Efeitos do treinamento de flexibilidade na capacidade funcional e seus componentes, em idosas: um estudo controlado randomizado

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Comparação de parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios em testes indiretos e diretos de avaliação funcional em indivíduos saudáveis e diabéticos

Pós-graduação em Ciências da Motricidade - IBRC

Caracterização dos portadores de hipertensão e diabetes atendidos nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde da cidade de Agudos e avaliação da associação entre nível de atividade física e fatores de risco cardiovascular, qualidade de vida e comorbidades

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Eccentric torque-producing capacity is influenced by muscle length in older healthy adults

Considering the importance of muscle strength to functional capacity in the elderly, the study investigated the effects of age on isokinetic performance and torque production as a function of muscle length. Eleven younger (24.2±2.9years) and seventeen older men (62.7±2.5years) were subjected to concentric and eccentric isokinetic knee extension/flexion at 60°.s-1 and 120°.s-1 through a functional range of motion. The older group presented lower peak torque (Nm) than the young group for both isokinetic contraction types (age effect, p<0.001). Peak torque deficits in the older group were near 30% and 29% for concentric and eccentric contraction, respectively. Concentric peak torque was lower at 120.s-1 than at 60.s-1 for both groups (angular velocity effect, p<0.001). Eccentric knee extension torque was the only exercise tested that showed an interaction effect between age and muscle length (p<0.001), which suggested different torque responses to the muscle length between groups. Compared with the young group, the eccentric knee extension torque was 22% to 56% lower in the older group, with the deficits being lower in the shortened muscle length (22-27%) and higher (33-56%) in stretched muscle length. In older men, the production of eccentric knee strength seems to be muscle length-dependent. At more stretched positions, older subjects lose the capacity to generate eccentric knee extension torque. More studies are needed to assess the mechanisms involved in eccentric strength preservation with aging and its relationship with muscle length.

Nível de atividade física e qualidade de vida em aposentados residentes no município de Rio Claro - SP

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Functional Limitation and Intermittent Claudication: Impact of Blood Pressure Measurements

Background: Arterial hypertension is an important risk factor for Lower-Limb Occlusive Arterial Disease (LLOAD). However, the correlation between blood pressure and pulse pressure (PP) with LLOAD severity and functional impairment resulting from this disease is not well established in the Brazilian population. Objective: To verify whether there is a correlation between blood pressure, PP, LLOAD severity and functional capacity in patients with symptomatic LLOAD. Methods: A total of 65 patients (62.2 + 8.1 years, 56.9% males) were evaluated. They were divided into two groups: normal (A) and high (B) blood pressure. LLOAD severity was assessed using the ankle-brachial index (ABI) and functional capacity by the total and pain-free walking distance at the 6-minute walking test (6MWT). Results: Group A consisted of 17 (26.1%) patients. The systolic (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and PP were, respectively, 125.4 +/- 11.7, 74.5 +/- 9.1 and 50.9 +/- 10.0 mmHg in group A and 160.7 +/- 19.6, 90.0 +/- 12.2 and 70.7 +/- 20.2 mmHg in group B. The ABI was significantly lower in group B (0.66 +/- 0.12 vs. 0.57 +/- 0.13, p < 0.05). SBP and PP correlated with LLOAD severity and the distances walked at the 6MWT. Patients with PP > 40 mmHg walked shorter distances. Conclusion: SBP and PP significantly correlated with the distances walked in the 6MWT, suggesting they are clinical markers of functional capacity impairment in patients with symptomatic LLOAD. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2012; 98(2): 161-166)

