Molecular epidemiology reveals long-term changes in HIV type 1 subtype B transmission in Switzerland.

BACKGROUND: Sequence data from resistance testing offer unique opportunities to characterize the structure of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection epidemics. METHODS: We analyzed a representative set of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) subtype B pol sequences from 5700 patients enrolled in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. We pooled these sequences with the same number of sequences from foreign epidemics, inferred a phylogeny, and identified Swiss transmission clusters as clades having a minimal size of 10 and containing >or=80% Swiss sequences. RESULTS: More than one-half of Swiss patients were included within 60 transmission clusters. Most transmission clusters were significantly dominated by specific transmission routes, which were used to identify the following patient groups: men having sex with men (MSM) (38 transmission clusters; average cluster size, 29 patients) or patients acquiring HIV through heterosexual contact (HETs) and injection drug users (IDUs) (12 transmission clusters; average cluster size, 144 patients). Interestingly, there were no transmission clusters dominated by sequences from HETs only. Although 44% of all HETs who were infected between 1983 and 1986 clustered with injection drug users, this percentage decreased to 18% for 2003-2006 (P<.001), indicating a diminishing role of injection drug users in transmission among HETs over time. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis suggests (1) the absence of a self-sustaining epidemic of HIV-1 subtype B in HETs in Switzerland and (2) a temporally decreasing clustering of HIV infections in HETs and IDUs.

Tendències geopolítiques de l'extrema dreta a Europa: capacitat de transformació i adaptació al context de crisi econòmica i política actual

De fet tot va començar al principi dels anys 80, amb l’aparició electoral del Front Nacional (FN) francès, creat el 1972, i que va ferde França una excepció a Europa en aquell moment. Ara ja sabem que aquest no es el cas i tenim nombrosos països europeus on, els partits d’extrema dreta no solament obtenen resultats comparables o superiors als del Front National francès, sinó que, d’acordamb sistema electoral, formen part de coalicions governamentals per constituir majories de dretes. En aquest sentit, cal recordar que Àustria va ser el primer Estat europeu en tenir una coalició governamental en la que hi havien electes del partit d’extrema dreta FPÖ (Partit de la Llibertat). Era la primera vegada que això passava després de la Segona Guerra Mundial, i la inquietudpolítica va ser gran en els països de la Unió Europea (UE) doncs tothom recordava que el poble austríac, en la seva gran majoria, va ser favorable al “Anchluss” (annexió amb Alemanya) i els hi semblava que els responsables políticsactuals, eren tallats ala imatge de Kurt Waldheim i altres representantsd’aquell tristperíode. A partir d’aqui, la presencia de ministres d’extrema dreta en determinats governs europeus ja no provoca reaccions tan fortes, sens dubte perquè la seva historia no es idèntica a la de Àustria, i també perquèl’advertència als austríacs no ha tingut cap efecte i el FPÖ (Partit de la Llibertat) ha continuat prosperant inclous desprès de la mort accidental del seu líder,Jörg Haider, en 2008. En 2011, hem vist com els dirigents de la Unió Europea i la Secretaria d’Estat americana, Hillary Clinton, es mostraveninquiets davant de la deriva autoritària nacionalista del governhongarès dirigit pel“Fidesz” i el seu líder Viktor Orban, però sense cap mena de mitja per oposar-se a excepciód’una carta oficial de prevenció.

Integrative molecular bioinformatics study of human adrenocortical tumors : microRNA, tissue-specific target prediction, and pathway analysis.

