3D quench simulation using finite element method for CR superconducting magnet's strand

The CR superconducting magnet is a dipole of the FAIR project of GSI in Germany. The quench of the strand is simulated using FEM software ANSYS. From the simulation, the quench propagation can be visualized. Programming with APDL, the value of propagation velocity of normal zone is calculated. Also the voltage increasing over time of the strand is computed and pictured. Furthermore, the Minimum Propagation Zone (MPZ) is studied. At last, the relation between the current and the propagation velocity of normal zone, and the influence of initial temperature on quench propagation are studied.

Optimization of magnetic field for CR dipole magnet

High homogeneity of the CR (collector ring) dipole magnet for FAIR (Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research) project at GSI is essential. The two optimized and analysis methods are introduced in detail. In order to obtain an ideal integral magnetic field distribution, the complicated end chamfer has been designed. By chamfering the removable pole, the distribution tolerance of high magnetic field is optimized to +/- 2 x 10(-4). The method of adding a mirror plane is suitable for the high magnetic field and it doesn't fit the low one. The OPERA is used to optimize the dipole magnetic field.

Conformal irradiation to moving targets in heavy ion radiotherapy with raster-scanning beam delivery system: (II) feasibility experiments

Within the framework of the pilot heavy-ion therapy facility at GSI equipped with an active beam delivery system of advanced raster scanning technique, a feasibility study on actively conformal heavy-ion irradiation to moving tumors has been experimentally conducted. Laterally, real-time corrections to the beam scanning parameters by the raster scanner, leading to an active beam tracing, compensate for the lateral motion of a target volume. Longitudinally, a mechanically driven wedge energy degrader (called depth scanner) is applied to adjust the beam energy so as to locate the high-dose Bragg peak of heavy ion beam to the slice under treatment for the moving target volume. It has been experimentally shown that compensations for lateral target motion by the raster scanner and longitudinal target shift by the depth scanner are feasible.

DIRECT MASS MEASUREMENTS OF EXOTIC NUCLEI IN STORAGE RINGS

Mass measurements of exotic nuclei is a fast, developing field which is essential for basic nuclear physics and a wide range of applications. The method of storage ring mass spectrometry has many advantages: (1) a large amount of nuclides can be simultaneously measured; (2) very short-lived (T-1/2 greater than or similar to 50 mu s) and very rare species (yields down to single ions) can be accessed; (3) nuclides in several atomic charge states can be investigated, (4) half-life measurements can be performed with time-resolved mass spectrometry. In this contribution we concentrate on some recent achievements and future perspectives of the storage ring mass spectrometry.

Discovery of Highly Excited Long-Lived Isomers in Neutron-Rich Hafnium and Tantalum Isotopes through Direct Mass Measurements

A study of cooled Au-197 projectile-fragmentation products has been performed with a storage ring. This has enabled metastable nuclear excitations with energies up to 3 MeV, and half-lives extending to minutes or longer, to be identified in the neutron-rich nuclides Hf-183,Hf-184,Hf-186 and Ta-186,Ta-187. The results support the prediction of a strongly favored isomer region near neutron number 116.

Penning trap mass measurements on nobelium isotopes

The Penning trap mass spectrometer SHIPTRAP at GSI Darmstadt allows accurate mass measurements of radionuclides, produced in fusion-evaporation reactions and separated by the velocity filter SHIP from the primary beam. Recently, the masses of the three nobelium isotopes No252-254 were determined. These are the first direct mass measurements of transuranium elements, which provide new anchor points in this region. The heavy nuclides were produced in cold-fusion reactions by irradiating a PbS target with a Ca-48 beam, resulting in production rates of the nuclei of interest of about one atom per second. In combination with data from decay spectroscopy our results are used to perform a new atomic-mass evaluation in this region.

Measurement of K*(892)(0) and K-0 mesons in Al plus Al collisions at 1.9A GeV

A new measurement of subthreshold K*(892)(0) and K-0 production is presented. The experimental data complete the measurement of strange particles produced in Al + Al collisions at 1.9A GeV measured with the FOPI detector at SIS at GSI (Darmstadt). The K*(892)(0)/K-0 yield ratio is found to be 0.0315 +/- 0.006(stat.) +/- 0.012(syst.) and is in good agreement with the transport model prediction. These measurements provide information on the in-medium cross section of K+-pi(-) fusion, which is the dominant process in subthreshold K*(892)(0) production.

