Gastrointestinal microbiota

Bacteria are associated with all areas of the human body from the skin to the genitourinary, respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI) tracts. The GI tract is the most heavily populated, with the majority of the total bacterial population of humans residing therein. The GI tract has evolved to become a functional organ comprising anatomically distinct areas. The digestive process starts in the oral cavity, then moves through the stomach, small and large intestine and finally the rectum. This chapter summarizes the functions of the human gastrointestinal tract. A main function of the GI microbiota is modulation of the immune system. The chapter focues on the factors influencing composition of the microbiota.

Effects of Ischemia and Reperfusion on P2X(2) Receptor Expressing Neurons of the Rat Ileum Enteric Nervous System

Purpose We investigated the effects of ischemia/reperfusion in the intestine (I/R-i) on purine receptor P2X(2)-immunoreactive (IR) neurons of the rat ileum. Methods The superior mesenteric artery was occluded for 45 min with an atraumatic vascular clamp and animals were sacrificed 4 h later. Neurons of the myenteric and submucosal plexuses were evaluated for immunoreactivity against the P2X(2) receptor, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), choline acetyl transferase (ChAT), calbindin, and calretinin. Results Following I/R-i, we observed a decrease in P2X(2) receptor immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm and surface membranes of neurons of the myenteric and submucosal plexuses. These studies also revealed an absence of calbindin-positive neurons in the I/R-i group. In addition, the colocalization of the P2X(2) receptor with NOS, ChAT, and calretinin immunoreactivity in the myenteric plexus was decreased following I/R-i. Likewise, the colocalization between P2X(2) and calretinin in neurons of the submucosal plexus was also reduced. In the I/R-i group, there was a 55.8% decrease in the density of neurons immunoreactive (IR) for the P2X(2) receptor, a 26.4% reduction in NOS-IR neuron, a 25% reduction in ChAT-IR neuron, and a 47% reduction in calretinin-IR neuron. The density of P2X(2) receptor and calretinin-IR neurons also decreased in the submucosal plexus of the I/R-i group. In the myenteric plexus, P2X(2)-IR, NOS-IR, ChAT-IR and calretinin-IR neurons were reduced in size by 50%, 49.7%, 42%, and 33%, respectively, in the I/R-i group; in the submucosal plexus, P2X(2)-IR and calretinin-IR neurons were reduced in size by 56% and 72.6%, respectively. Conclusions These data demonstrate that ischemia/reperfusion of the intestine affects the expression of the P2X(2) receptor in neurons of the myenteric and submucosal plexus, as well as density and size of neurons in this population. Our findings indicate that I/R-i induces changes in P2X(2)-IR enteric neurons that could result in alterations in intestinal motility.

The development of a Defense System against Coxsackievirus B5 Infection in Suckling Mice

There are many viruses that are able to infect the alimentary tract of man. Little is known, however, about the mechanism of infection itself or the pathophysiology of the gut during infection. 'The research reported here is concerned with the differences in susceptibility among suckling mice of various ages inoculated by the intraperitoneal and intragastric routes. Since the normal mode of entry of many viruses to the gut is via the oral route, Coxsackievirus B5, a human enterovirus which does attack this way, was utilized. It is a non-tumor producing RNA virus that has been shown to act similarly in the mouse and human. The virus was pooled in HeLa cell cultures and titered by a plaquing assay in the same cell cultures. CD-l mice, 10, 14, 18, and 22 days old , were infected either orally or intraperitoneally with 5.0 x 10^10 (10 day old animals) and 1.0 x10^9 plaque forming units per animal. Dissections were done at 1 and 3 days post infection with samples of the blood, heart, liver, and gut being taken from each animal. Each sample was titered individually and the data presented as an average of six samples. As a result of previous work, it is known that the gut of a newborn mouse isn't able to decrease the concentration of the infecting dose and therefore provides no defense against an enteric infection with Coxsackievirus B5. In contrat, mature mice are able to reduce the amount of viral dissemination across the gut as well as inhibit replication after absorption has occurred. The results of this study indicate that there is a double barrier system developing in suckling mice that is involved with and directly related to the gastrointestinal tract The first part of this defense is the inhibition of penetration of virus across the gut when the primary site of' infection is the intestinal mucosa. This mechanism develops sometime around 20 to 22 days after birth. At about 16-18 days of age, suckling mice that were challenged intragastrically are able to stop active replication and initiate clearance of virus from the systemic circulation. There are many factors that might contribute to the marked decrease in susceptibility with age of suckling mice. Some of these or possibly a combination of these factors might explain the defense mechanisms described above, but to date, the chemistry or mechanical functioning of the gastrointestinal barrier to enteric viral infection is unknown.