MicroRNAs (miRs) are involved in the pathogenesis of several neoplasms; however, there are no data on their expression patterns and possible roles in adrenocortical tumors. Our objective was to study adrenocortical tumors by an integrative bioinformatics analysis involving miR and transcriptomics profiling, pathway analysis, and a novel, tissue-specific miR target prediction approach. Thirty-six tissue samples including normal adrenocortical tissues, benign adenomas, and adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) were studied by simultaneous miR and mRNA profiling. A novel data-processing software was used to identify all predicted miR-mRNA interactions retrieved from PicTar, TargetScan, and miRBase. Tissue-specific target prediction was achieved by filtering out mRNAs with undetectable expression and searching for mRNA targets with inverse expression alterations as their regulatory miRs. Target sets and significant microarray data were subjected to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Six miRs with significantly different expression were found. miR-184 and miR-503 showed significantly higher, whereas miR-511 and miR-214 showed significantly lower expression in ACCs than in other groups. Expression of miR-210 was significantly lower in cortisol-secreting adenomas than in ACCs. By calculating the difference between dCT(miR-511) and dCT(miR-503) (delta cycle threshold), ACCs could be distinguished from benign adenomas with high sensitivity and specificity. Pathway analysis revealed the possible involvement of G2/M checkpoint damage in ACC pathogenesis. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing miR expression patterns and pathway analysis in sporadic adrenocortical tumors. miR biomarkers may be helpful for the diagnosis of adrenocortical malignancy. This tissue-specific target prediction approach may be used in other tumors too.

Hugo Österman : sotaväen päällikkö - rakentaja ja puolustaja

Summa - sum: Leader, builder and defender of the armed forces jaeger general Hugo Viktor Österman (1892-1975)

Una Didáctica Humanista ante la Educación del Sentido de la Vida para Superar la Adversidad

Desde la paideia griega, el proceso educativo nos encamina hacia el ejercicio de la virtud (areté). La humanitas ciceroniana, e incluso el humanismo renacentista, todas las visiones humanistas coinciden en valorar de manera especial al ser humano. Las teorías de Rogers, Maslow o Frankl no tienen nada que ver con aquel humanismo clásico elitista que se centraba en el desarrollo de las capacidades intelectuales, olvidando los demás aspectos de la personalidad social, moral, emocional, física e incluso estética. Aquel humanismo se basaba solamente en la transmisión de conocimientos de una generación a otra. En el humanismo que proponemos, se trata de ayudar al educando a convertirse en persona a través de descubrir el sentido de su vida.

Teologi

Samlingen teologisk litteratur med signum TF finns vid Teologiska biblioteket. Vid huvudbiblioteket finns teologisk litteratur under signum HB IIc1. Många tusen volymer teologisk litteratur har genom åren donerats till akademibiblioteket och donationer görs allt fortfarande. Bland tidigare donatorer kan som exempel nämnas prostinnan Hortense Grönstrand, häradshövding J.V. Brummer, vicehäradshövding Jon Hartman samt prostarna Konrad Ahlman, Karl Anders Troberg, Viktor Roslin, Theodor von Pfaler, Werner Wirén och C.H. Ekblom. Den teologiska litteraturen söks med sökfunktionen Signum och söktermen TF. Litteratur tryckt före 1980 söks manuellt i en kortkatalog vid Teologiska biblioteket. Retroaktiv inmatning i Alma gör att litteratur tryckt mellan 1830 och 1979 med tiden blir sökbar i Alma.

Puhtaasti ruotsalaisen urheilun puolesta

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Configuration management process improvement : a case study of a Pan-Nordic insurance company

Configuration management is often seen as an enabler for the main IT Service Management (ITSM) processes such as Incident and Problem management. A decent level of quality of IT configuration data is required in order to carry out routines of these processes. This case study examines the state of configuration management in a multinational organization and aims at identification of methods for its improvement. The author has stayed five months with this company in order to collect different sources of evidence and to make observations. The main source of data for this study is interviews with some of the key employees of the assigned organization who are involved into the ITSM processes. This study concludes the maturity level of the existing configuration management process to be repeatable but intuitive, and outlines the principal requirements for its improvement. A match between the requirements identified in the organization and the requirements stated in the ISO/IEC 20000 standard indicates the possibility of adopting ITIL guidelines as a method for configuration management process improvement. The outcome of the study presents a set of recommendations for improvement that considers the process, the information model and the information system for configuration management in the case organization.

Jakobstad

kuv., 13 x 20 cm

Bönelivet i senmedeltida bondesamhällen

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Liedermacher in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland : Folge 2: Auf der Suche nach der verschütteten Tradition: Peter Rohland und die Gebrüder Kröher

Saksalaista laulelmamusiikkia käsittelevä ohjelma musiikkinäyttein.

Liedermacher in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland : Folge 3: Politisch Lied - ein garstig Lied

Saksalaista laulelmamusiikkia käsittelevä ohjelma musiikkinäyttein.