Some Superconducting Magnets at IMP

Some superconducting magnets research at IMP (Institute of Modern Physics, CAS, Lanzhou) will be described in this paper. Firstly, a superconducting electron cyclotron resonance ion source (SECRAL) was successfully built to produce intense beams of highly charged heavy ions for Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL). An innovation design of SECRAL is that the three axial solenoid coils are located inside of a sextupole bore in order to reduce the interaction forces between the sextupole coils and the solenoid coils. For 28 GHz operation, the magnet assembly can produce peak mirror fields on axis of 3.6 T at injection, 2.2 T at extraction, and a radial sextupole field of 2.0 T at plasma chamber wall. Some excellent results of ion beam intensity have been produced and SECRAL has been put into operation to provide highly charged ion beams for HIRFL since May 2007. Secondly, a super-ferric dipole prototype of FAIR Super-FRS is being built by FCG (FAIR China Group) in cooperation with GSI. Its superconducting coils and cryostat is made and tested in the Institute of Plasma Physics (IPP, Hefei), and it more 50 tons laminated yoke was made in IMP. This super-ferric dipole static magnetic field was measured in IMP, it reach to the design requirement, ramping field and other tests will be done in the future. Thirdly, a 3 T superconducting homogenous magnetic field solenoid with a 70 mm warm bore has been developed to calibrate Hall sensor, some testing results is reported. And a penning trap system called LPT (Lanzhou Penning Trap) is now being developed for precise mass measurements.

Prototype of the Superferric Dipoles for the Super-FRS of the FAIR-Project

The FAIR China Group (FCG), consisting of the Institute of Modern Physics (IMP Lanzhou), the Institute of Plasma Physics (ASIPP, Hefei) and the Institute of Electric Engineering (IEE, Beijing) developed and manufactured in cooperation with GSI, Germany a prototype of a superferric dipole for the Super-Fragment-Separator of the FAIR-project [1]. The dipole magnets of the separator will have a deflection radius of 12.5 m, a field up to 1.6 T, a gap of at least 170 mm and an effective length of more than 2 meters to bend ion beams with a rigidity from 2 T . m up to 20 T . m. The magnets operate at DC mode. These requirements led to a superferric design with a yoke weight of more than 50 tons and a maximum stored energy of more than 400 kJ. The principles of yoke, coil and cryostat construction will be presented. We will also show first results of tests and measurements realized at ASIPP and at IMP.

Magnetic Field Design of the Dipole for Super-FRS at FAIR

The Super-FRS (Super FRagment Separator) is a part of FAIR (Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research), which will be constructed at GSI, Germany by 17 countries. The Super-FRS comprises 24 superferric dipole magnets. The 2D and 3D magnetic field simulations of the prototype magnet are described in this paper. A passive trim slot and four chamfered removable poles are used to satisfy the required field homogeneity which is better than +/-3 x 10(-4) at 1.6 T, 0.8 T and 0.16 T in a wide elliptical useable aperture of 380 mm x 140 mm. Measurement results at various field levels are shown in this paper as well. It can be seen from the comparison of calculation and measurement results that the magnetic designs of the magnet fulfils the requirements.

深层治癌束运线极高、超高真空系统

本论文根据已有的设计方案及图纸，验证设计方案的可行性。主要内容如下：第一，根据公式估算深层治癌束运线各段的真空度，并用VAKTRAK程序模拟出压力分布曲线；第二，运用ANSYS程序对烘烤段各真空管道，尤其是盒形真空室（二极铁真空室）进行力学分析，验证设计尺寸是否可行；第三，根据力学分析，确定超薄壁拱形真空管道的波宽和波高，能够满足使用要求。第四，参考德国GSI有关资料，对膜窗材料进行了计算和验证，并成功的运用到实际中去。 目前，深层治癌束运线真空系统已经安装完毕，经过抽空、检漏，各元件均已达到设计要求，非烘烤段的真空度已达标，烘烤段已达到烘烤前应有的真空度，现正在安装烘烤外套及烘烤控制装置