Chapter I: Definitions, epidemiology, clinical presentation and prognosis

The concept of chronic critical limb ischaemia (CLI) emerged late in the history of peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD). The historical background and changing definitions of CLI over the last decades are important to know in order to understand why epidemiologic data are so difficult to compare between articles and over time. The prevalence of CLI is probably very high and largely underestimated, and significant differences exist between population studies and clinical series. The extremely high costs associated with management of these patients make CLI a real public health issue for the future. In the era of emerging vascular surgery in the 1950s, the initial classification of PAOD by Fontaine, with stages III and IV corresponding to CLI, was based only on clinical symptoms. Later, with increasing access to non-invasive haemodynamic measurements (ankle pressure, toe pressure), the need to prove a causal relationship between PAOD and clinical findings suggestive of CLI became a real concern, and the Rutherford classification published in 1986 included objective haemodynamic criteria. The first consensus document on CLI was published in 1991 and included clinical criteria associated with ankle and toe pressure and transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO(2)) cut-off levels <50 mmHg, <30 mmHg and <10 mmHg respectively). This rigorous definition reflects an arterial insufficiency that is so severe as to cause microcirculatory changes and compromise tissue integrity, with a high rate of major amputation and mortality. The TASC I consensus document published in 2000 used less severe pressure cut-offs (≤ 50-70 mmHg, ≤ 30-50 mmHg and ≤ 30-50 mmHg respectively). The thresholds for toe pressure and especially TcPO(2) (which will be also included in TASC II consensus document) are however just below the lower limit of normality. It is therefore easy to infer that patients qualifying as CLI based on TASC criteria can suffer from far less severe disease than those qualifying as CLI in the initial 1991 consensus document. Furthermore, inclusion criteria of many recent interventional studies have even shifted further from the efforts of definition standardisation with objective criteria, by including patients as CLI based merely on Fontaine classification (stage III and IV) without haemodynamic criteria. The differences in the natural history of patients with CLI, including prognosis of the limb and the patient, are thus difficult to compare between studies in this context. Overall, CLI as defined by clinical and haemodynamic criteria remains a severe condition with poor prognosis, high medical costs and a major impact in terms of public health and patients' loss of functional capacity. The major progresses in best medical therapy of arterial disease and revascularisation procedures will certainly improve the outcome of CLI patients. In the future, an effort to apply a standardised definition with clinical and objective haemodynamic criteria will be needed to better demonstrate and compare the advances in management of these patients.

Exercise capacity and biventricular function in adult patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot

BACKGROUND: Adult patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF) often have diminished exercise capacity. The primary objective of this study was to examine whether abnormalities of biventricular function play a role in exercise limitation in patients with rTOF. METHODS: This was a retrospective review of 99 adult patients with rTOF. Right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular (LV) function were assessed echocardiographically using the myocardial performance index (MPI). Maximal oxygen consumption (VO(2) Max) was measured during a level 1 cardiopulmonary exercise test. RESULTS: The mean age of the cohort was 34 +/- 11 years (50% females). Although most of the patients reported good functional capacity, the peak Vo(2)max was decreased at 22 +/- 6 mL/kg per minute (66% +/- 13% predicted Vo(2)max for age and sex). The mean RV and LV MPI were 0.30 +/- 0.07 and 0.42 +/- 0.09, respectively. In the multivariate model, higher RV MPI (P = .04) and LV MPI (P = .005) values, representing impaired ventricular function, were associated with diminished Vo(2)max. There was a significant correlation between the RV and LV MPI (r = 0.54, P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Impairment of RV and LV function, as measured by MPI, is associated with diminished exercise capacity in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot. Furthermore, there is a linear relationship between the RV and LV function suggesting that ventricular interactions are contributing to the limited exercise capacity in this group of patients. Strategies aimed at preserving biventricular function or improving adverse ventricular interactions could help to improve functional capacity in these patients.

Functional effect of FGF2- and FGF8-expanded ventral mesencephalic precursor cells in a rat model of Parkinson's disease

Ventral mesencephalic (VM) precursor cells are of interest in the search for transplantable dopaminergic neurons for cell therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD). In the present study we investigated the survival and functional capacity of in vitro expanded, primary VM precursor cells after intrastriatal grafting to a rat model of PD. Embryonic day 12 rat VM tissue was mechanically dissociated and cultured for 4 or 8 days in vitro (DIV) in the presence of FGF2 (20 ng/ml), FGF8 (20 ng/ml) or without mitogens (control). Cells were thereafter differentiated for 6 DIV by mitogen withdrawal and addition of serum. After differentiation, significantly more tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-ir), dopamine-producing neurons were found in FGF2- and FGF8-expanded cultures compared to controls. Moreover, expansion for 4 DIV resulted in significantly more TH-ir cells than expansion for 8 DIV both for FGF2 (2.4 fold; P<0.001) and FGF8 (3.8 fold; P<0.001) treated cultures. The functional potential of the expanded cells (4 DIV) was examined after grafting into striatum of aged 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. Amphetamine-induced rotations performed 3, 6 and 9 weeks postgrafting revealed that grafts of FGF2-expanded cells induced a significantly faster and better functional recovery than grafts of FGF8-expanded cells or control cells (P<0.05 for both). Grafts of FGF2-expanded cells also contained significantly more TH-ir cells than grafts of FGF8-expanded cells (P<0.05) or control cells (P<0.01). In conclusion, FGF2-mediated pregrafting expansion of primary VM precursor cells considerably improves dopaminergic cell survival and functional restoration in a rat model of PD.

Assessment of Functioning when Conducting Occupational Capacity Evaluations - What is "Evidence-Based"?

