' have also brought in questions of accompanying fracture property changes in the materials. In the wake of scattered articles on micro-scale fracture testing of various material classes, this review attempts to provide a holistic picture of the current state of the art. In the process, various reliable micro-scale geometries are shown, challenges with respect to instrumentation to probe ever smaller length scales are discussed and examples from recent literature are put together to exhibit the expanse of unusual fracture response of materials, from ductility in Si to brittleness in Pt. Outstanding issues related to fracture mechanics of small structures are critically examined for plausible solutions.

Space-Vector-Based Hybrid PWM Technique to Reduce Peak-to-Peak Torque Ripple in Induction Motor Drives

Constant-volts-per-hertz induction motor drives and vector-controlled induction motor drives utilize pulsewidth modulation (PWM) to control the voltage applied on the motor. The method of PWM influences the pulsations in the torque developed by the motor. A space-vector-based approach to PWM facilitates special switching sequences involving the division of active state time. This paper proposes a space-vector-based hybrid PWM technique, which is a combination of the conventional and special switching sequences. The proposed hybrid PWM technique results in a lower peak-to-peak torque ripple than conventional space vector PWM(CSVPWM) at high speeds of an induction motor drive. Furthermore, the magnitude of the dominant torque harmonic due to the proposed hybrid PWM is significantly lower than that due to CSVPWM at high speeds of the drive. Experimental results from a 3.75-kW sensorless vector-controlled induction motor drive under various load conditions are presented to support analytical and simulation results.

Damping of Vertically Excited Surface Wave in Weakly Viscous Fluid

In a vertically oscillating circular cylindrical container, singular perturbation theory of two-time scale expansions is developed in weakly viscous fluids to investigate the motion of single free surface standing wave by linearizing the Navier-Stokes equation. The fluid field is divided into an outer potential flow region and an inner boundary layer region. The solutions of both two regions are obtained and a linear amplitude equation incorporating damping term and external excitation is derived. The condition to appear stable surface wave is obtained and the critical curve is determined. In addition, an analytical expression of damping coefficient is determined. Finally, the dispersion relation, which has been derived from the inviscid fluid approximation, is modified by adding linear damping. It is found that the modified results are reasonably closer to experimental results than former theory. Result shows that when forcing frequency is low, the viscosity of the fluid is prominent for the mode selection. However, when forcing frequency is high, the surface tension of the fluid is prominent.

Evaluacion del efecto de anabolicos de crecimiento (Zeranol over, Overmax L.A. Premium y Zeranol implante) en novillos de engorde en un periodo de cien dias en la finca El Rastro, El Coral, Chontales

Para el estudio se utilizaron 68 novillos producto del cruce de la raza Pardo Suizo x Brahman con un peso inicial de 230 ± 33 kg, con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de tres tratamientos anabólicos sobre la ganancia de peso total en pastoreo libre durante un periodo de 100 días, siendo los tratamientos los siguientes: T 1 (Zeranol implante: Zeranol Over®), T2 (Zeranol Over® formulación tixotrópico), T3. (Overmax® LA Premium: Zeranol + ivermectina 3.15%), comparado con el T4 Testigo o Control (Sin implante). A los animales pesados y organizados en tres grupos con características semejantes, se les aplicó los tratamientos y cada grupo estuvo conformado por 17 novillos; de igual manera, fueron desparasitados con Vermectina La Premium 3. 15 %, a razón de 1ml por cada 50 kg de peso vivo (kg p.v), antes de aplicar los agentes anabólicos. Se determinó el incremento en peso a partir del peso final e inicial, y se calculó la Ganancia Media Diaria (GMD) en cada uno de los tratamientos. Para el diseño de dos vías se utilizó el test de Fisher (Análisis de Varianza) y el Test de Friedman, y categorización estadística mediante la Mínima Diferencia Significativa (DMS, P=O.OS). El análisis estadístico determinó efecto altamente significativo (P=O.OOl) en la GMD, en donde la GMD fue de 739, 624, 590 y de 536 gramos para los tratamientos T3 (Overeas® LA Premium: Zeranol + ívermectina), TI (Zeranol implante: Zeranol Over®), T2 (Zeranol Over'l formulación tixotrópica) y el Control, respectivamente. El implante Overmax® LA Premium (Zeranol+ivermectina3.15%) superó en más de 27 % al tratamiento sin implante, siendo este el tratamiento de mayor rentabilidad, con 83.43 dólares en ganancia de peso por animal, y una relación Beneficio/Costo de 1.27 por cada unidad monetaria invertida.