深层治癌重离子束的配送

在辐射治疗应用方面，相比传统体外辐射疗法，高能量的重离子束流有着巨大的优势。近年来，世界上多数重离子治疗中心都对重离子的辐射特性已经进行了深入研究，从2006年起中国科学院近代物理所也开始了重离子辐射治疗肿瘤的临床实验。目前绝大多数重离子治癌中心都采用了包括一对独立的二极铁的束流配送系统，将从加速器引出的笔形束流在肿瘤的各层等深横截面上进行均匀照射。本文重点阐述了HIRFL-CSR重离子治癌装置中的束流配送系统的工作原理和分系统结构，包括深层治癌重离子束运线，终端扫描系统和根据治疗计划生成的扫描路径软件系统。第一部分简单介绍了世界上各大重离子医疗辐射工程，总结了医疗重离子加速器的设计经验，尤其对日本的HIMAC和德国GSI重离子治癌装置进行了详细介绍，同时对新型重离子治癌装置的特点和重离子治癌装置的发展方向进行了介绍。侧重分析研究了束流引出系统、控制系统和扫描系统的工作原理和相关在线设备，详细比较了两种扫描方式的优缺点。第二部分重点介绍了HIRFL-CSR加速器及其重离子辐射应用工程。CSR是中国第一台重离子冷却存储环，其主加速器CSRm是在兰州重离子治癌装置的核心，负责提供对应不同穿透深度不同能量的慢引出束流。兰州近代物理所的治癌临床实验分为三个阶段，其中第一阶段利用HIRFL辐照终端引出的重离子束流对浅层肿瘤进行适形照射。第二阶段利用CSRm引出的重离子束流开展对深层肿瘤的辐照实验，包括动物实验和临床实验。第三阶段在技术成熟后将小型医用重离子加速器向社会推广。第三部分中总结回顾了深层治癌重离子束运线的设计原理和和束运线的磁聚焦结构。对扫描系统（栅扫描和点扫描）进行了计算机模拟和束斑尺寸的控制方式进行了讨论。在重离子深层治癌进行第一次动物实验时，利用位于终端的分条电离室测试了治癌重离子束流的基本参量，得到了引出束流在垂直和水平方向以及束流微结构的品质信息，并用梯度法测量了束流的发射度。这些工作对于模拟不同引出束流情况对应的不同扫描方式时束流照射均匀度很有帮助，也给制定肿瘤的治疗计划提供了一些参考。最后论文还简单介绍了束流的共振引出系统，侧重说明引出束流的特性，提及重离子垂直治疗终端桶型旋转机架的设计

0.4-1.2A GeV能区重离子碰撞中的直接流系统性研究

直接流是研究重离子碰撞动力学演变和压缩形成的高密核物质性质很好的探针，本论文系统地研究了0.4、0.8和1.16A GeV的Ni+Ni和Pb+Pb碰撞中的直接流。实验是在德国重离子研究中心(GSI)的FOPI探测装置上完成的。论文中，简单总结了中高能区重离子碰撞的现状和描述集体流的主要理论模型，介绍了FOPI探测系统，给出了详细的实验数据分析过程，对所得到的物理结果进行了讨论。本论文工作的重点如下：基于FOPI系统的实验数据，发展了一套质量相关(Z=1离子)的直接流的提取方法。提取了各碰撞系统出射P、D和T粒子在不同碰撞中心度下的微分直接流和积分直接流。研究了P、D和T的直接流对碰撞中心度、系统尺寸和碰撞能量的依赖性，以及对核物质状态方程的敏感性。结果表明：直接流敏感地依赖于碰撞中心度，近中心碰撞具有更强直接流信号；对于轻重两种系统，用常用的AP1/3+AT1/3系数对积分直接流进行了标度，观察到一定的标度性，但不能完全标度；通过研究直接流对碰撞能量的依赖性发现，在0.4－1.2A GeV能区内，随能量升高，直接流在已经达到了饱和，并开始下降，并且P、D和T的变化趋势相同。实验数据与输运模型IQMD计算比较发现，直接流的变化趋势和最大密度变化趋势相同，说明直接流是核物质压缩程度的一个良好探针。计算得到的P、D和T微分和积分的V1值表明，与质量相关的直接流，无论是微分值还是积分值都敏感依赖于模型中EoS参数。比较发现，不同碰撞能量下，重的Pb+Pb系统的数据和软的EoS符合很好，说明核物质不可压缩系数在210 MeV附近，这与文献中的结果相吻合，说明与质量相关的直接流是EoS的敏感探针。对于轻Ni＋Ni系统，目前的IQMD还不能重现数据，但其趋向于硬的EoS，需要发展描述碰撞过程更为精细的理论模型。数据整体趋势表明，随者系统变重，中子比例的增加，EoS变软，难以给出同一组IQMD参数来同时解释全部的实验数据。对于所研究的碰撞系统，比较中心快度区斜率行为时发现，P、D和T的直接流与出射粒子质量数呈线性关系，并且出射粒子的积分直接流可以很好的用常数(A+1)/2进行标度。如果出射粒子的直接流用IQMD计算的核阻止进行归一，归一后的直接流与碰撞能量成正比。这证明核阻止与直接流有线性关联，反映了核阻止对于碰撞中核物质达到的最高密度起决定性的作用。论文工作的另一部分是完成了FOPI探测装置中飞行时间探测器的升级工作。研制了新型的玻璃MMRPC，完成了性能的批量测试，并研究了该探测器的高计数率行为。测量结果显示，在实验计数率(0.1 kHz/cm2)条件下，MMRPC时间分辨达到75 ps，探测效率达到98％。当计数率达到3－5 kHz/cm2时，时间分辨和探测效率降至约110 ps和75％。高计数率探测效率变差的幅度可以用DC模型进行解释，然而时间分辨的变化幅度用DC模型难以解释