Development of an AMR-ACB Array for Gastrointestinal Motility Studies

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Magnetic images of pharmaceutical dosage forms in the human gastrointestinal tract

Oral administration with solid dosage forms is a common route in the drug therapy widely used. The drug release by the disintegration process occurs in several gastrointestinal tract (GIT) regions. AC Biosusceptometry (ACB) was originally proposal to characterize the disintegration process of tablets in vitro and in the human stomach, through changes in magnetic signals. The aim of this work was to employ a multisensor ACB system to monitoring magnetic tablets and capsules in the human GIT and to obtain the magnetic images of the disintegration process. The ACB showed accuracy to quantify the gastric residence time, the intestinal transit time and the magnetic images allowed to visualize the disintegration of magnetic formulations in the GIT. The ACB is a non-invasive, radiation free technique, completely safe and harmless to the volunteers and had demonstrated potential to evaluate pharmaceutical dosage forms in the human gastrointestinal tract. © 2005 IEEE.

Gastrointestinal changes associated to heart failure

Over the last decade, several studies were conducted on the gastrointestinal changes associated to chronic heart failure. This article presents a literature review on the physiopathology and clinical consequences of pathological digestive changes of heart failure patients. Structural and functional abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract, such as edema of absorptive mucosa and intestinal bacterial overgrowth, have been leading to serious clinical consequences. Some of these consequences are cardiac cachexia, systemic inflammatory activation and anemia. These conditions, alone or in combination, may lead to worsening of the pre-existing ventricular dysfunction. Although currently there is no therapy specifically earmarked for gastrointestinal changes associated to heart failure, the understanding of digestive abnormalities is germane for the prevention and management of systemic consequences.

Efeito antinociceptivo, gastrointestinal e na atividade locomotora espontânea da administração intravenosa e metadona em equinos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Câncer gastrointestinal: dificuldades para o acesso ao diagnóstico e tratamento

O câncer do trato gastrointestinal tem sua importância no perfil de mortalidade do Brasil, estando entre os dez mais incidentes do país. A detecção precoce garante uma melhor qualidade de vida para os doentes oncológicos, porém frequentemente estes chegam aos centros de tratamento em fase avançada da doença. O estudo objetiva investigar as dificuldades de acesso ao diagnóstico e tratamento para os pacientes com câncer gastrointestinal atendidos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde. Com este intuito, realizou-se uma pesquisa observacional descritiva e sob a forma de um questionário foram coletados dados de pacientes em tratamento em dois hospitais públicos de Belém, no período de março a junho de 2013. Preencheram os critérios de inclusão 122 pacientes que foram agrupados em diferentes trajetórias de atendimento. Além disso, foram também obtidas informações registradas nos prontuários desses pacientes. A análise dos dados demonstrou que o diagnóstico da doença em 68,1% foi realizado pelo médico generalista; a maior dificuldade, nessa fase, foi o acesso ao diagnóstico gerando gastos com exames, pois a maioria dos pacientes (68,9%) não realizou exames especializados através do Sistema Único de Saúde, mas com recursos próprios. Nos centros/ unidades de referência em oncologia, as dificuldades relatadas por 56 pacientes começam com a marcação da consulta médica, ocorrendo demora do agendamento pela instituição para 94,6% desses doentes. A falta de leito para internação foi apontada como o maior entrave (54.4%) para iniciar a terapêutica cirúrgica, particularmente para o câncer gástrico e de cólon e reto. A análise das trajetórias percorridas pelos doentes, desde o inicio dos sintomas até o atendimento na unidade de referência, revela que o diagnóstico da doença em 50% dos pacientes ocorreu somente após 10 meses do inicio dos sintomas, e o tratamento iniciou só depois de 90 dias do diagnóstico. O tempo que os pacientes permanecem sintomáticos sem um diagnóstico impacta negativamente no prognóstico. Nesta pesquisa, os casos de câncer gástrico e de cólon e reto foram diagnosticados tardiamente (estádio IV e IIIB) e, por conseguinte o tratamento não ocorreu no prazo desejável.

