Bioaccessibility of heavy metals and risk assessment in urban gardens of Madrid

Human health problems and solutions. Urban gardening has spread worldwide in recent years as it enhances food security and selfsupply and promotes community integration. However urban soils are significantly enriched in trace elements relative to background levels. Exposure to the soil in urban gardens may therefore result in adverse health effects depending on the degree of contact during gardening, infant recreational activities and ingestion of vegetables grown in them. In order to evaluate this potential risk, 36 composite samples were collected from the top 20 cm of the soil of 6 urban gardens in Madrid. The aqua regia (pseudototal) and glycine-extractable (bioaccessible) concentrations of Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Additionally, pH, texture, Fe, Ca, and Mn concentrations, and organic matter and calcium carbonate contents were determined in all urban gardens and their influence on trace element bioaccessibility was analyzed.

Bioaccessibility of metals and human health risk assessment in community urban gardens

Pseudo-total (i.e. aqua regia extractable) and gastric-bioaccessible (i.e. glycine + HCl extractable) concentrations of Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined in a total of 48 samples collected from six community urban gardens of different characteristics in the city of Madrid (Spain). Calcium carbonate appears to be the soil property that determines the bioaccessibility of a majority of those elements, and the lack of influence of organic matter, pH and texture can be explained by their low levels in the samples (organic matter) or their narrow range of variation (pH and texture). A conservative risk assessment with bioaccessible concentrations in two scenarios, i.e. adult urban farmers and children playing in urban gardens, revealed acceptable levels of risk, but with large differences between urban gardens depending on their history of land use and their proximity to busy areas in the city center. Only in a worst-case scenario in which children who use urban gardens as recreational areas also eat the produce grown in them would the risk exceed the limits of acceptability

Valencia, view from the Botanical Gardens [ [Material gráfico]

Resumen: Vista de San Pio V y una parte de la ciudad desde el antiguo Jardin del Real.

Bulletin of miscellaneous information / Trinidad, Royal Botanic Gardens.

2, 1895-1896

A History of Transplants: A Study of Entryway Gardens at Amache

Previous research shows that during the period of Japanese American internment gardening became a popular activity for the interned. Primarily approached historically, little work has been conducted to archaeologically analyze the efforts of landscaping by former internees. Gardening activity can paint a better picture of Japanese American identity during the period of forced confinement. This research investigates internee gardens methodologically through surface survey, ground penetrating radar, excavation, oral history, soil chemistry, archaeobotany, and palynology. The thorough investigation of landscaping efforts of internees builds upon knowledge of expression within Japanese American relocation centers, as well as the understanding of a lineage of gardening as Japanese immigrant tradition. Using available materials, gardeners adapted both tradition and environment for the purpose of improving conditions under internment and maintaining an affiliation to heritage. My examination of internee landscaping better explains how many collectively maintained, adapted, and publicly expressed an ethnic identity.

The Effectiveness of Rain Gardens as a Low-Impact Development Strategy for Storm Water Pollution Reduction in Western Washington

Stormwater runoff is a major cause of surface water pollution in western Washington and cost-effective control measures are needed to reduce contamination of receiving waters. This project evaluated the performance efficiency and costs of installing a residential rain garden by inspecting two gardens and testing water quality samples in one. Infiltration through the garden was effective in reducing metals and nutrients as indicated by reductions in copper and nitrate concentrations of 75% and 97%, respectively. The costs were affordable for most homeowners and cost-effective compared to other options. After doing on-site investigations, the storm water manual for the State of Washington was reviewed and eight recommendations were made for improving it.

Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya.

4, 1907-10

Adelaide Botanic Gardens, Australia, 1876 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Plan of the Botanic Garden and Park as designed by Dr. Schomburgk, compiled and drawn in the office of the Surveyor General by E.P. Laurie from a survey made by Mr. Surveyor J.W. Jones 1874. It was published by Surveyor-General's Office in 1876. Scale [ca. 1:1,584].The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the World Miller Cylindrical projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, roads, paths, fountains, buildings, gardens, lawns, and more. Relief shown by hachures.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

New description of Blenheim, the seat of His Grace the Duke of Marlborough: : containing a full and accurate account of the paintings, tapestry, and furniture; a picturesque tour of the gardens and park; and a general description of the China Gallery, &c., with a preliminary essay on landscape gardening. ...

Author identified in Halkett and Laing (2nd ed.).

The fruit garden : a treatise intended to explain and illustrate the physiology of fruit trees, the theory and practice of all operations connected with the propagation, transplanting, pruning and training of orchard and garden trees ... the laying out and arranging different kinds of orchards and gardens ... : illustrated with upwards of 150 figures ... /

Advertisments on last page.

Forest Hills Gardens : the suburban land development of the Russell Sage Foundation.

Mode of access: Internet.

Ocean and river gardens : a history of the marine and fresh-water aquaria, with the best methods for their establishment and preservation ...

Pt. II has title: River gardens; being an account of the best methods of cultivating fresh water plants in aquaria.

Old roses for modern gardens.

Mode of access: Internet.

The gardens and park of Cranbrook House /

Mode of access: Internet.

The gardens and park of Cranbrook House /

Mode of access: Internet.