8B的库仑离解和天体物理学S17因子的测量

对太阳中微子问题，即在地球上观测到的太阳中微子通量同标准太阳模型理论预言之间的巨大差异的解释，依赖于~7Be(p,γ)~8B反应在低能区的反应截面，即S_(17)因子，而目前测量结果中过大的不确定性(>20%)，使得有必要对这一因子重新给予精确的测定。作为对直接质子俘获截面测量的替代，库仓离解方法被利用以获取S_(17)因子。采用入射能量E(~8B) = 254MeV/u的放射性~8B次级束流，并利用其大接收度磁谱仪KaoS，我们在GSI进行的实验通过对反应事例的逐个鉴别和不变质量分析，得到对应于S_(17)因子的质子俘获反应~7Be(p,γ)~8B的时间反演过程~8B(p,γ)~7Be的反应总截面σ_(CD) = 287 ± 15mb，以及作为反应碎片间相对动能函数的微分反应截面(dσ_(CD))/(dE_(rel))(E_(rel))。通过对微分反应截面中各种多级跃迁成份的分离，并经由细致平衡原理，我们计算得到了S_(17)因子，并在理论计算的帮助下，将其外推到太阳能区：S_(17)(0) = 21.2 ± 0.9eV·b及S_(17)(20KeV) = 20.6 ±0.9eV·b。

碳离子辐照后细胞的适应性反应及单一时相细胞的相对生物学效应

目的：探讨低剂量碳离子辐照细胞引起的适应性反应,将低剂量效应的研究范围拓宽至高LET电离辐射领域;研究单一时相细胞经低能碳离子辐照后,存活曲线、失活截面和相对生物学效应与细胞周期各时期的关系.材料与方法：采有中国仓鼠肺V79细胞和小鼠黑色素瘤B16细胞,利用兰州近代物理研究所重离子研究装置（HIRFL）产生的碳离子,主要以细胞存活分数和细胞微核率为生物终点,探讨高LET的碳离子对V79细胞和B16细胞的低剂量效应.采用中国仓鼠卵巢细胞CHO-K和细胞同步化方法,利用德国GSI的直线加速器（Unilac）终端产生的低能碳离子,以细胞存活分数为生物终点,研究单一时相细胞经低能碳离子辐照后,存活曲线、失活截面与细胞周期各时期的关系,并与X射线的结果作了比较,得出了各时期细胞的相对生物学效应.结果：低剂量碳离子辐照细胞引起的生物学效应：1.和γ射线一样,低剂量重离子,如0.02Gy的碳离子辐照也能提高细胞的克隆形成率.这种集落形成能力的提高可能与低剂量辐照使细胞对受损DNA的修复能力增强有关.2.从细胞存活分类来看,0.02Gy预处理能使V79和B16两种细胞产生较明显的适应性反应;0.05Gy预处理引起V79细胞的适应性反应不明显,未能引起B16细胞的适应性反应.3.从细胞微核率来看,0.02Gy预处理能引起两种细胞的适应性反应;0.05Gy预处理未能引起两种细胞的适应性反应,并且已表现出协同损伤的趋势.4.高LET的碳离子和低LET射线一样,可以诱导细胞的兴奋效应或适应性反应.但诱导剂量D1不宜过高.