Evaluación de siete variedades de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) y su respuesta a dosis creciente de fertilizantes (N-P)

El experimento fue conducido en la Estación Experimental "La Compañía" Carazo, en época de postrera (octubre diciembre de 1991), en suelos jóvenes de origen volcánico, con altos contenidos de carbono orgánico y alto porcentaje de saturación de bases, ricos en potasio y en algunos sectores deficiente en fósforo (1.5 ppm). Su textura es franca, moderadamente profundos, bien drenados y medianamente ácido a neutro. El experimento se estableció con el objetivo de evaluar la respuesta diferencial de siete variedades de frijol común (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) a dosis creciente de fertilizantes (N+P) utilizando como fuente la formula completa 18-48-0 El diseño utilizado fue Bloque Complete al Azar (BCA) con arreglo bifactorial con tres repeticiones, la parcelas las constituyeron seis surcos separados a 5O cm y con una longitud de 5 m., las parcelas útiles fueron los cuatro surcos centrales de cuatro metros de largo y las evaluaciones realizadas fueron: altura de planta, diámetro del tallo, número de plantas cosechadas por parcela útil, número de vaina por planta, número de grano por vaina peso de 100 granos, rendimiento de granos 14% de humedad y análisis foliar. Los resultados indican que el rendimiento de grano no mostró diferencias estadísticas significativas tanto para variedades como para los niveles de fertilizantes (N+P), sin embargo, podemos señalar que todas las variedades superaron numéricamente al testigo Rev-79, presentando el mayor promedio la DOR-391. En cuanto a los niveles, también presentaron diferencias numéricas obteniendo el mayor promedio el testigo (cero aplicación), lo cual indica que en el suelo se encontraban suficiente nutrientes para satisfacer la demanda de la planta.

Análise das 200 maiores empresas brasileiras

Apresenta os principais resultados das maiores empresas brasileiras no ano de 2003, divulgados pelo jornal Valor Econômico em sua edição especial 'Valor Grandes Grupos'.

Soundings: the Newsletter of the Monterey Bay Chapter of the American Cetacean Society. 1986

(PDF contains 62 pages.)

Chronica del Rei D. Joam I de Boa Memoria e dos reys de Portugal, o decimo

Fernão Lopes foi o primeiro cronista-mor do Reino de que se tem notícia certa e um grande cronista português, aliás, segundo Robert Southey, "o maior cronista de todas as épocas e nações”. Pouco se sabe sobre sua origem, tendo-se 1380 como o ano provável de seu nascimento e 1460 como o de sua morte. Nada se conhece dos primeiros quarenta anos de sua vida. Em 1418 foi nomeado guarda do arquivo da Torre do Tombo, em Lisboa. Foi secretário de D. João I desde, pelo menos, 1419 até o seu falecimento deste monarca, em 1433, e , depois, de seu sucessor, D. Duarte. Em 1422 exerceu a função de escrivão da puridade do Infante D. Fernando. Tudo leva a crer que tenha escrito a história de Portugal desde a fundação do Reino e as crônicas de todos os seus reis até D. João I. Chronica del Rey D. Joam I de boa memoria, e do reys de Portugal o decimo foi publicada, postumamente, em 1644, em dois tomos, mas em apenas um volume. Esta obra consta de 3 partes, com os seguintes títulos: Parte I: em que se contém a defensão do reino até ser eleito rei; Parte II: em que se continuam as guerras com Castlella, desde o princípio do seu reinado até às pazes; Parte III: crônica da tomada de Ceuta. As duas primeiras foram escritas por Fernão Lopes. A terceira foi escrita por Gomes Eanes de Zurara nascido, aproximadamente, em 1410 e falecido em 1474, sucessor de Lopes, como primeiro cronista e guarda-mor da Torre do Tombo. No exemplar que a Biblioteca da Câmara possui estão encadernadas apenas as duas primeiras partes, com a segunda parte tendo início no Capítulo 194. Segundo Inocêncio, os exemplares publicados em 1644 são raros, embora a edição não tenha sido feita com o cuidado necessário e exista nas principais bibliotecas de Lisboa. Obra Manuscrita.

Coleção das Leis da República dos Estados Unidos do Brasil de 1942

Parte 1 - Atos do Poder Executivo - Decretos

Alegia klasikoak euskaraz: Isopeteko, La Fontaineren eta Samaniegoren alegien berridazketen azterketa

521 p.