Aim: Occupational capacity evaluations have previously been subject to criticism for lacking in quality and consistency. To the authors' knowledge, there is no clear consensus on the best way to formally assess functioning within capacity evaluations. In this review we investigated different instruments that are used to assess functioning in occupational capacity evaluations. Methods: Systematic review of the literature. Results: Though several instruments that assess functional capacity were found in our search, a specific validated instrument assessing occupational capacity as part of a larger psychiatric evaluation was not found. The limitations of the existing instruments on assessing functional capacity are discussed. Conclusion: Medical experts relying on instruments to conduct functional capacity evaluations should be cognizant of their limitations. The findings call for the development and use of an instrument specifically designed to assess the functional and occupational capacity of psychiatric patients, which is also likely to improve the quality of these reports.

Avaliação da capacidade funcional de pacientes vítimas de trauma um ano após alta hospitalar

Objetivos: Avaliar a capacidade funcional de pacientes vítimas de trauma um ano após alta hospitalar e verificar associação da capacidade funcional com fatores relacionados ao trauma e à internação hospitalar. Metodologia: Estudo de coorte prospectivo, com pacientes vítimas de trauma grave (Injury Severity Score - ISS >=16), internados entre Junho e Setembro de 2010 em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) cirúrgica especializada em paciente politraumatizado de um hospital público de grande porte na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Variáveis de interesse como idade, sexo, escore de Glasgow, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Disease Classification System II (APACHE II), mecanismos de trauma, número de lesões, região corpórea afetada, número de cirurgias, duração da ventilação mecânica (VM) e tempo de internação hospitalar foram coletadas dos prontuários médicos. A capacidade funcional foi avaliada um ano após alta hospitalar utilizando as escalas Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) e Escala de Atividades Instrumentais de Vida Diária de Lawton (AIVDL). Os pacientes também foram questionados se haviam retornado ao trabalho ou estudo. Resultados: O seguimento um ano após trauma foi completo em 49 indivíduos, a maioria composta por jovens (36±11 anos), do sexo masculino (81,6%) e vítimas de acidentes de trânsito (71,5%). Cada indivíduo sofreu aproximadamente 4 lesões corporais, acarretando uma média no ISS de 31 ± 14,4. O traumatismo cranioencefálico foi o tipo de lesão mais comum (65,3%). De acordo com a GOS, a maioria dos pacientes apresentou disfunção moderada (43%) ou disfunção leve ou ausente (37%) um ano após o trauma. A escala AIVDL apresentou pontuação média de 12±4 com aproximadamente 60- 70% dos indivíduos capazes de realizar de forma independente a maioria das atividades avaliadas. Escore de Glasgow, APACHE II, duração da VM e tempo de internação hospitalar foram associadas com a capacidade funcional um ano após lesão. A regressão linear múltipla considerando todas as variáveis significativas revelou associação entre a pontuação da escala AIVDL e o tempo de internação hospitalar. Apenas 32,6% dos indivíduos retornaram ao trabalho ou estudo. Conclusões: A maioria dos pacientes vítimas de trauma grave foi capaz de realizar as atividades avaliadas com independência; apenas um terço deles retornou ao trabalho e/ou estudo um ano após alta hospitalar. O tempo de internação hospitalar foi revelado como preditor significativo para a recuperação da capacidade funcional um ano após lesão grave