Estado nutricional e marcadores clínico-bioquímicos em indivíduos portadores de carcinoma gastrointestinal

O estado nutricional de indivíduos portadores de carcinoma gastrointestinal é frequentemente afetado, sendo agravado em função da carcinogênese promover ativação do processo inflamatório e consequente ativação do sistema imunológico, com produção de citocinas e proteínas de fase aguda, como proteína C- reativa, que resulta no hipermetabolismo, acelerando a perda de peso e progredindo para o quadro de caquexia. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o estado nutricional e os marcadores clínico-bioquímicos em indivíduos portadores de carcinoma gastrointestinal, atendidos no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto (HUJBB), em Belém-PA. Foi realizado estudo transversal, descritivo, observacional com pacientes adultos e idosos, portadores de carcinoma gastrointestinal atendidos na Unidade de Alta Complexidade em Oncologia e na clínica cirúrgica do HUJBB, no período de dezembro de 2013 a julho de 2014. Realizou-se avaliação nutricional por meio de parâmetros antropométricos, que incluíram índice de massa corporal (IMC), percentual de perda de peso (%PP), circunferência do braço (CB), circunferência muscular do braço (CMB), área muscular do braço corrigida (AMBc), prega cutânea triciptal (PCT) e músculo adutor do polegar (MAP), parâmetros bioquímicos, por meio da classificação da hemoglobina, contagem total de linfócitos (CTL), albumina, transferrina, índice de prognóstico inflamatório-nutricional (IPIN) e parâmetros subjetivos, utilizando-se a avaliação subjetiva global produzida pelo paciente (ASG-PPP), além da identificação e classificação da caquexia. Foram avaliados 44 pacientes, sendo 63,30% do sexo masculino com idade média de 61,2 anos (±13,3). 95,50% eram naturais do Pará, 45,50% residentes no interior, 50,00% apresentavam escolaridade em ensino fundamental incompleto e 52,30% não possuíam renda familiar. Do total de pacientes avaliados, 63,60% possuíam neoplasia de estômago; destes, 50,00% estavam em estádio clínico IV e 73,30% em tratamento cirúrgico, com tempo médio de internação de 45,85 dias (±32,97). Na avaliação nutricional, verificou-se 20,50% de eutrofia para adultos e 42,30% para idosos, por meio do IMC, porém, em avaliação isolada dos compartimentos muscular e adiposo, verificou-se 59,10% de depleção grave por meio da AMBc, 54,50% por meio da PCT e 75,00% com presença de depleção em algum grau em CB e 68,18% em CMB. A perda de peso grave foi verificada em 61,36% dos pacientes avaliados e no MAP, obteve-se maior prevalência de depleção moderada (30,20%). Nos parâmetros bioquímicos, observou-se redução grave em hemoglobina em 61,40% dos pacientes, depleção leve em CTL em 56,80%, de albumina em 47,70% e depleção moderada de transferrina em 45,50%. Na avaliação do IPIN, verificou-se médio risco de complicação para 56,80% dos pacientes avaliados. Na ASG-PPP, 63,60% dos pacientes foram classificados em desnutrição grave e a presença de caquexia sintomática foi de 54,50%. No que se refere à análise de correlação, constatou-se que houve correlação positiva e significativa de IMC com CMB, CB, PCT, AMBc, MAP e Hemoglobina; CMB com CB e AMBc; CB com PCT, AMBc, MAP, e hemoglobina; PCT com AMBc; AMBc com MAP. Na análise de componente principal, verificou-se como métodos mais sensíveis para a detecção de desnutrição a avaliação de CB, AMBc, CMB, IMC, PCT, MAP, IPIN e avaliação da caquexia. Desta forma, os resultados obtidos no presente estudo evidenciam o comprometimento nutricional em pacientes portadores de carcinoma gastrointestinal, por diferentes parâmetros, demonstrando assim que a desnutrição ocorre de forma global, com perdas tanto de tecido adiposo quanto de tecido muscular, assim como alterações a nível bioquímico.