Sobrecarga de cuidadores familiares de idosos em cuidados paliativos

O adoecimento de um membro familiar costuma acarretar inúmeras alterações em toda a estrutura e dinâmica familiar. Com a progressão e o agravamento da doença, quando a pessoa se encontra sem possibilidade de tratamento modificador da doença, aumenta o sofrimento tanto da pessoa adoecida quanto de sua família. O cuidador familiar de pessoas idosas em cuidados paliativos sofre junto ao enfermo, podendo enfrentar sobrecarga física, emocional e social decorrente da tarefa de cuidar e da possibilidade da morte. Entretanto, são escassos os estudos que avaliam a sobrecarga desta população. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar e analisar a percepção de sobrecarga por parte do cuidador familiar de idosos em cuidados paliativos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa do tipo transversal, exploratório, de metodologia quantitativa, não probabilística, com uma casuística total composta por 100 pessoas. Essa casuística foi estratificada de acordo com escore obtido por meio da aplicação do protocolo Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) com os idosos (com 60 anos ou acima) em cuidados paliativos oncológicos: um grupo com 25 cuidadores familiares de idosos com KPS abaixo de 40%; um grupo com 25 cuidadores de idosos em cuidados paliativos oncológicos com KPS de 70%, 60% ou 50%; um grupo controle com 50 cuidadores familiares de idosos em cuidados paliativos oncológicos, com KPS maior ou igual a 80%. Durante a coleta de dados, além do KPS, foram aplicados o questionário de caracterização clínica e sociodemográfica e os protocolos: Questionário de Classificação Socioeconômica Brasil e o Caregiver Burden Scale (CBScale), validado no Brasil. Para análise dos dados, foi realizada estatística descritiva e as comparações com os grupos foram feitas por meio do Teste Exato de Fisher e de um modelo de regressão quantílica. As análises foram feitas pelo software SAS 9.0 e Stata versão 13. Os resultados indicaram que os cuidadores familiares são, em sua maioria, mulheres, filhas ou esposas, de meia idade a idade mais avançada, predominantemente, na faixa etária de 56 a 71 anos, com baixa escolaridade, pertencentes a classes sociais C e que não realizam nenhuma atividade remunerada. Os maiores índices de sobrecarga foram percebidos em cuidadores do sexo feminino e em cuidadores de idosos os quais apresentam menores escores relativos à capacidade funcional (avaliados pelo KPS). Conclui-se que o agravamento da doença, o declínio funcional do idoso e a possibilidade da sua morte mais próxima fazem aumentar a sobrecarga dos cuidadores, com impactos na sua saúde e qualidade de vida, o que indica a necessidade de oferecimento de serviços de apoio a essa população o mais precocemente possível

Functional and prognostic implications of left ventricular contractile reserve in patients with asymptomatic severe mitral regurgitation

Objective: To evaluate contractile reserve (CR) determined by exercise echocardiography in predicting clinical outcome and left ventricular (LV) function in asymptomatic severe mitral regurgitation (MR). Design: Cohort study. Setting: Regional cardiac centre. Patients and outcome measures: LV volumes and ejection fraction (EF) were measured at rest and after stress in 71 patients with isolated MR. During follow up (mean (SD) 3 (1) years), EF and functional capacity were serially assessed and cardiac events ( cardiac death, heart failure, and new atrial fibrillation) were documented. Results: CR was present in 45 patients (CR+) and absent in 26 patients (CR-). Age, resting LV dimensions, EF, and MR severity were similar in both groups. Mitral surgery was performed in 19 of 45 (42%) CR+ patients and 22 of 26 (85%) CR2 patients. In patients undergoing surgery, CR was an independent predictor of follow up EF (p = 0.006) and postoperative LV dysfunction (EF < 50%) persisted in five patients, all in the CR2 group. Event-free survival was lower in surgically treated patients without CR (p = 0.03). In medically treated patients, follow up EF was preserved in those with intact CR but progressively deteriorated in patients without CR, in whom functional capacity also deteriorated. Conclusions: Evaluation of CR by exercise echocardiography may be useful for risk stratification and may help to optimise the timing of surgery in asymptomatic severe MR.

The prognostic value of a nomogram for exercise capacity in women

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have demonstrated that exercise capacity is an independent predictor of mortality in women. Normative values of exercise capacity for age in women have not been well established. Our objectives were to construct a nomogram to permit determination of predicted exercise capacity for age in women and to assess the predictive value of the nomogram with respect to survival. METHODS: A total of 5721 asymptomatic women underwent a symptom-limited, maximal stress test. Exercise capacity was measured in metabolic equivalents (MET). Linear regression was used to estimate the mean MET achieved for age. A nomogram was established to allow the percentage of predicted exercise capacity to be estimated on the basis of age and the exercise capacity achieved. The nomogram was then used to determine the percentage of predicted exercise capacity for both the original cohort and a referral population of 4471 women with cardiovascular symptoms who underwent a symptom-limited stress test. Survival data were obtained for both cohorts, and Cox survival analysis was used to estimate the rates of death from any cause and from cardiac causes in each group. RESULTS: The linear regression equation for predicted exercise capacity (in MET) on the basis of age in the cohort of asymptomatic women was as follows: predicted MET = 14.7 - (0.13 x age). The risk of death among asymptomatic women whose exercise capacity was less than 85 percent of the predicted value for age was twice that among women whose exercise capacity was at least 85 percent of the age-predicted value (P<0.001). Results were similar in the cohort of symptomatic women. CONCLUSIONS: We have established a nomogram for predicted exercise capacity on the basis of age that is predictive of survival among both asymptomatic and symptomatic women. These findings could be incorporated into the interpretation of exercise stress tests, providing additional prognostic information for risk stratification.

A prática do Tai-Chi como nova fronteira terapêutica da fisioterapia na melhoria da capacidade funcional do idoso

Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciada em Fisioterapia