Effects of a continuous rate infusion of butorphanol in isoflurane-anesthetized horses on cardiorespiratory parameters, recovery quality, gastrointestinal motility and serum cortisol concentrations

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes associated with gastrointestinal nematode infection in goats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The effect of gastrointestinal nematode infection level on grazing distance from dung

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Development of an AMR-ACB Array for Gastrointestinal Motility Studies

The association between anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) sensor and AC biosusceptometry (ACB) to evaluate gastrointestinal motility is presented. The AMR-ACB system was successfully characterized in a bench-top study, and in vivo results were compared with those obtained by means of simultaneous manometry. Both AMR-ACB and manometry techniques presented high temporal cross correlation between the two periodicals signals (R = 0.9 +/- 0.1; P < 0.05). The contraction frequencies using AMR-ACB were 73.9 +/- 7.6 mHz and using manometry were 73.8 +/- 7.9 mHz during the baseline (r = 98, p < 0.05). The amplitude of contraction using AMR-ACB was 396 +/- 108 mu T.s and using manometry were 540 +/- 198 mmHg.s during the baseline. The amplitudes of signals for AMR-ACB and manometric recordings were similarly increased to 86.4% and 89.3% by neostigmine, and also decreased to 27.2% and 21.4% by hyoscine butylbromide in all animals, respectively. The AMR-ACB array is nonexpensive, portable, and has high-spatiotemporal resolution to provide helpful information about gastrointestinal tract.

Gastrointestinal tract mucosal histomorphometry and epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis in neonatal and adult dogs

In this study, the hypothesis was tested that the size of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) mucosal components and rates of epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis change with increasing age. The aims were to quantitatively examine GIT histomorphology and to determine mucosal epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis rates in neonatal (<48 h old) and adult (8 to 11.5 yr old) dogs. Morphometrical analyses were performed by light microscopy with a video-based, computer-linked system. Cell proliferation and apoptosis of the GIT epithelium were evaluated by counting the number of Ki-67 and caspase-3-positive cells, respectively, using immunohistochemical methods. Thickness of mucosal, glandular, subglandular, submucosal and muscular layers, crypt depths, villus heights, and villus widths were consistently greater (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001), whereas villus height/crypt depth ratios were smaller (P < 0.001) in adult than in neonatal dogs. The number of Ki-67-positive cells in stomach, small intestine, and colon crypts, but not in villi, was consistently greater (P < 0.01) in neonatal than in adult dogs. In contrast, the number of caspase-3-positive cells in crypts of the stomach, small intestine, and colon and in villi was not significantly influenced by age. In conclusion, canine GIT mucosal morphology and epithelial cell proliferation rates, but not apoptosis rates, change markedly from birth until adulthood is reached.

Eosinophils in the gastrointestinal tract: friends or foes?

Eosinophils play an important role in the mucosal immune system of the gastrointestinal tract under resting and under inflammatory conditions. Under steady-state conditions, the mucosa of the digestive tract is the only organ harboring a substantial number of eosinophils, which, if need be, get activated and exert several effector and immunoregulatory functions. The precise function of these late-phase inflammatory cells is not yet completely understood. Nevertheless, it has recently been demonstrated that lipopolysaccharides from gram-negative bacteria activate eosinophils to rapidly release mitochondrial DNA in the extracellular space. Released mitochondrial DNA and eosinophil granule proteins form extracellular structures able to bind and inactivate bacteria. These findings suggest a novel mechanism of eosinophil-mediated innate immune responses that might be important in maintaining the intestinal barrier function. Moreover, eosinophils also play a crucial role in several inflammatory conditions, such as intestinal infections, immune-mediated inflammations and hypersensitivity reactions. Under chronic inflammatory conditions, the ability of the eosinophils to induce repair can lead to pathological sequelae in the tissue, such as esophageal remodeling in eosinophilic esophagitis. It is established that the uncontrolled eosinophilic inflammation induces fibrosis, esophageal wall thickening and strictures leading to damage that results in a loss of esophageal function. One potential mechanism of this remodeling is so-called 'epithelial mesenchymal transition', which is triggered by eosinophils and is potentially reversible under successful anti-eosinophil treatment. Therefore, eosinophils may act either as friends or as foes, depending on the microenvironment.